中国石化英语考试阅读理解篇和写作篇整理
UNIT 1 Composition of Petroleum
石油的组成
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, toxic, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, that are found in geologic formations beneath the Earth’s surface.. Petroleum is recovered mostly through oil drilling. It is refined and separated, most easily by boiling point, into a large number of consumer products, from gasoline and kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics and pharmaceuticals.
石油或原油是天然形成的、有毒的、可燃性的液体，是含有不同分子量的碳氢化合物以及其它有机化合物的复杂混合物。它是在地球表面下的地址层中发现的。石油大部分是通过石油钻探开采得到的。石油很容易按不同馏程进行炼制和分离成为大量的消费产品，从汽油、煤油到沥青以及用作制造塑料和药品的化学试剂。
In its strictest sense, petroleum includes only crude oil, but in common usage it includes both crude oil and natural gas. Both crude oil and natural gas are predominantly a mixture of hydrocarbons. Under surface pressure and temperature conditions, the lighter hydrocarbons methane, ethane, propane and butane occur as gases, while the heavier ones from pentane and up are in the form of liquids or solids. However in the underground oil reservoir the proportion of gas and liquid varies depending on the subsurface conditions, and on the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture.
严格意义上说，石油仅仅包含原油，但是在惯用法上，它包含石油和天然气。石油和天然气主要是烃类混合物。在地球表面压力和温度条件下，轻质的碳氢化合物甲烷、乙烷、丙烷和丁烷以气体的形式出现，而重质的碳氢化合物如戊烷和重于戊烷的烃都是以液体的形式出现。然而，在地下油藏。气体或液体的比例变化取决于亚地表层条件和石油混合物的相图。
An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural gas dissolved in it. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (burned) as associated gas or solution gas. A gas well produces predominately natural gas. However, because the underground temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the gaseous state. Under surface conditions these will condense out of the gas and form natural gas condensate, often shortened to condensate. Condensate resembles gasoline in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oil.
油井主要生产原油，伴有一些天然气溶解在其中。因为地表的压力低于低下的压力，一些气体将从溶液中溢出，或者以伴生气或溶解气被回收（或燃烧）。气井主要产生天然气。然而，由于地下温度和压力比地表面高一些，气体中或许含有较重的碳氢化合物，例如气态的戊烷、己烷和庚烷。在地表条件下，这些较重的碳氢化合物将会从气体中析出，形成天然气的凝聚物，经常简称为凝析油。凝析油外观上类似于汽油，组成上类似于一些挥发性的轻原油。
Exercise: 汉译英
任何石油产品中，都不希望硫的含量高，柴油也不例外。对于这些燃料油，人们声称硫加剧了磨损和沉积物的问题，但对其产生的后果的大小仍有争议。不过，不管对柴油要求的低硫含量有无技术上的理由——对于减少空气污染这个道理是不辩自明的。生成模式已经确立，炼油厂必须接受这一规定。正因为如此，许多炼油厂通常安装有粗柴油加氢脱硫的工艺装置。
In any petroleum product, a high sulphur content is considered undesirable, and diesel fuels are no exception. For such fuels, sulphur is claimed to aggravate problems of wear and deposits, but the magnitude of the effect is still a matter of some controversy. However, whether or not there is technical justification other than that of abatement of air pollution – for the low sulphur levels demanded for diesel fuels, the pattern has been established and must be accepted by the refiner. For this reason, processing units for the hydrodesulphurization of gas oils are commonly installed in refineries.
UNIT 2 Petrochemicals
石化产品
Petrochemicals are generally chemical compounds derived from petroleum either by direct manufacture or by indirect manufacture as by –products from the variety of processes that are during the refining of petroleum. Gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils, lubricating oils, waxes, asphalts, and the like are excluded from the definition of petrochemicals, since they are not, in the true sense, chemical compounds but are in fact intimate mixtures of hydrocarbons.
石化产品通常指直接或间接从石油中提炼的化合物，这些化合物往往是石油炼制各种过程中产生的副产品。汽油、煤油、燃料油、润滑油、石蜡、沥青以及诸如此类的产品不属于石化产品。因为，从严格意义上说，它们不是化合物，而是(性质相近的)烃类的混合物。
The classification of materials such as petrochemicals is used to indicate the source of the chemical compounds, but it should be remembered that many common petrochemicals can be made from other sources, and the terminology is therefore a matter of source identification.
