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灵芝化学成分及防治肿瘤的研究进展

 东营菌物科学 2023-10-16 发布于山东

灵芝又名三秀、茵、芝、灵芝草、木灵芝、菌灵芝等,2020年版《中国药典》收录并记载灵芝为多孔菌科真菌赤芝[Ganoderma lucidum(Leyss. ex Fr. ) Karst.]或紫芝(G. sinense Zhao,Xu et Zhang)等的子实体,性味甘平,归心、肺、肝、肾经,功效为补气安神、止咳平喘,用于心神不宁、失眠心悸、肺虚咳喘、虚劳短气、不思饮食,2020年纳入“药食同源”试点目录。灵芝药用历史悠久,始载于《神农本草经》,列为上品,具有扶正固本、滋补强壮、延年益寿的功效。《本草纲目》中记载“灵芝味苦,无毒,可补中,增智慧”。目前世界范围已知的多孔菌科有250多种,中国报道约有100多种,分布于我国29个省市,其中以海南省分布居多[1-2],检索发现研究较多的灵芝品种主要包括赤芝、紫芝、松杉灵芝、南方灵芝、树舌灵芝及硬孔灵芝等,主要应用于肿瘤疾病的治疗。

灵芝主要活性成分有灵芝多糖、灵芝三萜、核苷类、甾醇类及蛋白质等[3]。现代研究发现,灵芝的药理作用包括抗肿瘤、免疫调节、抗氧化、保肝护肝、防治心血管疾病、降血糖以及治疗神经衰弱等[4-5]。通过Pubmed、中国知网、万方、ScienceDirect数据库检索近十年灵芝相关研究文献分别为1375、1369、4252和3572篇,其中肿瘤防治相关报道分别为427、442、653和1347篇,抗肿瘤文献在全部检出文献中占比高达27.15%。

灵芝中多个化合物已被发现具有较强的抗肿瘤活性,能通过调节免疫功能、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、促进肿瘤细胞凋亡和自噬、抑制肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移、抑制肿瘤血管生成、辅助化疗药物增效减毒、诱导肿瘤细胞分化等途径抑制肿瘤疾病的发展。笔者就近年来灵芝化学成分及防治肿瘤疾病研究机制进行综述,有利于发现灵芝中具有多途径多靶点的抗肿瘤有效成分,有助于开发具有我国自主知识产权的中药组分新药,为灵芝防治肿瘤疾病的临床应用提供理论依据。

1

灵芝的化学成分

1.1

灵芝多糖

多糖是灵芝抗肿瘤作用的重要活性物质之一,约占灵芝干重的10%[6-7],分为均多糖和杂多糖,主要由阿拉伯糖基、半乳糖基、葡萄糖基、木糖基和甘露糖基组成[8]。目前从灵芝子实体、灵芝孢子以及菌丝体中分离发现的多糖已超过200个,主要包括β-D-葡聚糖、α-D-葡聚糖、α-D-甘露聚糖和多糖-蛋白质复合物等。其中β-葡聚糖是灵芝多糖中活性较高的一类多糖,灵芝 β-葡聚糖的生物活性强弱与其溶解度、相对分子质量、分子组成和结构等密切相关,研究表明β-葡聚糖的抗肿瘤活性随其取代度增大而增强[9]。灵芝多糖的相对分子质量一般为103~106,主链大多由β-D-葡萄糖(Glcp)和部分α-D-半乳糖(Galp)组成,一般侧链不同药理活性也存在较大的差异[10]

1.2

灵芝三萜

灵芝三萜类化合物主要为四环羊毛脂烷型三萜和五环三萜,根据碳数可分为C30、C27和C24三种类型[11]。灵芝三萜的结构特征是A/B、B/C和C/D环反式连接,C10、C13上有β角甲基,C14有α角甲基,C17有β侧链以及C20的R构型,取代基大多存在于母核的C-3、7、11、12、15、22、23、24和25位[12-13]。灵芝三萜化学结构较其他药物中羊毛脂烷型化合物更为复杂。Takashi等[14]首次从赤芝中分离得到灵芝酸A和B。现从灵芝中分离得到的三萜类成分已超过300个[15]。灵芝中主要的三萜类成分见表1,对应结构见图1。

