SECOND EDITION
STUDY
speaking
A course in spoken English for academic purposes
Kenneth Anderson
Joan Maclean
Tony LynchPUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain
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http://www.cambridge.org
? Cambridge University Press 2004
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2004
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
?
Typeface Minion 11/13pt System QuarkXpress [HMCL]
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 521 53396 1
The authors and publishers are grateful for permission to use the copyright materials
appearing in this book, as indicated in the sources and acknowledgements throughout.
If there are errors or omissions the publishers would be pleased to hear and to make
the appropriate correction in future reprints.Contents
To the Student 5
To the Teacher 7
Course Map 13
Acknowledgements 14
PART 1 Scenarios
ROLE A 16
ROLE B 24
PART 2 Discussion skills and Presentation skills
UNIT 1 Work 35
UNIT 2 Food 44
UNIT 3 Language 54
UNIT 4 Health 61
UNIT 5 Environment 75
UNIT 6 Education 84
UNIT 7 Culture 94
UNIT 8 Globalisation 105
PART 3 Class seminars
OVERVIEW 118
CHECKLIST 1 Preparing a presentation 119
CHECKLIST 2 Using visual aids, handouts and notes 120
CHECKLIST 3 Signposts and language signals 122
CHECKLIST 4 Non-verbal communication 123
CHECKLIST 5 Asking and dealing with questions 125
Contents 3PART 4 Strategies for success 128
TEACHER’S GUIDE
Scenarios 139
Discussion skills 151
Presentation skills 183
Class seminars 198
Strategies for success 202
TRANSCRIPTS: Presentation skills extracts 205
TRANSCRIPTS: Sample scenario performances 212
References 223
Contents
4Work
UNIT
This unit aims to develop your speaking skills by:
1
increasing your confidence in expressing opinions in discussions
e
improving your ability to structure presentations effectively.
r
DISCUSSION SKILLS
Giving your opinion
The main purpose of academic discussion – for example, tutorials
and seminars – in the Western educational tradition is for
individuals to exchange opinions on the topics being studied. This is
true at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels of study. You are
expected to express and justify your own views, not simply to repeat
information you have been told in books and lectures. The focus of
this Unit is expressing opinions about controversial topics. Unit 2
will deal with expressing agreement or disagreement with other
people in the discussion.
Useful language
more formal It is my view that…
I take the view that…
I believe…
neutral I think…
What I think is…
I’d say that…
It seems to me that…
It seems clear/obvious/evident to me that…
I have to say that…
I’m (not) persuaded that…
less formal As far as I’m concerned,…
To me,…
You may be surprised to learn that one expression which is not very
common in spoken discussion is In my opinion…! Non-native
speakers of English seem to use this expression much more than
native speakers do.
Unit 1 Work 35Practice
In small groups, practise using these expressions by quickly giving
your opinion about:
smoking
?
public transport
?
cloning animals
?
the Internet
?
the state of the economy
?
crime in your country
?
spiders
?
politicians
?
traffic in your cities.
?
Discussion point 1: What work means to you
Preparation (individual)
Which of these factors would be most important to you in choosing
a job? Decide on your top three priorities, and rank them in order (1
= most important, 2 = second most important, 3 = third most
important).
high salary
?
job security
?
interesting work
?
pleasant working environment
?
good relationships with colleagues and superiors
?
opportunities for promotion and career development
?
enough holidays and free time
?
short journey to work
?
How would you complete this sentence?
‘For me, work is…
…the way to achieve the lifestyle I want.’
…the way to ensure financial security for myself and
my family.’
…my main interest or purpose in life.’
…the fulfilment of my years of study and training.’
…just something everyone has to do.’
…how I can achieve status in society.’
…how I gain recognition and respect in my professional
field.’
…how I can do my duty to my country.’
…something else.’ Give details.
36 Unit 1 WorkDiscussion
1F orm a group with other students. Compare your answers to the
above questions.
2D o you think your parents would have given similar answers to
you? And your grandparents? Give reasons for your answer.
3D o you think workers in your country suffer discrimination
because of either gender or age?
Discussion point 2
Preparation 1 (individual)
Read this excerpt from a BBC radio programme about changes in
working practices in Britain. After the presenter’s introduction, two
retired men describe what working life in manufacturing industry
was like when they were young. (Some vocabulary is explained on
page 38.)
