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1、Represent, warrant, undertake, guarantee
在英文合同中这几个词都表示“保证”的含义。Represent 往往和warrant连用，出现在合同的声明保证部分：
例1：Both the Seller and
the Purchaser warrant and represent that no broker was involved in negotiating
this purchase and sale, and both the Seller and the Purchaser agree to
indemnify and hold each other harmless against any and all claims for
brokerage.
买卖双方保证并声明没有中介介入交易磋商，且保证赔偿对方因中介引起的索赔并使其免受损害。
例2：Under FOB terms, the
Seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel
nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer, within the time of
shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.
根据离岸价格术语，卖方应保证根据在本合同第八条规定的时限内，按买方通知的日期，装运货物至买方指定船只。
例3：Party B guarantees
that the machines and equipment are unused, sophisticated and of best quality,
and that the machines and equipment are capable of manufacturing the steel wire
rope.
乙方保证机器设备未经使用，性能良好、品质卓越而且该设备能生产出钢丝绳。
2． Chapter, article, section, clause, paragraph,
subparagraph
英文合同中的“章”、“条”、“款”、“项” 分别用chapter, article/section/clause, paragraph, subparagraph表示。
例1：The Borrower further
irrevocably consents to service of process upon it out of said courts in any
such action or proceeding by mailing copies thereof by United Stated registered
air mail, postage prepaid, to the Borrower at the address specifiedin Section
10. 5 hereof.
借款人进一步不可撤消同意上述法院就该事宜诉讼或程序的送达，接受按照本合同第十条第五款指定的借款人地址寄来的美国航空挂号信，邮资已付邮件中的副本。
3、 Perform, fulfill, execute, implement
英文合同表示合同履行时经常用到这几个词，perform表示to do what one party
is obliged to do by a contract泛指双方履行合同的各项责任和义务，而fulfill表示to do everything which is promised in a contract强调合同一方具体履行合同的义务。Execute, implement表示则强调具体实施，execute也有签约、生效的用法。
例1：With respect to the
outstanding 180 M/T of low-density polyethylene NY2-11 under Contract No.
79hp-106, we insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the
soonest possible to secure the performance of the contract. We hereby would
like to call your attention to the fact that the Adviser Inc., who purchased
LDPE NY2-11 from us at the same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment
under the previous Contract not long after we offered our regulated price and
signed a new contract covering substantial quality.
有关第79hp-106号合同项下180公吨的低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）未付款项，我方坚持要求贵方尽快开立信用证以保证合同的履行。我方在此提请贵方注意该事实，同时从我公司购买低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）的Adviser公司已经按先前的合同履行完义务，不久后，我方就提供了调整的价格并签订了一份产品品质优良的新合同。
例2：Each of the parties to
this Agreement shall use its reasonable best efforts to effect the transactions
contemplated hereby and to fulfill and cause to be fulfilled the conditions to
Closing under this Agreement including, without limitation, Parent using
reasonable best efforts to obtain the Parent Stockholder Approval at the
meeting of Parent's stockholders scheduled to be held on June 25, 1999 or at
any adjournment or postponement thereof (the 'June 25 Meeting'). Each
party hereto, at the reasonable request of another party hereto, shall execute
and deliver such other instruments and do and perform. such other acts and
things as may be necessary or desirable for effecting completely the consummation
of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby.
合同任一方应竭尽全力来完成在此预期的交易并按本协议履行或促使交易的成交条件的履行。包括但不限于母公司尽力按日程在1999年6月25日召开的母公司股东会或该日期延后或休会期间通过母公司股东批准。本合同一方应在他方合理的要求下，应签署并交付其他文件并切实履行本协议和预期交易完全成就所必需或需要的行为和事宜。
例3：All disputes arising
in connection with this contract or in theexecution thereof, should be settled
amicably through negotiations.
所有与合同或合同履行有关的争议，应通过友好协商解决。
例4：All expenses of
keeping the books and records of the Company and the preparation of financial
statements required to implement the provisions of this Agreement or otherwise
needed for the conduct of the Company's business shall be borne by the Company.
