机体中有各种检查点调控正常细胞向肿瘤的转化,这些检查点包括细胞周期检查点、代谢检查点、 在正常细胞或干细胞向肿瘤转化的过程中, 机体中有一些检查点来阻止转化的发生,犹如“刹车装置”,或给予细胞修复时间,或改变细胞命运,阻止细胞在分裂、代谢、分化、衰老和免疫等方面向恶性转化。这些检查点包括细胞周期检查点、代谢检查点、分化检查点、衰老检查点和免疫检查点等,从不同层面阻断肿瘤的发生。 1 细胞周期检查点 细胞周期检查点保护细胞免受分裂过程中错误事件的影响。DNA 损伤激活了细胞周期检查点,阻滞细胞进入分裂周期以获得时间进行细胞修复;细胞的成功修复可使检查点失活,并使细胞重新进入细胞周期;当 DNA 损伤不能修复时,细胞则需要在永久阻滞和检查点适应之间作出选择,后者使细胞勉强复制的同时增加了基因组不稳定的风险。细胞周期检查点主要包括 DNA 损伤检查点、DNA 修复检查点、纺锤体检查点和倍性检查点,共同维持细胞周期的正常进行。 2 代谢检查点 调控抗肿瘤免疫 调节细胞周期 3 分化检查点 4 衰老检查点 5 免疫检查点 [1]张百红;岳红云。《 癌 症 进 展》 2015 年 5 月 第 13 卷 3 期 ONCOLOGY PROGRESS, May 2015, Vol. 13, No. 3。 [2]Vasileva A, Hopkins KM, Wang X, et al. The DNA dam- age checkpoint protein RAD9A is essential for male mei- osis in the mouse[J]. J Cell Sci, 2013, 126(Pt 17): 3927- 3938. [3]Insinga A, Cicalese A, Faretta M, et al. DNA damage in stem cells activates p21, inhibits p53, and induces sym- metric self- renewing divisions[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2013, 110(10): 3931-3936. [4]Del Rincón SV, Widschwendter M, Sun D, et al. Cks overexpression enhances chemotherapeutic efficacy by overriding DNA damage checkpoints[J/OL]. Oncogene, 2014,137:1-7[2014-05-26]. http://www./onc/ journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/onc2014137a.html. [5]Grabocka E, Pylayeva- Gupta Y, Jones MJ, et al. Wild- type H- and N-Ras promote mutant K-Ras-driven tumor- igenesis by modulating the DNA damage response[J]. Cancer Cell, 2014, 25(2): 243-256. [6]Floyd SR, Pacold ME, Huang Q, et al. The bromodo- main protein Brd4 insulates chromatin from DNA dam- age signalling[J]. Nature, 2013, 498(7453): 246-250. [7]Sperka T, Wang J, Rudolph KL. DNA damage check- points in stem cells, ageing and cancer[J]. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2012, 13(9): 579-590. B, Dalton WB, Yang VW. CDK1 regulates mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 during mitotic DNA dam- age[J]. Cancer Res, 2012, 72(21): 5448-5453. [9]Rodriguez-Bravo V, Maciejowski J, Corona J, et al. Nu- clear pores protect genome integrity by assembling premitotic and Mad1- dependent anaphase inhibitor[J]. Cell, 2014, 156(5): 1017-1031.[10]Kumar A, Mazzanti M, Mistrik M, et al. ATR mediates a checkpoint at the nuclear envelope in response to me- chanical stress[J]. Cell, 2014, 158(3): 633-646. [11]Poli A, Mongiorgi S, Cocco L, et al. Protein kinase C involvement in cell cycle modulation[J]. Biochem Soc Trans, 2014, 42(5): 1471-1476. [12]Topham CH, Taylor SS. Mitosis and apoptosis: how is the balance set?[J]. Curr Opin Cell Biol, 2013, 25(6): 780-785. [17]Hu J, Hwang SS, Liesa M, et al. Antitelomerase thera- py provokes ALT and mitochondrial adaptive mecha- nisms in cancer[J]. Cell, 2012, 148(4): 651-663. [18]Davoli T, de Lange T. Telomere-driven tetraploidization occurs in human cells undergoing crisis and promotes transformation of mouse cells[J]. Cancer Cell, 2012, 21 (6): 765-776. [19]d'Adda di Fagagna F, Reaper PM, Clay- Farrace L, et al. A DNA damage checkpoint response in telomere-ini- tiated senescence[J]. Nature, 2003, 426(6963): 194-198. [20]任军, 黄红艳. 靶向免疫检查点的肿瘤免疫治疗现状与趋势[J]. 中国肿瘤临床, 2014, 41(7): 415-418. [21]Ceeraz S, Nowak EC, Noelle RJ. B7 family checkpoint regulators in immune regulation and disease[J]. Trends Immunol, 2013, 34(11): 556-563. [22]Lines JL, Pantazi E, Mak J, et al. VISTA is an immune checkpoint molecule for human T cells[J]. Cancer Res, 2014, 74(7): 1924-1932. |
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