像“石化产品”这样的物质分类用来表明化合物的来源。但应记住，许多我们所熟知的石化产品也可以通过其它途径生产，因而这一术语只用来识别原料的来源。
The manufacture of chemicals from petroleum is based on the ready response of the various compound type to basic chemical reactions, such as oxidation, halogenation, nitration, dehydrogenation, addition, polymerization, and alkylation. The low-molecular-weigh paraffins and olefins, as found in natural gas and refinery gases, and the simple aromatic hydrocarbons have so far been of the most interest because it is these individual species that can readily be isolated and deal with. A wide range of compounds is possible, many are being manufactured, and we are now processing the stage in which a sizable group of products is being prepared from the heavier fractions of petroleum. For example, the carious reactions of petroleum heavy ends, in particular the asphaltenes, indicate that these materials may be regarded as chemical entitied and are able to participate in numerous chemical or physical as conversions to, perhaps, more useful materials. The overall effect of these modifications is the production of materials that either afford good-grade aromatic cokes comparatively easily or the formation of bearing functional groups that may be employed as a nonfuel material.
丛石油生产化学品是基于各种类型的化合物对各种基本化学反应响应迅速，如氧化反应、卤化反应、硝化反应、脱氢反应、加成反应、聚合反应和烷基化反应。迄今为止，人们最感兴趣的是从天然气和炼厂气中所得到的低分子量的链烷烃和烯烃，以及轻质芳烃，因为这些物质能够进行迅速分离和处理。大量化合物都有望达到，其中许多化合物正在生产。目前我们正在探索如何从石油的重质馏分中提炼数量可观的产品。比如石油重质馏分，尤其是沥青质的各种反应表明可以将这些物质当作化学单体，能够通过各种化学反应和物理反应将其转变成更有价值的产品。这些转化的总体效果是，所生产的物质能够相对容易的用作高品质芳焦，或者能够形成带有官能团的产品，用作非燃料原料。
Exercise: 汉译英
石化工业的初始原料大概通过一到两种方法从原油中提取。这些原料物质，也许本身就存在于原油当中，因此通过物力方法加以分离，如蒸馏和溶取。同时，这些物质也可能因含量低而在炼制过程中生成了合成物。实际上，原油中一般不存在非饱和烃，几乎所有的非饱和烃都是在各种炼制过程中作为中间产品而产生的。
The starting materials for the petrochemical industry are obtained from crude oil in one or two general ways. They may be present in the crude oil and as such, are separated through physical methods, such as distillation or solvent extraction. On the other hand, they may be converted to synthetic during the refining operations because of lower content. In fact, unsaturated hydrocarbons, which are not usually present in crude oil, are nearby always manufactured as intermediates during the various refining processes.
UNIT 10 Petroleum-based Fuels 石油类燃料
The combustible fuels in common use are predominantly from fossilized resources containing carbon and hydrogen which react with oxygen(usually in the form of air) to form major products of carbon oxide, carbon monoxide and water. Pure carbon or hydrogen are themselves combustible but common fuels are likely to be some compounds of the two generally and are then designated as hydrocarbons, CxHy, where x and y commonly cover a range from one to about twenty. Of these, coal provides the most extensive resource but, as well as being more difficult to extract and transport than liquid or gaseous types, is not suited to modern engine combustion and is used mainly for the production of steam for electrical power production.
目前广泛使用的燃料主要来自于包涵碳和氢的化石资源，它们与氧发生反应（通常是以空气的形式），主要生产产物是二氧化碳、一氧化碳和水。纯净的碳和氢自身可燃烧，但常用的燃料通常是由它们构成的某些混合物，成为碳氢化合物，记为CxHy，x和y的取值范围通常从1到大约20.在这些混合物中，煤提供了最广泛的燃料资源，但它比液态和气态燃料更难开采，更难运输，从而不适用于现代内燃机的使用，它主要用于电站产生水蒸气来发电。
Petroleum-based fuels are by far the most common internal combustion engine fuels and are a blend of many hydrocarbons distilled and reformed in the refining process to give the appropriate properties.
石油类燃料是目前为止最常用的内燃机燃料，它是许多碳氢化合物的混合体，并通过炼制加工过程如蒸馏和重整使其具有适当的性质。
Gasoline is a blend of colourless, volatile liquid petroleum fractions which boil between about 30℃ and 200℃ a typical relative density being about 0.73. For overall average properties, gasolines are sometimes considered to be the single compound, iso-octane C8H18, but this is substantially different, particularly in volatility. Actual components range from C4 to C9(sometimes to C12) and cover many types of hydrocarbons depending on the crude oil source and the refining process. The fuel is refined to give appropriate octane numbers, volatility, etc., but the composition of final product may still vary considerably from one source to another. Net heating values(lower) are about 44MJ/kg.
