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Residential Buildings of Chinese Ancient Architecture—Cave Dwelling 窑洞是中国北部黄土高原上居民的古老居住形式，具有十分浓厚的中国民俗风情和乡土气息。 Cave dwelling, an ancient residential form on the Loess Plateau in northern China, has very strong Chinese folk and local characteristics. 在中国陕甘宁地区，黄土层非常厚，中国人民创造性地利用高原有利地形，凿洞而居，创造了被称为“绿色建筑”的窑洞建筑。 In the Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia regions of China, the loess layer is very thick. The Chinese people creatively use the favorable terrain of the plateau to drill holes and live, creating cave dwellings known as “green buildings”.
图片来源：公众号@百家号 汇宝健康 1、历史渊源 History 土穴窑洞式建筑居住形式最早发生在黄河中游、晋陕峡谷两岸的黄土高原上。在距今5000—6000年的仰韶文化和距今约6000年的半坡文化中，都有窑洞的存在，黄土高原窑洞不单成为这两种文化的内容，而且发育得相当成熟——“吕”字形窑洞居室已经出现。 The form of cave dwellings first appeared on the Loess Plateau on both sides of the Shanxi-Shaanxi Gorge in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. There are cave dwellings in Yangshao culture, which is 5000 to 6000 years ago, and Banpo culture, which is about 6000 years ago. This kind of architectural form not only becomes the content of these two cultures, but also develops quite mature — “吕” shaped cave dwellings have appeared.
窑洞—谭翃晶国画作品 图片来源：百度百科 上至周先祖时期，土窑洞就遍布山原谷地。《诗经》称为“陶复陶穴”，唐宋时期，窑洞种类增多，每个窑洞有了明确分工，除居住的窑洞外，还有不同功能的窑洞，明清时期出现了小城堡，高大土墙将一组窑洞或土炕围起来，以防御兵荒和盗贼，俗称为堡子。 Up to the time of the Zhou Dynasty, the cave dwellings were all over the mountains and valleys. The Book of Songs records that “dig cave dwellings and burrows”. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the type of cave dwellings increased, and each cave had a specific purpose. In addition to living caves, there are also caves with different functions. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, small castles appeared. People use tall earth walls to enclose a group of caves or kangs to defend against the enemies and bandits, commonly known as “baozi” . 2、建筑特点 Architectural Characteristics 窑洞在建筑学上属于生土建筑，其特点就是人与自然和睦相处、共生，简单易修、省材省料，坚固耐用。 The cave dwelling is an earth construction. Its characteristics are that people and nature live in harmony and symbiosis. It is easy to repair, material saving, solid and durable.
陕北窑洞 图片来源：百度百科 陕北的窑洞是依山势开凿出来的一个拱顶的窑洞。由于黄土本身具有直立不塌的性质，而拱顶的承重能力又比平顶要好，所以窑洞一般都是采取拱顶的方式来保证了它的稳固性。陕北取黄土高原土层厚实、地下水位低的特点，挖窑洞作民居，有冬暖夏凉，不破坏生态，不占用良田，经济省钱的优点。 The cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi are arched caves dug according to the shape of mountains. It is generally built in the form of arches to ensure its stability. This is because the loess itself is sturdy and not easy to collapse, and the bearing capacity of the arches is better than that of flat roofs. The people of northern Shaanxi take advantage of the characteristics of thick soil layer and low groundwater level in the Loess Plateau to dig cave dwellings, which are warm in winter and cool in summer, do not damage the ecology, do not occupy good farmland, and save money economically. 3、种类 Types 窑洞一般有靠崖式，下沉式、独立式等形式。窑洞是黄土高原的产物、陕北人民的象征，它沉积了古老的黄土地深层文化。 Cave dwelling generally has by-cliff type, sinking type and independent type. It is the product of the Loess Plateau and the symbol of northern Shaanxi. It has deposited the ancient culture of the Loess Plateau.
图片来源：《图解中国民居》王其钧 靠崖式窑洞有靠山式和沿沟式，窑洞常呈现曲线或折线型排列，有和谐美观的建筑艺术效果。在山坡高度允许的情况下，有时布置几层台梯式窑洞，类似现代楼房。 There are two types of by-cliff cave dwellings: lean against the mountains and along the ditches. They are often arranged in a curve or broken line, which are very harmonious and beautiful in terms of architectural art. When the hillside is high enough, people sometimes arrange several layers of terraced cave dwellings, similar to modern buildings.
图片来源：《图解中国民居》王其钧
下沉式窑洞 图片来源：公众号@古建家园
下沉式窑洞 图片来源：公众号@古建家园 下沉式窑洞又称平地窑，主要分布在没有山坡、沟壁可利用的地区。这种窑洞的做法是：先就地挖下一个方形地坑，然后再向四壁凿出窑洞，形成一个四合院。 Sinking cave dwellings, also called “pingdiyao” are mainly distributed in areas where there is no hillsides or ditches available. The way to make this kind of cave is to dig a square hole first, and then dig around to form a quadrangle.
图片来源：《图解中国民居》王其钧
独立式窑洞 图片来源：搜狐网 独立式窑洞又称箍窑，是以砖或土坯在平地仿窑洞形状箍砌的洞形房屋。独立式窑洞保留了窑洞冬暖夏凉的优点，又不受地形的限制，可为单层，也可建成为楼。 Independent cave dwelling, also called “guyao”, is a hole-shaped house built with bricks or adobe on a flat ground to imitate the shape of a cave dwelling. It retains the advantages of warm in winter and cool in summer, and is not limited by the terrain. It can be single-storey or built into a building.
图片来源：腾讯网 在近代，窑洞也成为了红色革命精神的象征。张鼎丞在《整风在延安中央党校》中说：“延安的窑洞是最革命的，延安的窑洞有马列主义，延安的窑洞能指挥全国抗日斗争。”延安那一孔孔普通的窑洞，见证了中华民族救亡图存的苦难辉煌，承载起光耀百世的革命精神。革命精神之光，今天已化作中国共产党人前进道路上熊熊燃烧的火炬，辉映中华民族伟大复兴的灿烂未来。 In modern times, cave dwellings have also become a symbol of the spirit of the Red Revolution. “Yan’an caves are the most revolutionary, Yan’an caves have Marxism-Leninism, Yan’an caves can command the national anti-Japanese struggle”, Zhang Dingcheng said in Rectification in the Central Party School of Yan’an. The ordinary cave dwellings in Yan’an not only witnessed the suffering and glory of the Chinese nation to save the country from invasion, but also carried the shining revolutionary spirit. Today, the light of revolutionary spirit has turned into a burning torch on the way of the CPC, reflecting the brilliant future of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. 但随着西部大开发的进一步深入，现代高楼与时俱进，土窑洞大量废弃，随着经济的发展，窑洞的废弃会越来越多，挖掘的会越来越少，这种挖掘方式会越来越不被人知道。再加上其历史久远，受风雨侵蚀严重，如今窑洞文化已处于濒危地位，面临消亡。如何保护并继承这项中华传统建筑文化，是历史托付于我们的重要使命。 However, with the further development of the west, modern high-rise buildings keep pace with the times, and a large number of caves are abandoned. With the development of the economy, more and more cave dwellings will be abandoned and fewer and fewer will be created. This excavation method will be less and less known. In addition to its long history and severe erosion by wind and rain, cave culture is now in an endangered position and facing extinction. How to protect and inherit this traditional Chinese architectural culture is an important mission entrusted to us by history. |
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