Image
Image

1.3

甾醇类

甾醇类化合物是灵芝中主要生物活性物质之一,大多为麦角甾类醇化合物,少数为胆甾醇化合物。麦角甾醇主要存在于真菌细胞膜中,是真菌类生物的特征化合物。研究显示,麦角甾醇和过氧麦角甾醇均能抑制肿瘤细胞生长,但作用途径存在较明显的差异[26-27]。不同品种的灵芝中麦角甾醇含量范围为0.093%~0.243%[28],以菌丝体中麦角甾醇含量最高[29]。目前从灵芝中分离纯化出的甾醇类化合物有20多个[30],主要包括麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6β-三醇(ergosta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6β-triol,53)、麦角甾醇过氧化物(ergosterol peroxide,54)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇十五酸酯(ergosta-7,22-diene-3-β-yl pentadecanoate,55)[18]、麦角甾醇棕榈酸酯(ergosteryl palmitate,56)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇(ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol,57)、麦角甾醇(ergosterol,58)[23]、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-1α,4β-二醇(ergosta-7,22-dien-1α,4β-diol,59)、麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇棕榈酸酯(ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-yl palmitate,60)、6,9-环氧麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-醇(6,9-epidioxy-ergosta-7,22-dien-3β-ol,61)[31]、麦角甾-4,6,8(14),22-四烯-3-酮[ergosta-4,6,8(14),22-tetraen-3-one,62]、β-谷甾醇(β-sitos-terol,63)、异岩藻甾醇(isofucosterol,64)[32],其化学结构见图2。 

Image

1.4

蛋白质

灵芝中的蛋白质主要包括真菌免疫调节蛋白、糖蛋白、凝集素和酶等[33]。①真菌免疫调节蛋白是灵芝中主要的活性蛋白,能够激活免疫系统调节机体免疫功能。LZ-8是灵芝中最早发现的具有促有丝分裂活性和免疫调节活性的蛋白质[34-35]。Fip-gts与LZ-8具有相同核苷酸序列,其二级结构中含有7个β折叠,2个α螺旋和1个β转角,其免疫调节活性可能与其二聚化结构相关[36]。后续发现的真菌免疫调节蛋白还包括LZP-1、LZP-2、LZP-3[37]、GL18765、GMI蛋白[38]等,部分蛋白表现出抗肿瘤活性。②灵芝糖蛋白是灵芝中重要的蛋白质类活性物质之一,具有免疫调节、抗肿瘤等生物活性[39]。He等[40-41]先后从灵芝中分离得到杂多糖肽GLSP1、葡聚糖肽GLSP2与GLSP3和甘露葡聚糖肽TGLB8与TGLB10。Li等[42]从灵芝中分离得到甘露葡聚糖肽TGLP-2、葡聚糖肽TGLP-3与TGLP-6和半乳聚糖肽TGLP-7。③灵芝中凝集素类蛋白能够激活免疫细胞,提高机体免疫力,其主要包括GHA、GLL-M、GLL-F、G-capenselectin和GAL等。酶类成分主要包括木质素酶、纤维素酶、淀粉酶、蛋白酶等[33]

1.5

其他化合物

除上述成分外,核苷类成分是灵芝中具有维持生物细胞正常的生命活动的一类化合物,对肿瘤疾病起到一定的抑制作用。在灵芝孢子粉中尿苷、鸟苷、腺苷3种核苷含量较高,为灵芝孢子中的主要核苷类成分[43]。另外,灵芝还含有丰富的维生素成分和微量元素,如维生素 B1、B2、B6、C、D、E、β-胡萝卜素[44]和微量元素Mn、Ca、Fe、Zn、Ni 等[45],可补充机体必要的营养物质,对肿瘤疾病具有一定的防治作用。