汽油是一种无色易挥发的液态石油类混合燃料，其沸点在30℃到200℃之间，典型的相对密度在0.73.就整体性质而言，有时可将汽油看成单一的化合物—异辛烷C8H18，但又有许多不同实处，尤其是挥发性不同，汽油的实际组分从C4到C9（有时达到C12），汽油中含有的碳氢化合物种类取决于原油来源和炼制过程。燃料经过精炼，使其获得适当的辛烷值和挥发度等，但最终产品的组成可能仍旧随原料的不同而由相当大的差别，其净热值（低热值）大约为44MJ/kg。
Exercise: 汉译英
石油资源市场是极为有限的，但石油燃料最适合于内燃机，因为它们具有高能量密度，易于运送。与之相比，气体燃料更易于运送。但它们的能量密度却低得多。然而，气体燃料的贮存量更多一些。值得一提的是，某种矿产的消耗率至少应与它的总贮量受到同等的重视。大多数预测指出，按照目前的燃料消化率，石油将在21世纪中叶前被消耗尽，气体燃料应可持续到21世纪的大部分时间。而煤是一种长期的资源，其贮藏量能用几百年。显然，这些预测并非不可变，因为它们依赖的许多因素有可能发生变化。
Petroleum are extremely limited resources, but they are the most suitable fuels for internal combustion engines because of their high energy density and easy delivery. To compare with it, gaseous fuels are even easier for delivery but considerably inferior on the aspect of energy density. However, their reverses are much more than those of petroleum resources. It should be noted that, for a certain mineral product, the rate of its consumption should be viewed at least as important as its total reserves. Most predictions indicate that, at current usage rates, petroleum resources will be depleted before the middle of the twenty-first century, and gaseous fuels should last through much of that century. However, coal is a long-term resource with potential supplies for several huandred years. Obviously, all these predictions are somewhat speculative as depend on many factors which have the potential to change.
UNIT 11 Lubrication 润滑油
Lubrication depends upon many factors besides the nature of the lubricant, the shape and roughness of rubbing surfaces and the materials from which they are made are important. Whether or not there is a rolling as well as rubbing motion, and the relative speeds of moving parts, also need to be considered.
除了润滑油的天然特性，润滑取决于很多因素，摩擦表面的形状的粗糙程度及其所使用的制作材料也很重要。是否存在一个滚动或是摩擦运动，以及移动部件的相对速度也应该予以考虑。
The nature of the environment in which lubricant is required is critically important in many applications. In many modern machines, lubricant is often required at extremely high or extremely low temperatures, or in the presence of high humidity or artificial atmospheres or nuclear radiation. When lubricant are used for metalcutting and similar operations, where there is inevitably some contact between human beings and the lubricant, the possibility of hazard to health is an important consideration.
润滑油所需的环境特性在许多应用方面是至关重要的。在许多现代机械中，经常在极端高温的环境下，或是在高湿度或合成气的氛围里，或是在核辐射的情况下需要使用润滑油。当润滑油用于进行金属切割和类似的操作时，人们不可避免地和润滑油之间存在一些接触，对于健康危害的可能性是重点需要考虑的。
The main object of lubrications is to reduce friction and wear in moving parts of machine. This reduces friction heat and the consequent waste of energy, and it also avoids premature failure of the machine through excessive wear or seize. Although there are some engineering plastics and resins that do not require the use of a lubricant, their use is limited to relatively light duties.
润滑的主要目的是减少机械的移动部件的摩擦和磨损。这将减少摩擦热和由此带来的能源浪费，同时避免机械由于过度磨损或咬死而过早毁损。尽管有些工程塑料和树脂不需要润滑油，但是它们的应用领域局限于相对轻型的机械。
Most of the moving parts of machinery are metallic and a lubricant is necessary. Lubrication can be achieved with gases and solids as well as with liquids, and there are special circumstances where either gas or solids lubrication is preferred. However, such cases are rare and addition here will be confined to lubrication oils and greases.
大多数机械的移动部件都是金属的，润滑油是非常重要的。润滑性能可以通过气体、固体以及液体实现，存在更倾向于气体或者固体润滑的特殊情况。然而，这些情况是非常少见的，此处添加局限于润滑油和油脂。
Exercise: 汉译英
在一些应用领域中，润滑油充当了固体污染物的载体。这些污染物或者通过油滤器除掉，或者悬浮在润滑油中，直到重新更换润滑油。这一操作过程对于活塞发动机尤为重要，因为在活塞发动机中，润滑油会受到燃烧产物的污染。
In some applications, lubrications act as a carrier for solid contaminants, which can either be removed by oil filters, or be kept in suspension until the oil is changed. This is a particularly important function in piston engine lubrication, in which oil is contaminated by combustion products.
