患者男性,27 岁,因呼吸相关的胸痛和发热(最高体温 38.2℃)就诊于急诊。 患者曾在学龄前被诊断为血小板无力症,15 年前运动后发生脑出血,保守治疗好转,无遗留症状。10 年前确诊双下肢深静脉血栓形成,但因脑出血病史,未行抗凝治疗。患者哥哥也被诊断为血小板无力症,并在 3 岁时因脑出血去世,其他家庭成员没有发生血栓栓塞或出血事件的病史。 入院查体 血压 145/92 mmHg,脉率 117 次/分,呼吸频率 32 次/分,体温为 37.9℃,指尖血氧饱和度为 95%(不吸氧)。听诊双侧呼吸音清,未闻及干湿性啰音。心脏听诊示 P2 > A2。腹部和下肢检查未发现异常体征。 辅助检查 动脉血气分析(不吸氧): pH 7.43 氧分压 72 mmHg 二氧化碳分压 34 mmHg 碳酸氢根水平 24.1 mmol/L 血常规: 白细胞计数 10.22 × 109/L ↑(参考值:3.5~9.5 × 109/L) 血红蛋白 170 g/L(参考值:130~170 g/L) 血小板计数 256 × 109/L(参考值:125~350 × 109/L) C-反应蛋白水平 71 mg/dL ↑(参考值:< 8 mg/dL) 血生化: 肝功能和肾功能正常 提示细菌感染的降钙素原处于正常范围 凝血功能检查: 凝血酶原时间(PT) 13.1 秒 ↑(参考值:9.0~11.5 秒) 活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT) 32.8 秒 D-二聚体 3.21 mg/L ↑(参考值:< 0.24 mg/L) CT 肺动脉造影(CTPA): 双侧肺动脉多发栓塞和右下叶肺梗塞(图 1) 图 1:CTPA 图像(箭头所示为多发栓子) 图源:作者提供 超声检查提示: 左侧腘静脉浅静脉和双侧胫腓静脉存在血栓 细胞流式检查: 血小板上 CD41a 和 CD61 的表达缺失,印证了血小板无力症的诊断 进一步完善易栓症病因筛查,包括蛋白 C、蛋白 S、抗磷脂抗体等检查均未见异常,而抗凝血酶活性和抗原值均显著下降(分别为 45% 和 43%),这提示患者同时罹患有抗凝血酶缺乏症。 (上下滑动查看) 参考文献(向上滑动查看) [1] Imperiale, T.F., T. Speroff. A meta-analysis of methods to prevent venous thromboembolism following total hip replacement. JAMA, 1994. 271(22): p. 1780-5.、[2] Prevention of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis with low dose aspirin: Pulmonary Embolism Prevention (PEP) trial. Lancet, 2000. 355(9212): p. 1295-302. [3] Gruel, Y., G. Pacouret, S. Bellucci, J. Caen. Severe proximal deep vein thrombosis in a Glanzmann thrombasthenia variant successfully treated with a low molecular weight heparin. Blood, 1997. 90(2): p. 888-90. [4] Nurden, A., P. Mercie, P. Zely, P. Nurden. Deep Vein Thrombosis, Raynaud's Phenomenon, and Prinzmetal Angina in a Patient with Glanzmann Thrombasthenia. Case Rep Hematol, 2012. 2012: p. 156290. [5] Phillips, R., M. Richards. Venous thrombosis in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Haemophilia, 2007. 13(6): p. 758-9. [6] Ten Cate, H., D.P. Brandjes, P.H. Smits, J.A. van Mourik. The role of platelets in venous thrombosis: a patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia and a factor V Leiden mutation suffering from deep venous thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost, 2003. 1(2): p. 394-5. [7] Rezende, S.M. Secondary prophylaxis with warfarin for recurrent thrombosis in a patient with Glanzmann thrombasthenia and F5 G1691A. Br J Haematol, 2012. 156(1): p. 144. [8] Kilincaslan, H., G. Leblebisatan, A. Tepeler, S.C. Karakus. Formation of obstructing blood clot in the ureter in a patient with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 2011. 22(8): p. 735-7. [9] Di Minno, M.N., P. Ambrosino, W. Ageno, F. Rosendaal, G. Di Minno, F. Dentali. Natural anticoagulants deficiency and the risk of venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Thromb Res, 2015. 135(5): p. 923-32. |
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