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世界决定视界，视界决定世界 擦亮双眼看世界 Global Perspective See Globally via Global Perspective 本期导读：哈萨克斯坦共和国（哈萨克语：Қазақстан Республикасы / Qazaqstan Respwblïkası / قازاقستان رەسپۋبلىيكاسى；俄语：Республика Казахстан），通称哈萨克斯坦（哈萨克语：Қазақстан / Qazaqstan / قازاقستان；俄语：Казахстан），为跨洲国家，地跨欧亚两洲，主要位于中亚北部，在乌拉尔河以西的一小部分领土位于东欧。 哈萨克斯坦国土面积2,727,300平方公里，为世界上最大的内陆国家，世界第九大国。哈萨克经济在中亚居主导地位，占中亚区域生产总值的60%，以石油、天然气工业为主，另有丰富的矿产资源。 在突厥－回鹘语中，“哈萨克”的意思为：独立自主的、心灵自由的，也暗示了欧亚游牧民族的独特文化。“斯坦”（-stan），是指“家园”“土地，聚居地”，所以根据此，“哈萨克斯坦”是指“哈萨克族人”的聚居地。 哈萨克官方定位为一 民主、世俗、单一制的宪政共和国。哈萨克斯坦北、西与俄罗斯、东南与中国、南与乌兹别克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、土库曼斯坦等国接壤。西南濒临里海在里海有2,964公里的海岸线。 哈萨克斯坦地形包括平原、干草原、北方针叶林、峡谷、丘、三角洲、山部及荒漠，2022年估计哈萨克斯坦有1,922万人口，哈萨克斯坦国土面积大，但每平方公里仅7人，为人口密度最低的国家之一。首都努尔苏丹更名前原称阿斯塔纳，在1997年前则以该国最大城市阿拉木图为首都。 哈萨克斯坦领土历史上为多个游牧民族的活动范围，成吉思汗于13世纪占领该地，成为蒙古帝国而改变，随着帝国内部斗争，权利最终回到当地游牧民族手中。16世纪时，哈萨克族分别发展，成为大、中、小三个玉兹。 俄罗斯人于18世纪开始进入哈萨克斯坦草原，至19世纪中叶，哈萨克斯坦名义上已成为俄罗斯帝国的一部分。随着1917年俄国革命及其后的俄国内战，哈萨克斯坦领土曾变更过数次，哈萨克苏维埃社会主义共和国于1936年成立，为苏联的一部分。 1991年苏联解体时，哈萨克斯坦为最后一个宣布独立的苏联加盟共和国。原哈萨克斯坦共产党第一书记努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫自当时起持续担任哈萨克斯坦总统，直到2019年自行宣布退休，但当时仍留任国家安全委员会主席掌握权力。哈萨克斯坦致力于发展其经济，尤其是石化工业。 哈萨克斯坦国内有131个民族，包括哈萨克族（占73.0%人口）、俄罗斯人、乌孜别克族、乌克兰族、德意志人、鞑靼人及维族。伊斯兰教信仰者占总人口的76.2%，而基督宗教占20.5%。哈萨克语为官方语言，俄语在行政及机关上则有同等的官方语言地位。 世界与传统宗教大会是由哈萨克斯坦总统纳扎尔巴耶夫发起、由哈政府筹办的，旨在推动世界各宗教教派进行对话、和谐共存，并促使宗教领袖在国际安全方面发挥积极作用的国际性会议。该会议于2003年9月在哈首都阿斯塔纳举行第一次大会，以后每3年举行一次。 The Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions is held once every three years in Nur-Sultan (formerly Astana), Kazakhstan. The Congress was initiated by President Nursultan Nazarbaev of the Republic of Kazakhstan 19 years ago. 1st Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions On September 23 and 24, 2003, Astana hosted the first Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions. The congress was attended by 17 delegations from 23 countries. The forum focused mainly on countering terrorism and extremism issues. 2nd Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions On September 12 and 13, 2006, Astana hosted the second Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions, which was attended by delegations from 29 countries. The congress was held in a new building designed for the event, the Palace of Peace and Reconciliation. The central topic of discussion was “Religion, Society and International Security.” The congress was recognized in the Congressional Record by Congressman Ben Chandler of Kentucky who called Kazakhstan 'a model of religious diversity.' 3rd Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions On July 1–2, 2009, Astana hosted the third Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions. About 400 delegates representing 77 delegations from 35 countries attended the event. A central theme of the congress was “The role of religious leaders in building a world based on tolerance, mutual respect and cooperation.” 4th Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions The 4th Congress took place in Astana on May 30–31, 2012. 85 delegations from 40 countries attended the congress with the central theme being “Peace and Harmony as the Choice of Mankind.” Within the framework of this forum, the first meeting of the Council of Religious Leaders was held, whose activities are aimed at determining the mechanisms of interaction with other foreign organizations in the cultural and economic spheres. 5th Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions Astana hosted the 5th Congress on June 10–11, 2015. The theme of the event was 'Dialogue of Religious Leaders and Politicians in the Name of Peace and Development'. During the Congress, Kazakhstan President Nursultan Nazarbayev met with UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon and Jordan's King Abdullah II. 80 delegations from 42 countries attended the event. 6th Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions The 6th Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions was held in Astana on October 10–11, 2018, and the theme was “Religious Leaders for a Safe World.'[8] 82 delegations from 46 countries participated in the sixth congress.[9] Two plenary sessions and four breakout sessions were held at the forum. The themes of the sessions included: “Manifesto. The world in the 21st century as a Concept of Global Security”, “Religions in the Changing Geopolitics: New Opportunities for Mankind's Consolidation”, “Religion and Globalization: Challenges and Responses”, “Religious Leaders and Political Figures in Overcoming Extremism and Terrorism.” Kazakhstan President Nazarbayev spoke at the 6th Congress on October 10. He outlined his vision for the role of technology in spreading the message of peace. 7th Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions The 7th Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions is to be held in Nur-Sultan on 14–15 September 2022. Pope Francis attended the 2022 event in person. According to Reuters, the Pope sought a meeting with Xi while both were in Kazakhstan but was declined.