UNIT 19 Environmentally Friendly products
环境友好产品
Every stage of a product’s life cycle has an environmental impact with extraction of raw materials, continuing through processing, manufacturing, and transportation, and concluding with consumption and disposal or recovery. Technology and chemical science are challenged at every stage. Redesigning products and processes to minimize environmental impact requires a new philosophy of production and a different level of understanding of chemical transformations.
一种产品在其使用周期的每个阶段都会对环境产生影响，起始于原材料选取、经过接下来的加工、制造、运输，终止于消费和处理或回收。在每个阶段都对工艺学和化学提出了挑战。重新设计和加工过程来最大程度的减少对环境的影响，需要一种新的生产理念和在不同水平层面上对化学转化的理解。
Environmentally friendly products require novel materials that are reusable, recyclable, or biodegradable; properties of the materials are determined by the chemical composition and structure. To minimize waste and polluting by-products, new kinds of chemical process schemes will have to be developed. Improved chemical separation techniques are needed to enhanced efficiency and to remove residual pollutants, which in turn will require new chemical treatment methods in order to render them harmless.
环境友好的产品要采用可重复利用的、可回收的或可生物降解的新材料。而原材料的特性是由其化学组成和结构决定的。为了尽可能的减少废弃物和副产品的生成，需要开发新型的化学工艺路线，并改进化学分离技术，高效分离出残余污染物，而这些残余污染物也需要新的化学处理方法使其变得无毒无害。
Knowledge of chemical transformations can also help in the discovery of previously unknown environmental problems. The threat to the ozone layer posed by CFCs was correctly anticipated through fundamental studies of atmospheric chemistry, eventually leading to international agreements for phasing out the production of these otherwise useful chemical in favor of equally functional but environmentally more compatible alternatives.
化学转化过程的知识同样有助于发现先前未知的环境问题。氯氟化碳（CFC）对臭氧层的威胁就是通过对大气化学基础研究所得出的正确预见，最终国际上一致赞同逐步淘汰这些原本有用的化学品，取而代之以具有同等功效但是与环境更和谐的产品。
Exercise: 汉译英
哪些不容易转化为无害物质的放射性元素和重金属污染物，则需要将他们固定在惰性材料中以便安全地存放。最后一点，对环境污染尚无意识的早期遗留下来的污染物，需要进一步用化学和生物技术进行修理。
Pollutants such as radioactive elements and toxic heavy metals that cannot be readily converted into harmless materials will need to immobilized in inert materials so that they can safely stored. Finally, the leftover pollution of an earlier, less environmentally aware era demands improved chemical and biological remediation techniques.
三、汉译英
1、吵闹的家庭的确对我们家庭不和有很大的影响。
Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.
2、在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑制情绪。
Acolleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness.
3、我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。
We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships,which inevitably damage our wellbeing .
4、如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。
If this bad mood stays inside our mind,it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression.
5、我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。
We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.
6、随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的郊外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。
The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.
7、生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。
The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.
8、预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。
One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10000 by 2012.
9、如今，个地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话题。
These days,there is hardly a local governmengt that does not talk about plans for an eco-village,town or even city.
10、全世界大约一半的人居住在城市，所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。
It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the world’s population is now city-dwellers.
11、亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29%。
Asia makes up twenty-nine per cent of the world’s land area.
12、人口的增长是土地必须生产更多的粮食。
The increasing population makes it necessary for the earth to produce more grain.
13、我们应该先进行抽样调查再写报告。
We should conduct a sampling investigation before we write the report.
14、我承认我在工作中因缺乏经验犯过这样那样的错误。
I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds.
15、中国的现代化工业和商品经济的发展，促进了职业流动和人口流动。
The development of modern industry and commodity economy in China has promoted occupational and popuiation mobility.
16、会议的准备工作正在顺利的进行。
Preparations for the meeting are proceeding smoothly.
17、科技发展在老问题的同时也带来了一些新问题。
As technological advancement solves old problems,it also creates new ones.
18、1976年唐山大地震是历史上最严重的自然灾害之一。
The 1976 earthquake in Tangshan was one of the greatest natural disasters in history.
19、近几年来，中国、日本和美国对地震发生的时间、地点的预测取得了一定的进步。
In recent years,China,Japan and U.S have made certain progress in forecasting when and where earthquakes will occur.
20、地震能造成惨重的人员伤亡，毁坏建筑物，如大楼、桥梁、大坝等设施。
Earthquakes cause severe casualties and destroy constructions like buildings,dams and bridges.