John Fortune (presenter)
Travelling on the train down to Bristol, the man opposite me gets out his mobile and
rings his secretary to say, “We’re just passing Reading. Can you ring me if there’re any
emails?” This is the new way of working – clean, high-tech, industrious – with none of
those shoddy practices of the past. Does it really matter no-one’s too sure what we
actually do? We’re an ‘enterprise culture’, a ‘knowledge economy’, and our fastest-
growing job-market is in – call centres, which employ more than all the men and women
in mining, steel and car-production combined. But something had to change…
(Noise of machinery)
Dave Bannon (retired worker)
Back in the early sixties, there must have been close to, nearly 2,500 people on this
site. Not the site we’re currently on now, but across the way, in the old smelter.
Blimey, the site was huge!
John Goddard (retired worker)
You just wondered where all these people worked! It was almost like they came in, got
paid, and went home again.
John Fortune
Down at the head of the River Avon, there’s a huge zinc smelter, where Dave Bannon
and John Goddard both started work. Or is ‘work’ the word I mean?
John Goddard
You could certainly get away with having a kip in the afternoon. There were several guys
who I can remember used to regularly nod off in the afternoon, and this guy, I remember,
used to smoke Capstan Full Strength cigarettes, and his ledgers was always covered in
burn marks where he’d dropped his cigarette, or lines across it, what we called ‘zizzers’
back in those days, where he’d nodded off, and the pencil or the pen had gone straight
across the ledgers there. But people just accepted it.
Transcribed from British manufacturing: my part in its downfall.
BBC Radio 4. Sunday, 17 November 2002.
Unit 1 Work 37call centre a place where many people are employed to deal with customers by
telephone
blimey! (British colloquial) expression of astonishment
smelter a factory where metal is separated from the rock that contains it (ore)
shoddy of a low standard
kip (British colloquial) nap, short sleep during the day
guy (colloquial) man
ledger a book for keeping the financial records of a company
nod off fall asleep
Preparation 2 (individual)
You are going to discuss the following question.
What have been the most significant changes in working life in the last
10–20 years?
Think about the situation in your country. It may be helpful to
consider the aspects of work listed here:
the type of work available
?
employment rates
?
working hours
?
attitudes to work
?
pay and conditions
?
participation of women
?
working age
?
effect of technology.
?
You may think of other aspects. Have these changes been for the
better?
Discussion
1N ow work in a group with other students. Compare your ideas on
the question above. Do you think the situation in your own
country is typical of the world in general, or a part of it?
2W hat changes in working life do you expect to see in the next
10–20 years?
3T he recorded talk in the Presentation skills section of this Unit is
on the topic of work and family. Is it possible for a woman to be a
successful mother and have a successful professional career?
Should society encourage or discourage women from combining
the two?
38 Unit 1 WorkPRESENTATION SKILLS
Structuring your presentation
Being clear about your objective
Being clear about your objective is the first and most important rule
for giving an effective presentation. If you yourself are not clear
about the main message of your presentation, then your audience
will find your presentation confusing.
When you are deciding on your objective, you have to take into
account both what you know about the topic and what your audience
knows.Y ou also need to take into account the context and purpose of
the presentation. Here are some examples.
If you have been asked to present a topic to a seminar group, you
?
will provide a basic overview, with suggestions for further reading.
If you are presenting your own research at a conference, you will
?
explain the background to your research question, outline your
method, state your main results, and then offer a brief comment
on the results before inviting questions.
If you are presenting your research to members of your own
?
department, you may not need to explain the background to the
research question, but on the other hand you may wish to
demonstrate to your tutor that you have read the relevant
literature; and you may wish to take the opportunity to have
members of the group discuss questions you have about the
research method or interpretation of results.
So it is important to be clear about the objective of your
presentation, so that you can focus the content appropriately for the
context.
Organising the information
Academic presentations are not like after-dinner speeches. Their
main function is not to entertain but to provide information. So it is
vitally important that the information is presented clearly. Ways of
organising the information include:
chronological sequence
?
most important to least important
?
general to particular
?
one point of view compared with another point of view.
?
Using familiar information structures like these helps the audience
to follow your presentation more easily.
Unit 1 Work 39Signalling the structure
Planning a well-structured presentation is not enough. When you
actually give your presentation, you must make its structure clear to
the listeners. Remember: you may have a plan and know the
structure of your talk, but the listeners do not know it unless you tell
them! They need to be guided through the spoken information. To
do this, you need to use what are often called signposts and language
signals.
