读《地理学与生活》第十一章《城市地理学》（Arthur Getis，2014）

圆弧YH 2023-10-15 发布于北京

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【版本】

Arthur Geti, Introduction to Geograph, McGraw-Hill, 2014.
阿瑟·格蒂斯，朱迪丝·格蒂斯，杰尔姆·D·费尔曼：《地理学与生活》，第11版，孙颖译，上海：世界图书上海出版公司，2013年。

【提要】在《地理学与生活》第十一章《城市地理学》中，讨论了城市形成的原因。

【提要】城市形成的第一个原因，是农产品的剩余。因为农产品的剩余，才有了进一步的劳动的分工，有的人专门从事粮食的生产，有的人专门从事手工业（制陶、织布、冶铁）等的生产。农村生产的粮食，集中到了手工业者和管理服务人员聚集的城市中。

【摘录】

First and foremost, the earliest cities depended on the existence of an agricultural surplus. Many early cities included farms within their walls, but the main distinction between the city and the countryside stemmed from the nonagricultural aspect of most urban dwellers. This meant that food had to be provided to the urban population by the hinterland surrounding the city. Advances in agriculture, stemming from fortunate circumstances and improvements in technology, created a food surplus in an area surrounding a population center. Those in the nascent town who were not farmers were free to specialize in other occupations—metalworking, pottery making, cloth weaving—producing goods for other town dwellers and the farm population on which they depended. Still others became scribes, merchants, priests, and soldiers, providing the services and refining the power structure on which the organized urban and rural society depended.

（Arthur Geti, Introduction to Geograph, McGraw-Hill, 2014, p. 304.）

【提要】城市的区位选择，考虑到了军事防御。通常居民会把城镇用墙围起来，有的还会加上护城河，以增强城市的防御能力。

【批注】高高的城墙和宽宽的护城河，是为了防备什么呢？主要还是为了防备有组织性的强盗集团。当然，历史上的一些强盗集团，有的反客为主，鸠占鹊巢，成为了城市的新主人。

【摘录】

Ancient cities grew in spots that were easy to defend. Positions along rivers aided in transportation, but hilltops offered defensive advantages. Often residents built walls to surround the town and aid in its defense. Building walls and sometimes moats was a strategy used in much of Europe, but these defensive frameworks could also limit city expansion.
（Arthur Geti, Introduction to Geograph, McGraw-Hill, 2014, p. 304.）

【提要】城市提供了众多的功能，包括生产制造、销售、交通、公共行政、军事、文化、教育、居住等等。很多城市专门从事某种类别。即使是多样化的城市，从这样几种角度，如市场关系、生产区位、行政管理，来考虑城市问题，是会有裨益的。

【摘录】

Most modern cities take on multiple functions. These include manufacturing, retailing, transportation, public administration, military uses, housing cultural and educational institutions, and, of course, the housing of their own citizens. Yet most cities specialize in categories, and even for truly diversified cities it can help to consider cities in regard to their relationship to markets, sites of production, or administration and other services.
（Arthur Geti, Introduction to Geograph, McGraw-Hill, 2014, p. 309.）

【地图】变质岩和沉积岩分界线

（Arthur Geti, Introduction to Geograph, McGraw-Hill, 2014, p. 307.）

【批注】河流为城市居民提供动力和水源。

【提要】三种城市模式。回溯原文，发现图片是很有意思的。后者把前者的示意图进一步美化。这个模型是Chauncy D. Harris 和 Edward L. Ullman在1945年提出来的。

【摘录】

（Arthur Geti, Introduction to Geograph, McGraw-Hill, 2014, p. 316.）

(Chauncy D. Harris and Edward L. Ullman, The nature of cities, The annals of the American academy of political and social science, vol. 242, no. 1(1945), pp. 13.)