21、如何尽快处理墨西哥湾的原油泄漏是BP公司最为关注的问题。
How to urgently deal with the oil spill at the Gulf of Mexico remains the biggest concern for BP.
22、这起事故环保人士对生态环境有了不小的担忧。
This accident has many environmentalists concerned about the damage it does to the ecosystem.
23、原油泄漏不仅会污染海洋环境，更糟糕的是它还会给多种海洋生物带来很大的威胁。
Oil spills do not just pollute the ocean,to make things worse,they pose great threat to many species of aquatic life as well.
24、所有的小动物都要依靠妈妈给她们提供食物和保护。
All baby animals are dependent on their mothers for food and protection.
25、南极洲是多种企鹅的家。
Antarctica is the nayural habitat for many species of penguins.
26、许多政府机构继续执行鼓励使用绿色电脑的标准和规定。
Many governmental agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that encourage green computing.
27、绿色设计是指设计节能和对环境无害的零件。
Green design means designing energy-efficient and environmentally sound componets.
28、今年该公司将实行公司范围内的成本削减计划。
The company will carry out its company-wide cost-cutting plan this year.
29、环保慈善和良好的员工关系是该公司成长和壮大重要原因。
Environmentalism,philanthropy and good employee relations have been important factors during the growth of the company.
30、绿色使用是指减少计算机和其他信息系统的能源消耗，并尽量以环保的方式来使用。
Green use means reducing the energy consumption of computers and other information systems as well as using them in an environmentally sound manner.
31、如今不管男女老少几乎都使用手机。
Today almost everyone,men and women,old and young has a cell phone.
32、这种新的网络联机形式能使大量的数据得以快速的传输。
The new type of internet connection could carry much data at a very high speed.
33、电子邮件正在取代传真、电话、快速邮递。他缩短了科学合作者之间的距离。
E-mail is starting to edge out the fax,the telephone,express mail,which shrinks distance between scientific collaborators.
34、手机从发明到现在已有很长的历史，而且在技术方面有了长足的进步。
Mobile phones have come a long way since their invenyion and have advanced by leaps and bounds in regard to technology.
35、快速的数据传输速度可以帮助解决网络传输量巨大增长的问题。
The high speed of data transmission can help solve the problem of how to handle the enormous growth in the Internet.
36、这项技术是移动通讯行业长生了突破性变革。
This technology revolutionized mobile communication.
37、多触摸功能是其最大的卖点之一。
The multi-touch capability is among its most eye-catching features.
38、戴尔是一家跨国技术公司总部设在德克萨斯州。
Dell Inc. based in Texas,is a multinational company.
39、制造商经常在用户购买新电脑的时候提供免费更换服务。
Manufactures often offer a free replacement service when users purchase a new PC.
40、很多多点触控界面的产品已经出现，而且正在广泛的应用。
Many products for multi-touch interfaces have already existed and are being widely applied..
41、大多数替代能源不仅可以给我们带来清洁空气，它们还可以再生。
Not only do the majority of the alternative energies give us clean air,they are renewable as well.
42、许多生活日用品都是石油制成的。
Many of the products we use daily are made from petroleum.
43、尽管许多国家在研发并开始使用不同的替代能源，
在未来很长的一段时间化石燃料仍将是占据主导地位的能源。
Though many countries are researching and developing and are applying different alterantive energy,fossil will remain crucially important for a long time in the future.
44、专家预计北京的汽车占有量将超过每千人200辆。
It is estimated that the car ownership in Beijing will exceed 200 per thousand people.
45、在未来的几十年，世界人口仍将持续增长。这意味着能源需求将进一步增加。
World popuiation will continue ti grow in the next few decades.This will mean an increasing in the demand for energy.
46、在很多以煤为主要能源的发展中国家，减少碳排放是一件极具挑战的工作。
Reducing cardon emission is a great challenge to developing nations where coal is a major source of energy.
47、20世纪末的世界人口是20世纪六十年代的两倍。
The world population by the end of the 20th century was twice as much as that of the 1960s.
48、如果没有先进的技术，环境污染无法得以控制。
Without advanced technilogy,environmental pollution could not be improved.
49、过量饮食对人体带来的危害与过量饮酒带给人体的伤害一样严重。
Excessive eating could be as harmful to health as excessive drinking.
50、该公司正在就如何减少二氧化碳排放做一项实验性研究。
The company has been working on a pilot study in an effort to cut carbon emission efficiently.
51、一些污染源已经通过立法得到控制。
Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by legislation.
