本文引用格式:中华医学会围产医学分会. 母亲常见感染与母乳喂养指导的专家共识[J]. 中华围产医学杂志, 2021,24(7):481-489.DOI:10.3760/cma.j.cn113903-20210530-00507. 【摘要】 母乳是婴儿的最佳食物,但母亲存在感染时,因担心母乳喂养可将病原体传给子代,造成母乳喂养困惑,甚至不必要地放弃母乳喂养。围产医学专家组根据病原体母婴传播的研究进展,对母亲常见感染时能否母乳喂养达成以下共识:(1)母亲肝炎病毒感染,包括甲型、乙型、丙型和戊型肝炎,均建议母乳喂养;(2)母亲巨细胞病毒感染,足月儿和晚期早产儿(出生胎龄≥32周或出生体重≥1 500 g)建议母乳喂养;早期早产儿(出生胎龄<32周或出生体重<1 500 g)建议母乳经消毒后喂养,待校正胎龄≥32周或体重≥1 500 g时直接哺乳;(3)其他各种疱疹病毒感染时,除乳房感染外,均可直接哺乳;(4)流感或新型冠状病毒感染,母乳挤出后由他人间接哺乳,乳汁无需消毒;(5)HIV感染时,尽可能放弃母乳喂养,采取完全人工喂养,禁忌混合喂养;(6)母亲存在结核菌、梅毒螺旋体、钩端螺旋体、弓形虫或疟原虫感染时,经规范治疗后均可以直接哺乳,治疗前和治疗期间的母乳经巴氏消毒后可哺乳;(7)除黄热病毒疫苗母乳喂养可能引起子代感染外,母亲哺乳期接种所有灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗,对子代无不良影响;(8)婴儿母乳喂养期间,可接种任何疫苗;(9)尽管巴氏消毒能部分破坏母乳的营养和活性成分,但对子代的益处仍优于配方奶。 一、母亲病毒感染与母乳喂养 【推荐1】 母亲乙型肝炎病毒感染,均可母乳喂养。即使母亲高病毒载量或HBeAg阳性、乳头皲裂或出血、肝功能异常,婴儿存在口腔溃疡或其他损伤等,也不影响母乳喂养。 【推荐2】 母亲丙型肝炎病毒感染,可以母乳喂养。但乳头皲裂、出血或新生儿口腔有溃疡或病损时,应暂停直接母乳喂养,乳汁可消毒后喂养。 【推荐3】 母亲甲型或戊型肝炎病毒感染,可以母乳喂养。母亲病情严重时,暂停母乳喂养,以利于母亲病情恢复。 【推荐4】 母亲巨细胞病毒感染,可以母乳喂养。出生胎龄<32周或出生体重<1 500 g的早产儿,建议乳汁经消毒后喂养。 【推荐5】 母亲单纯疱疹病毒感染时,如乳房无疱疹,可直接哺乳,避免婴儿接触其他疱疹病损;如乳房有疱疹,乳汁经消毒后喂养。 【推荐6】 母亲水痘病毒感染,母乳喂养原则同推荐5。有条件时,新生儿可注射普通免疫球蛋白。 【推荐7】 母亲带状疱疹病毒感染,母乳喂养原则同推荐5。 【推荐8】 母亲感染人类免疫缺陷病毒,能否母乳喂养需个体化。尽可能完全人工喂养;因某种原因不能提供足够配方奶时,可纯母乳喂养6个月(最好经消毒后喂养);禁忌混合喂养。 【推荐9】 母亲感染流感病毒时,应注意隔离,避免直接哺乳。乳汁可挤出后由他人喂养,无需消毒。母亲症状消失后可直接哺乳。 【推荐10】 母亲感染新型冠状病毒,应注意隔离,避免直接哺乳;乳汁挤出后由他人喂养,无需消毒;母亲咽拭子病毒核酸检测转阴后可直接哺乳。 【推荐11】 母亲感染登革热病毒,发病早期乳汁挤出后经巴氏消毒可间接喂养;发病10 d后可直接哺乳。 【推荐12】 母亲感染寨卡病毒,可以母乳喂养。乳汁中存在病毒,但不引起新生儿感染,无需消毒。 二、母亲结核杆菌感染与母乳喂养 【推荐13】 母亲感染结核杆菌,在正规治疗14 d后且痰结核菌阴性者,可直接哺乳。以下情况不能直接哺乳:未经正规治疗、痰结核菌阳性、乳腺结核、乳头或乳房损害、合并HIV感染;但乳汁消毒后可由他人喂养。 三、母亲螺旋体感染和母乳喂养 【推荐14】 母亲感染梅毒螺旋体,经规范治疗后可母乳喂养。未规范治疗者,暂缓直接哺乳,乳汁经巴氏消毒后可喂养。疗程结束后可直接哺乳。 【推荐15】 母亲感染钩端螺旋体,经规范治疗后可母乳喂养。治疗期间,乳汁经巴氏消毒后可喂养;抗生素治疗5~7 d后,可直接哺乳。 四、母亲寄生虫感染和母乳喂养 【推荐16】 母亲感染弓形虫,经规范治疗后可母乳喂养。未规范治疗者,暂缓直接哺乳,乳汁经巴氏消毒后可喂养。 【推荐17】 母亲感染疟原虫,经规范治疗后可母乳喂养。治疗期间,乳汁经巴氏消毒后可喂养。 五、乳房局部感染和母乳喂养 【推荐18】 母亲患乳腺炎或乳腺脓肿时,绝大部分可以母乳喂养。排空乳汁是重要的治疗手段;母亲使用抗生素期间,也可直接哺乳。 六、预防接种和母乳喂养 七、家庭简易母乳消毒 八、总结 ![]() ![]() 撰写专家:周乙华(南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院)、杨慧霞(北京大学第一医院)、刘兴会(四川大学华西第二医院) 参与本共识讨论的专家(按姓氏拼音排序):曹云(复旦大学附属儿科医院)、陈叙(天津市中心妇产科医院)、陈敦金(广州医科大学附属第三医院)、戴毅敏(南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院)、樊尚荣(北京大学深圳医院)、贺晶(浙江大学医学院附属妇产科医院)、韩树萍(南京医科大学附属妇产医院)、韩彤妍(北京大学第三医院)、胡娅莉(南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院)、赖建强(中国疾病预防控制中心)、李笑天(复旦大学附属妇产科医院)、刘兴会(四川大学华西第二医院)、孟海霞(内蒙古医科大学附属医院)、母得志(四川大学华西第二医院)、朴梅花(北京大学第三医院)、漆洪波(重庆医科大学附属第一医院)、其木格(内蒙古医科大学附属医院)、孙路明(同济大学附属第一妇婴保健院)、王丹华(北京协和医院)、王谢桐(山东第一医科大学附属省立医院、山东省妇幼保健院)、王子莲(中山大学附属第一医院)、颜建英(福建省妇幼保健院产科)、杨传忠(南方医科大学附属深圳妇幼保健院)、俞惠民(浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院)、岳少杰(中南大学湘雅医院)、张卫社(中南大学湘雅医院)、张雪峰(解放军总医院第五医学中心)、张元珍(武汉大学中南医院)、郑军(天津市中心妇产科医院)、朱建幸(上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院) 利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突 参考文献: [1] 何振娟. 母乳中保护性成分的作用[J].中华围产医学杂志,2014,17(7):441-443. 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