POPE FRANCIS: 'THE WEST HAS TAKEN THE WRONG PATHS’ 教皇：西方已经走上了错误的道路
小编注：译文部分仅供参考；下面共享的信息，整理自相关外媒网站；欢迎分享本公众号优质文章，并推荐给需要的朋友，感谢支持。 Discussing on the flight from Kazakhstan to Italy on Thursday the moral degradation of the West, particularly concerning the advance of legal euthanasia, Pope Francis said the region has taken the wrong path and that killing should be left “to the animals.” “It is true that the West degenerates,” the pope said during his Sept. 15 in-flight press conference in response to a question about the loss of values in the West, and in particular to the push for legal euthanasia in France, Italy, and Belgium. “It is not, at this moment, at the highest level of exemplariness … The West has taken the wrong paths,” the pope said. Pressed on the problem of euthanasia, Pope Francis said: “To kill is not human, period. If you kill — with motivation yes — in the end you will kill more. It’s not human. Let’s leave killing to the animals.” Pope Francis visited Kazakhstan Sept. 13–15, participating in the Seventh Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions, an interreligious summit, and visiting the Catholics and public officials of the Central Asian state. In the course of the in-flight press conference, the pope also addressed the Russo-Ukrainian War and Ukraine’s right to defend itself, relations between the Holy See and China, and critiques that participation in the Kazakh interreligious congress risks indifferentism. Regarding concerns in China, and especially Hong Kong, Pope Francis said: “To understand China takes a century. And we don’t live in centuries. The Chinese mentality is a rich mentality, and when it becomes a little sick, it loses its richness. To understand, we have chosen the path of dialogue.” “There is a bilateral Vatican-Chinese commission that,” he said, “is going well.” “It’s slow because the Chinese pace is slow. They have an eternity to move forward. A people of infinite patience. But of the experiences we had before we think of the Italian missionaries who went there and were respected as scientists. We also think today of the many priests or believers called to Chinese universities because they value culture,” he said. “It is not easy to understand the Chinese mentality but it should be respected. I always respect. And here in the Vatican there is a dialogue commission that is going well, Cardinal Parolin is chairing it and he, right now, is the man who knows most about China and the dialogue with the Chinese. It’s a slow thing but always steps are moving forward.” The pope cautioned against “classifying” China in a democracy-antidemocracy binary, “because it is such a complex country with its rhythms.” “And it is true that there are things that seem to us to be undemocratic, that is true,” he added. “More than classifying, I try to support the way of dialogue,” the pope said. “In the way of dialogue so many things are clarified. And not only of the Church but of other areas; but for example the extent of China, the governors of the provinces are all different, also there are different cultures inside of China, which is a giant. Understanding China is a huge thing, but don’t lose patience, it takes a lot. But we have to go with dialogue.” Turning to Ukraine, the Holy Father said that arming the country “can be morally acceptable,” recalling that “to defend oneself is not only lawful but also an expression of love of country.” He affirmed the right of a nation to defend itself when necessary. Discussing dialogue with Russia, Pope Francis said that “it is always difficult to understand dialogue with the states which have started the war … It is difficult, but we should not dismiss it, to give the opportunity for dialogue to everyone, to everyone. Because there is always the possibility that with dialogue things can change, even offering another point of view, another point of consideration.” He continued: “But I do not exclude dialogue with any power that is at war, even if it is the aggressor. Sometimes dialogue should be done like this, but it has to be done. It stinks, but it has to be done. Always one step forward. The hand outstretched, always, because with the opposite we close the only reasonable door for peace. Sometimes they do not accept dialogue — it’s a shame — but dialogue always goes forward, it’s at least offered. And this is good for he who offers.” On the risk of indifferentism, Pope Francis said that “if there is no dialogue there is either ignorance or war. Better to live as brothers; we have one thing in common, we are all human. Let’s live as humans, with good manners: What do you think, what do I think? Let’s agree, let’s talk, let’s get to know each other.” Elaborating on his discussion of the degeneracy of the West, Pope Francis asked, “What has the West lost, to forget to welcome?” He noted its need for population growth, considering “the demographic winter which we have. We need people, both in Spain, in Spain especially, but also in Italy.” To this end, he emphasized the need to welcome, promote, and integrate immigrants. The pope cautioned against populism and said the West “may be … expiring a little bit.” “But we have to take the values back. Europe should take the values of the fathers who founded the European Union — those great ones,” he said, having referred earlier to Ven. Robert Schuman, Konrad Adenauer, and Alcide De Gasperi. |
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