52、用电动车来取代汽油和柴油可减少城市污染。
Replacing petrol and diesel vehicles with electric cars free our cities from pollution.
53、要从源头来规范危险化学品的生产和使用。
The production and use of dangerous chemicals should be regulated at source.
54、最近所发生的一切除了会造成明显可见的短期影响外，也会导致严重的长期问题。
In addition to the visible sgort-term impacts,what has happened recently can also cause in severe long-term problems.
55、污染的海岸水域引发的死亡和疾病每年要耗费全球的经济128亿美元。
Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters cost the global economy US$12.8 billion a year.
56、环境污染和自然灾害使经济发展应付出的代价。
Environmental pollution and natural disasters are the price we have to pay for developing the economy.
57、化石能源的紧缺促使很多能源公司去开发替代能源。
The shortage of fossil has made many energy companies develop alternative energy soures.
58、丰田汽车公司已经开始大规模生产其混合动力车，这在很大程度上超过了其他汽车制造大企业。
Toyota Auto has begun mass-producing ite hybrid model Prius,which has leapfrogged other auto giants.
59、政府通过政策激励来促使国有企业节能减排。
Goverments are boosting energy conservation and emission reduction through policies and incentives.
60、随着人口的成倍增长，世界将会对能源有如饥似渴般的需求。
As population multiplies,the world will become energy-hungry.
61、当今，经济学在商业方面起着越来越大的作用。商人们清楚的认识到研究工作的重要性，他们需要通过研究来发现什么样的条件有助于出售他们的商品，对他们的商品有什么需求，以及能够得到什么养的国际市场等等。
Economics plays an increasingiy important part in business today.Businessmen see clearly the necessity tor research.They need research to discover what sort of conditions will help them sell their goods,what demand there will be for their goods,what foeign markets will be available and so on.
62、20世纪30年代的大萧条对大部分的美国人产生了巨大的影响。工厂倒闭，工人失业，公司和银行破产，农民不能偿付贷款并失去了他们的农场，他们中的许多人只能离开家乡去寻找工作。20世纪30年代的大萧条不仅影响了美国，它把整个世界搅乱了。
The Great Depression of the 1930s had a profound effect on most of the population of the United States.Factories closed and workers out of work;business and banks collapsed;farmers could not repay their loans and lost their farms.Many of them had to leave their farms to search for jobs.The Great Depression of the 1930s didn’t only affect the USA alone but turned the whole world upside down.
63、近几年来，计算机不仅被越来越多的人运用于生产和技术领域，而且也用于日常生活。原因很简单，因为计算机比人的效率高得多。他们比人有更好的记忆力，能储存大量的信息。计算机可以做许多我们做的事情，而且做得更快、更好。他们可以在工厂里控制机器，计算出第二天的天气，甚至可以做翻译工作。
In recent years more and more people have used computers not only in production and technology,but also in everday life.the simple reason is that they are far more efficient than man.They have much better memories and can store lange amounts of information.Computers can do many of the things we do,but faster and better.they can ontrol machines in factories,work out tomorrow’s weather,and even do translation work..
64、最初，iPad主要被当做一款媒体消费设备——用它来读书、看视频或翻阅带有视频以及文字和图片的新型电子杂志，要比用iPhone的效果更理想。但是，与iPhone一样，关键之处将在与人们如何接受它、使用它，以及应用程序开发者多快能找到利用其特性打造新体验的方法。人们当然有理由对它持有疑虑。它的屏幕更大，因此它可能不如智能手机那么便携；它缺少内置的键盘，因此作为一个输入设备，它可能不如PC或Mac那么有用。但iPod的9.7英寸高分辨率显示屏，将成为计算机播种梦想的下一个处女地。
Ipad used mainly as a media consumption device_a better place than the iPhone to read books,watch video,or flick through new electronic versions of magazines that offer video as well as text and pictures/But,as with iPhone,the real story will lie in how it is taken up and used-and how quickly other application developers find ways to exploit its uniqure characteristics to create new experiences.
There are certainiy reasons for doubt.The larger screen may make it less portable than a smartphone,its lack of a built-in keyboard less useful as an input device than a PC or Mac.But the iPad’s 9.7 inch,high-resoluation screen is about to become the virgin territory on wich the omputer industry’s next dreams will be sketched.