‘Signposting’ gives an advance view of the organisation of the
whole presentation, or of the next section.
Examples of ‘signposting’
1 Organisation of the whole presentation
First I will tell you something about the historical background,
then I will present the two main theories which are currently
under discussion, and finally I will add some personal comments
deriving from our recent research.
2 Organisation of the next section
There are three reasons why we do this: these are economic,
legal, and psychological. The economic argument is...
Language signals are words and phrases that tell the listener where
you are in the presentation, where you are taking them next and
where they have just been. They may signal either: the topic of the
whole talk; the beginning or end of a section of the talk; a new point
in a list; a contrasting point; an example; or a point of special
importance.
Examples of language signals
1T he topic of the talk
I want to focus on
2A complete section
And now I’d like to turn to the issue of long working hours
3A new point in a list
Secondly, unemployment causes social unrest
4A contrasting point
However, others believe that a woman’s place is in the home
40 Unit 1 Work5A n example
In some countries, for example India and Thailand, child labour is
a fact of economic life
6A point of special importance
...and here I would like to emphasise the importance of training
The distinction between signposting and language signals is not
important. Indeed, some people use the terms interchangeably. But
taken together their function is important. If the main points of
your talk are well-organised AND clearly signalled, you are well on
the way to making an effective and clear presentation.
For more examples of the signposts and language signals that
are frequently used in academic presentations, see Checklist 3 on
page 122.
Analysis
The listening extract on the cassette comes from one of a series of
presentations and workshops on the subject of work. The talk is
organised as follows.
1T he speaker signals the topic for this talk, ‘work-family balance’,
and gives definitions and examples.
2 She speaks more particularly about one aspect of research on
work-family balance – how to gather the views of children – and
gives an example from her own research.
3 She signposts the route ahead, saying what she plans to do for the
rest of the seminar session.
FIRST LISTENING
As you listen, indicate to your teacher when you hear the start of
each section.
SECOND LISTENING
As you listen, write down the words and phrases used by the speaker:
to signpost
?
to signal examples.
?
Check your notes with your partner. Then the teacher will collect the
phrases and write them on the board. You might like to listen a third
time to hear the phrases again in context.
Unit 1 Work 41Presentation practice
IELTS STAGE 1: PREPARATION
Plan a short talk (two to three minutes) on the topic of work.
EITHER choose one aspect from the following:
working hours
?
equal pay for men and women
?
sick leave
?
holidays
?
work and child care
?
work and family time
?
child labour
?
job security
?
interesting or boring?
?
unemployment
?
manual work and office work
?
work and personal fulfilment
?
self-employment
?
retirement from work
?
OR you may plan your talk on any other aspect of work that you
prefer.
Plan what you will say about the aspect of work that you have
chosen. Make very short notes – just a word or two – under each of
the following headings:
Introduction (state your choice of topic)
?
Main point 1 (plus example)
?
Main point 2 (plus example)
?
Conclusion
?
The Conclusion can be signalled with So,or Finally,or To conclude.
For the other sections of your talk, choose from the examples of
signposts and signals in the boxes on pages 40 and 41, or in your
notes from the listening activity.
STAGE 2: PRACTICE
1P ractise your talk by speaking to one other student. They should
take notes of your main points.
2W hen you have finished your talk, look at their notes.
Have they understood all your main points?
?
Have they recognised your language signals?
?
3D iscuss what you should do to make your meaning clearer.
Should you change the structure (plan) of the talk?
?
Should you change the details of the talk?
?
Should you signal your main points more clearly?
?
4T hen exchange roles with your partner.
42 Unit 1 WorkSTAGE 3: PRESENTATION
Now work with two other students (not with the same partner as in
Stage 2) and take turns in giving your talk a second time. Pay
particular attention to the way you signal a move to a new section.
Check afterwards whether the listeners’ notes match what you
intended to say. Is any essential information missing from their
notes?
STAGE 4: EVALUATION
What did you find when you looked at the other students’ notes?
Which of the following did you discover?
a) They both understood all your main points.
b)They differed in what they had understood.
c) They had misunderstood one or more parts.
SUMMARY
Important steps in achieving an effective presentation are:
1S pecify the objective to yourself, precisely.
2S elect the content.
3 Organise the content in a clear and logical order.
4U se signposts and language signals to present the organised
content clearly to your listeners.
Unit 1 Work 43 |
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