有履行本协议规定所要求的或其他本公司经营所需要的保存本公司账册记录和准备财务报表的费用由本公司承担。
4、 Abide by, observe, obey, comply with
几个词在英文合同中都表示“遵守，服从，”的意思。Comply with的主语通常是Sth.而observe和abide by则的主语通常是Sb.
例1：The delivered
equipment shall be installed and tested by Party B and shall fully comply with
the technical requirements and processing quality of the contract.
所交付的设备应由乙方安装调试，应完全符合本合同的技术要求和工艺质量。
例2：The Contractor shall
observe and abide by all applicable laws, rules and 3[4Y0regulations in
connection with the Work.
承包人必须遵守和服从与该工程有关的一切适用法律规章和条例。
5、 Effect, come into effect, in effect
在基础英语中，effect一般作名词，指效果、影响，英文合同中如：come into effect表示生效，sth. in effect表示生效的法律文件。除了这些基本用法外，effect还常用作动词表示“实现”、“完成”的意思。
例1：This contract shall
come into effect on the date when it is signed by both parties.
本合同从双方签字之日起生效。
例2：Buyer shall accept the
bill of exchange immediately upon the first presentation of the bill of
exchange and the required documents and shall effect the payment on the
maturity date of the bill of exchange.
汇票一经承兑交单，买方应在汇票到期时完成支付。此外，当表达实际上，事实上的含义时，英文合同常用in effect, 而不是in fact.
6 、Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original
在英文合同中，Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original 都用作表示合同一式几份。Counterpart, copy和duplicate指副本，而original指的是正本，而且duplicate就有双重双份的意思，也常见in duplicate的用法，与此类似的还有in triplicate（一式三份）, in quadruplicate（一式四份），in quintuplicate（一式五份），in sextuplicate （一式六份），in septuplicate（一式七份），in octuplicate （一式八份），in nonuplicate （一式九份），in decuplicate （一式十份）等等。
例1：This Agreement may be
executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts. Each counterpart shall be
deemed an original, and all of the counterparts together shall constitute but
one and the same instrument.
本协议文本可同时签署两份或多份副本。每一副本应视为一份原件，所有副本一起应构成唯一同一文件。
英文合同中incur指“招致，引起”，相当于基础英语中的cause。通常以过去分词incurred形式出现。
例1：In case her age
exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be
borne by the Seller.
如果她的年龄超过15岁，则由买方承担因此产生的平均保险费以外的费用。
例2：No costs incurred in
the manufacture, sale, distribution or exploitation of the articles shall be
deducted from any royalty payable by Licensee.
产品的生产、销售、分销或开发引起的花费不得从被许可方的使用费中扣除。
作为法律专用语，to-wit的意思为“即”，相当于基础英语中的“that is to say（i.e.）”。
例如：WITNESSETH: That for and in consideration of the sum of One
Million Eleven Thousand One Hundred Fifty Dollars ($1,011,150.00) cash in hand
paid by the party of the second part to the party of the first part and other
good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of all of which
are hereby acknowledged, the said party of the first part does hereby bargain,
sell, grant and convey, in fee simple, with general warranty of title, unto the
party of the second part, the following,
兹证明（通常省略不译）：兹以乙方支付甲方的一百零一万一千一百五十美元现金和其他为约因，特此确认充分并予接受，上述甲方由此交易、出售、转让***，对所有权向乙方作一般保证如下，即：
Sanction, approval,
examination
英文合同表示审批、批准时，常常使用这几个词，sanction尤其专用于合同。例如：The amendment of the
contract or other appendices shall come into force only after a written
agreement has been signed by Party A and Party B and approved by the original
examination and approval authority.
本合同的修改或其他附件当仅当甲乙双方签署完书面协议后并经原审批机关批准后方能生效。
例如：This sanction is lifted prospectively upon the filing of a
proper registration.