65、3G的全称为第三代数字通信。1995年问世的第一代数字手机只能进行语言通话；而1996年到1997年出现的第二代数字手机便增加了接收数据的功能，如接受电子邮件或网页；第三代与前两代的主要区别是在传输声音和数据的速度上的提升，它能够处理图像、音乐、视频等多种多媒体形式，提供包括网页浏览、电话会议、电子商务等多种信息服务。
3G is short for the Third Greneration Communication.The first generation of digital communcation developed in 1995 only allowed voice transmission on the phone.By 1996 and 1997,the 2G digital cellphones had a new feature that is data transmission,such as emails and access to the Internet.The biggest difference between 3G and the first two generations lies in the features that voice and data can be transmitted at a much faster speed and that photos,music,and videos can be transmitted and that it provides services like access to the Internet,teleconferencing,e-commerce and the like.
66、目前，碳捕获和存储设施已经安装到其他应用程序设计的部件上。以石油公司为例，几十年来，他们已将CO2注入衰退井中以提高采收率。
Current Carbon Capture Storage facilities have been patched together with components larely designed for other applications.Oil companies,for example,have been injecting carbon dioxide into fading wells for decades in order to enhance recovery.
67、一个普遍存在的问题是关于海底或地下储存安全的长期预测是非常困难和不确定的。储存的二氧化碳可能会泄露到大气中。
A general problem is that long term predictions about submarine or underground storage security are very difficult and uncertain and CO2 might leak from the storage into the atmosphere.
68、全球变暖主要是由于人们焚烧化石矿物以生成能量时产生的二氧化碳等多种温室气体导致。全球平均气温总体看为上升趋势。进入20世纪八十年代后，全球气温明显上身。全球变暖的后果，会使全球降水量重新分配，冰川消融，海平面上升，既危害自然生态系统的平衡，更威胁人类的食物供应和居住环境。
Global warming is primarily caused by the carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fueis for energy by humans.The global average temperature is generally on a rise.We’ve seen a significant rise in global temperature since the 1980s.Global warming will result in the reallocation of global rainfall,the melting of glaciers,and the rise of sea level.This will damage the balance of the ecosystem and threaten food supply and the living condition for human beings.
69、清洁能源是不排放污染物的能源，它包括核能和可再生能源。可再生能源是指可以通过自然现象补充的能源，如水力发电、风力发电、太阳能、生物能、海潮能这些能源。可再生能源不存在能源耗竭的可能，因此日益受到许多国家的重视，尤其是能源短缺的国家。
Clean energy refers to energy sources that release zero pollutants.This includes nuclear energy and renewable energies.Renewable energy comes from natural processes that are replenished constantly,hydroelectric power,wind power,solar power,biofuels,tidal power are all renewable energy sources.Renewable energy sources are inexhaustible and therefore have attracted the attention of many countries,especially those with a great shortage of energy sources.机播种梦想的下一个处女地broad previouskd previousklyt
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70、生物燃料必须有四个特征。需要低成本—我们成功的基准是1美元1加仑，即每桶40-50美元。生物燃料还必须要低碳。先进的生物燃料还需要有规模效应。如果只是生产出精品类型的生物燃料，那是毫无意义的。只有大规模的生产和销售才能够改变局面。第四，先进的生物燃料从环境、社会和经济效益的角度讲，必须是可持续的。
Biofuels have to four qualities.They need to be low-cost-our benchmark for success is $1 agallon,$40-50 a barrel.They must be low-carbon.Advanced biofuels also need to be scalabe.There is no point making boutique biofuels.Only mass production and mass distribution can turn the dial.Fourth,advanced biofuels have to be sustainnable-environmentally,socially and economically.
71、煤的气化在煤化工中占有重要地位，用于生产各种气体燃料，是洁净的能源，有利于提高人民生活水平和环境保护；煤气化生产的合成气是合成液体燃料等多种产品的原料。煤直接液化，可以生产人造原油和化学产品。在石油短缺时，煤的液化产品将替代目前的天然石油。
Coal gasification plays an important role in the coal chemical industry.The gasified products can be used as gaseous fuels which are clean energy sources,and which can improve people’s living standards and benefit environmental protection.The synthesis gas can be used as raw materials for many chemical products.Coal can be directly liquefied and can be converted into artificial petroleum and other chemical products.At such a petroleum-short time,liquefied coal products can replace the natual oil that we are dependent on today.
72、资源诅咒是一个经济学理论，多指与矿业资源相关的经济社会问题。丰富的自然资源可能是对经济发展的诅咒而不是祝福，大多数自然资源丰富的国家比那些资源稀缺的国家发展的更慢。经济学家将原因归结为贸易条件的恶化，荷兰病或人力资源投资不足等，主要有对某种相对丰富的资源的过分依赖导致。
Resource curse is an economic theory,usually refers to a social economic problem related to the resource of minerals.Abundant natural recources may rather be a curse than a blessing.Alot of the nations with rich resourses have a much lower economic growth than countries without an abundance of resources.Economists blamed this on terrible trade conditionss,the Dutch Disease or in other words a shorstage of investment in human capital and an overdependence on the abundance of certain resources.
