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2023年9月26日，浙江大学，美国约翰霍普金斯大学，美国宾夕法尼亚大学，美国加利福尼亚大学和美国匹兹堡大学的研究人员在《Nature Communications》杂志发表了一篇题为“Mechanical metamaterials and beyond”的论文。
机械超材料能够创造出具有前所未有的机械特性的结构材料。然而，迄今为止，有关机械超材料的研究主要集中在被动机械超材料及其机械特性的可调性方面。多功能性、传感、电驱动、信息处理的深度集成以及数据驱动设计的进步是机械超材料界面临的巨大挑战，这些挑战可能会带来真正智能的机械超材料。本综述概述了机械超材料在其经典机械功能内外的情况。讨论了逆向设计和优化多功能机械超材料的数据驱动方法的各个方面。本研究的目标是为设计和发现下一代主动和响应式机械超材料提供新的路线图，这种超材料能够与周围环境互动，适应各种条件，同时继承了经典机械超材料的所有突出机械特性。接下来讨论了具有特定功能的新兴机械超材料，以设计信息和科学智能设备。本文强调了机械超材料系统在组件和集成层面面临的挑战，以及它们在机械功能之外向应用领域的过渡。 展望 经过近二十年的快速发展，机械超材料改变了我们对可集成到机械材料和结构中的先进功能的理解。下一代机械超材料可能具有一定程度的智能，即能够自主获取和处理信息并有目的地行动，同时自然地继承了经典机械超材料的所有前所未有/反直觉的机械特征。如图 5 所示，这些智能机械超材料可以设计成集成设备和系统，以满足通用功能和具体应用两个方向的要求。图 5a 展示了自 2010 年以来，机械超材料在机械领域内外的主要里程碑式发展背景。图 5b 进一步比较了机械超材料在不同阶段的发展情况。根据本研究综述的文献，过去二十年来对机械超材料的研究主要集中在基础研究方面（约占 70%），其余的研究则更多以应用为导向（占 30%）。机械超材料在机械领域内外的不同功能和潜在应用在不同阶段均有报道，包括 2016 年前的结构材料，2010 年的结构功能材料，2020 年的具有性能控制和组合的集成系统、逆向设计和多功能器件，以及 2030 年及以后的深度集成器件。 下一代机械超材料正在接近集成系统。预计将开展更多的研究，以进一步优化其功能并拓展应用领域。为此，目前对机械超材料的研究主要集中在以下三个方向。首先，材料科学在结构材料方向越来越占主导地位。特别是，功能材料已被用于获得具有主动性、适应性和致动能力的机械超材料。例如，在机械超材料中使用了机电、热机械、磁机械或光机械材料，以实现在外部刺激驱动下的可调、自适应响应。其次，数据驱动方法已开始在研究人员探索机械超材料设计空间（从机理分析到性能优化）的过程中发挥关键作用。第三，机械超材料已开始被视为具有可控功能和性能的设备中的可集成组件。 将机械超材料扩展到机械之外并不排除其他类型的超材料。相反，多功能应用（如传感、能量收集和通信）通常需要跨学科领域中不同类型超材料的技术解决方案。将不同类型的超材料元件集成到一个系统中，以实现任何单一类型的超材料都无法实现的功能，这可能成为超材料家族的一个新兴方向。尽管最近的许多研究已经证明了机械超材料具有超越机械功能的潜力，但这三个方向仍然面临着理论和技术上的挑战。集成功能材料严重增加了制造机械超材料的难度，尤其是在可靠性和可行性方面的多尺度制造。人工智能增强机械超材料仍处于早期阶段，主要强调机械性能。因此，扩大人工智能的应用范围，改善机械领域以外的特性，将为机械超材料开辟一条光明的发展道路。深度集成对于实现机械超材料器件的高效全功能具有重要意义。然而，这严重依赖于超材料组件之间的合作。由于坚固性和制造缺陷等问题，要保持组件的完整功能仍具有挑战性，更不用说将它们整合为一体以实现高效运行了。在这些重要领域的进一步研究将加速机械超材料在各种实际应用中的功能和实用性。
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