妥当的登记申请才会提交审批。
此外，sanction在英文合同中也常作“制裁”解。
例如：If Licensee is joined in such proceeding, Licensor shall
indemnify and
%f'rV;ma'yX0hold
harmless Licensee from and against any claim, sanction, liability, damages,
attorney's fees, judgments or orders of any kind arising out of such
proceeding.
如果被许可方参加该诉讼，许可方则应保证赔偿许可方由该诉讼导致的任何索赔、制裁、债务、损害赔偿、律师费、判决或任何裁令并保证免除被许可方有关责任。
Do sth. in its
entirety
英文合同中do sth. in its entirety相当于基础英语中的do sth. totally或do sth. as a whole，表示完全彻底地做某事。
例如：The Aggregate Revolving Commitment (and the Revolving Commitment
of each Bank) shall terminate in its entirety on April 15, 1998 unless the
Closing Date shall have occurred on or prior to such date.
联合周转协议（及各银行的周转协议）应在1998年4月15日完全终止，除非结算发生在当天或先于该日期。
7．Encumbrance, mortgage, charge, pledge, security, lien, security
mortgage相当于我国法律的抵押；pledge相当于质押，lien相当于留置，security相当于担保，保证；
encumbrance: A
liability or claim which burdens property, e.g., a lease, mortgage, easement,
restrictive covenant, rentcharge…（Dictionary of Law, 6th
edition, L.B.Curzon）指在财产上设定的债务或债权，如：租赁、抵押、地役、限制性契约，收租。试译为他物权。
charge: …4. An
encumbrance, e.g., on land, which secures payments for money…(Idem) 一种担保物权，如：土地上设定的用于付款的担保，保证。
例如：Seller warrants that the goods are now free, and that at the
time of delivery shall be free from any security interest or other lien or
encumbrance.
卖方保证货物现无约束，交付时应没有设定担保物权、其他留置权或债权。
例如：During the joint venture term of the Joint Venture Company,
Without Party B’s written consent, Party A shall not create any option, right
to acquire, mortgage, charge, pledge, lien, or any other form. of security or
encumbrance on, over, or affecting the whole or any part of its equity interest
in the Joint Venture Company.
本合资公司合营期间，未经乙方书面同意，甲方不得对本合资公司所有或部分股权设定期权、购并权、抵押权、保证、抵押权、留置权、或其他任何形式的担保或债权，或因以上设定影响本合资公司的所有或部分股权。
这两个词都是作为形容词“有关的，相关的”含义，出现在英文合同中，pertinent似乎较relevant更为正式。例如：All activities of the
Cooperative venture company shall be governed by the laws, decrees and
pertinent rules and regulations of the People's Republic of China.
合作经营企业的一切活动均应受中华人民共和国的法律、法令及有关规定和规章约制。
再如：In accordance with the Law of the People's Republic of China on
Chinese-Foreign Cooperative Joint Ventures and other relevant Chinese laws and
regulations, ABC Company and XYZ Company, in accordance with the principle of equality
and mutual benefit and through friendly consultations, agree to jointly set up
a Cooperative venture in Beijing, the People's Republic of China.
根据中华人民共和国中外合作企业法及有关法律法规，ABC公司与XYZ公司，本着平等互利的原则，经过友好协商，同意共同在中华人民共和国北京设立合作企业。
8．Seek recourse to, resort to 在英文合同中都表示“求助于，诉诸于”的含义。
例如：The arbitration shall take place in Beijing and the decision of
the Arbitration Commission shall be final and binding upon both parties;
neither party shall seek recourse to a law court or other authorities to appeal
for revision of the decision. Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing
party.
仲裁应在北京进行。仲裁委员会的裁定应为终局性，对双方均有约束力。任一方不得诉诸于法院或其他机构上诉寻求修正该裁定。仲裁费应由败诉方承担。
又如：The exercise of a remedy does not waive the right of either
party to resort to arbitration or reference.
任一方行使补救权利不放弃其诉诸仲裁或仲裁程序的权利。
本文转自博客USCONTRACT