73、每个企业都倾尽其力来对付如何组织企业这一问题。组织结构经常需要反映出新的战略、变化的市场条件以及创新的生产技术等方面的影响。全世界的公司都在重新构造自己，一边在当今高度竞争的全球环境中更精干、更有效、更灵活。
Ever firm wrestles with the problemof how to organize.Reorganization often is necessary to reflect a new strategy,changing market conditions,or innovative producation technology.Companies throughout the world are restructuring to become learn,more efficient and more flexible,in today’s highly competitive global environment.
74、企业像拧水龙头一样启动和停止项目，这种做法是错误的。因为只有持久的投资，才能建立起多元化的人才库。
Businesses that turn programs on and off like a tap have got it wrong because a diverse talent pool can only be built through sustained investment.
75、她的公司最近发起了一项开放活动，让伦敦一些贫困的地区公立学校学生前来感受办公室的生活。
Her firm recentiy launched an access week to bring state school students from deprived London boroughs into its offices.
76、一个23岁的学生16岁初到英国时，还是一个不懂英语的避难者。后来他成为了一名社区志愿者，学习会计和金融学，并获得了一等学位。
One 23-year-old student unable to speak English,went on to become a community volunteer,studied accounting and finance,and earned himself a first class degree.
77、要想在众多应聘者中取胜，要想让你中意的企业也中意你，事先做好准备功夫是非常重要的环节。首先要从正确给自己定位做起。那么不妨给自己提出两个问题：我的兴趣是什么？我爱干什么？准备工作的第二步是做出好简历。好简历都具备一些共同的特点：简洁、真实、重点突出等。
To win over the other job applicants,and to impress the company that you are interested in,getting well-prepared is vital.First,you should well position yourself.You may ask yourself these two question:What am I interested in?And what do I love doing?The second thing you need to do is to write a good resume.Good resumes constitute these characters:concise,truth-telling and attention-grabbing.
78、埃克森美孚、壳牌和英国石油等石油巨头在中国大规模建设加油站，其目的是要最大限度分享中国的巨大的成品油零售市场。据资料统计表明，中国大陆成品油消费量已经居世界第二位，在未来10年内还将以每年4.5%的速度增长。
Oil giants like ExxonMobil,Shell and BP have been building up joint-venture gas stations in China,aiming at owning a great share of the huge Chinese retail market of refined oil.Statistics show that China now ranks the second in refined oil consumption and will increase by an annual 4.5% in the next decade.
79、经济复苏将大幅刺激中国这个第二大能源消耗国的燃料需求。2010年的中国原油进口记录将被再次刷新。根据数据预测显示，2010年的原油进口将增长9.1%，达到2.12亿吨，平均每天达到430万桶。与2009年的2.03亿吨相比，上涨了4%。2010年中国国内石油需求增速将恢复到金融危机之前的水平。全年的石油消费量将增长5%以上，达到1.27亿吨。
Economic recovery will greatly boost the demand for fuels in China,the second largest energy consuming country in the world.Crude oil import will break a recong high in 2010.As statistics indicate,ctude oil import in 2010 will increase by 9.1%,reaching 212 million tons,and a daily 4.3 million barrels.Compared with 203 million tons in 2009,there will be an increase of 4%.And the demand for petroleum in China in 2010 will soon resume to the pre-finacial-crisis level.And the total petroleum consumption will see a 2% rise,reaching up to 427 million tons.
80、我开始给我在伦敦的同事撰写邮件，指出欧洲航空旅行在多年内变得完全不可靠的微小可能性，如果是这样，那么全球经济也有微小的可能会遭遇严重打击。这可能是最近10年内最重要的事件，并非是本周第三大事件。
I started writing e-mails to my colleague in ondon pointing outthat there was a small chance that European air travel could be rendered completely unreliable for years,and if so there was a small chance of the world’s economy being dealt a shattering blow.This was potentially the biggest story of the decade rather than the third-biggest story of the week.
81、随着项目的进展，预料不到的问题一定会出现。这些偶然事件会威胁到项目的进度、预算或要求。在这种情况下，项目经理必须决定怎样将项目的一个目标与另一个目标进行权衡。
As the project progresses,uncertainties will emerge.These uncertainties will affect the proceeding,budget and requirement of the project..Project managers must decide,under this circumstance,how to balance one cbjective with another objective of the project.
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