2

灵芝的抗肿瘤机制

2.1

调节免疫功能

灵芝多糖介导的免疫功能增强被认为是灵芝抗肿瘤作用的核心机制之一[46]。其主要通过调控髓源抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSCs)[47]、T淋巴细胞[47-50]、B淋巴细胞[51]、巨噬细胞[48,52]、NK细胞[53-54]、树突细胞( dendric cells,DCs)[55]、免疫细胞因子[56-58]以及肠道菌群[59-61],改善机体免疫微环境进而调控肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME),从而发挥抗肿瘤作用,见表2及图3。

Image
Image

2.2

抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖

抑制肿瘤细胞增殖是抑制肿瘤生长的重要途径。相关研究表明,灵芝及其主要化学成分可以通过影响肿瘤血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)和N-myc下游调节基因2(NDRG2)重组蛋白的表达[62-64]、阻滞肿瘤细胞生长周期[65-66]、调控肿瘤细胞基因和免疫相关miRNA[67-70]等途径抑制多种肿瘤细胞增殖。见表3及图3。

Image

2.3

促进肿瘤细胞的凋亡和自噬

灵芝及其主要化学成分可促进肿瘤细胞自发程序性死亡,其诱导的细胞凋亡机制主要包括调控细胞凋亡相关信号通路[48]、促进染色体DNA的降解,促进凋亡基因和蛋白的激活[66,70-75]、线粒体膜的破坏等[13,76]。见表3及图3。 

2.4

抑制肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移

肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移是肿瘤疾病恶化的重要特征。研究表明,灵芝及其主要化学成分可调控相关蛋白因子和信号通路抑制肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移[75,77-81]。见表3及图3。

2.5

抑制肿瘤血管生成作用

肿瘤新生血管生成是肿瘤生长的重要过程,抑制肿瘤血管生成是有效抑制肿瘤的生长和转移的重要途径。研究表明,灵芝能够减少CD31蛋白、VEGF、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)蛋白和表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)蛋白表达[82-83],增强血管生成抑制因子TSP-1表达[84],以及诱导凋亡蛋白标志物细胞色素C和Caspase-3的增加[85],进而发挥抑制肿瘤血管生成作用。见表3及图3。

2.6

癌症治疗辅助作用

灵芝能够通过增强肿瘤治疗药物活性、逆转肿瘤细胞的耐药性、增强化疗药物的敏感性以及缓解化疗药物对机体的损伤等途径辅助化疗药物治疗肿瘤疾病[85-87]。见表3及图3。

2.7

诱导肿瘤细胞分化

诱导肿瘤细胞分化是治疗白血病等血液系统肿瘤的重要方法,肿瘤细胞分化结束了细胞的永生化,从而停止了细胞的生长和增殖。研究表明,灵芝对白血病细胞具有诱导分化作用,对白血病的控制和治疗具有重要意义。见表3、图3。

3

临床应用

据统计,原国家食品药品监督管理局批准的灵芝类药物主要有灵芝胶囊、灵芝片、复方灵芝颗粒、灵芝糖浆、灵芝龙眼酒、灵芝孢子胶囊、灵芝冲剂、灵芝口服液、人参灵芝胶囊及灵芝分散片等,以灵芝孢子胶囊为例,其具有癌症患者的辅助治疗作用[93]。Tang等[94]针对60例不同证型宫颈癌放化疗患者观察灵芝功能因子对气血亏虚型、痰瘀互结型宫颈癌放化疗患者的临床疗效。结果显示,灵芝能够有效地提高气血亏虚型宫颈癌患者的机体免疫力,明显改善患者的生活质量。临床研究表明,对34例晚期癌症患者进行灵芝多糖口服治疗,12周后,患者血浆中IL-2、IL-6和IFN-γ的水平显著升高,IL-1和TNF-α水平显著降低,NK细胞活性显著提升,对于临床癌症患者的辅助治疗具有潜在应用价值[95]。目前,灵芝防治肿瘤作用在临床应用较少,现有研究多基于其保健作用。因此,迫切需要从中发现疗效显著、副作用小的肿瘤防治新药。 

4

结论与展望

肿瘤在中医范畴被认为是“毒邪”所致。早在秦汉时期,《黄帝内经》将“毒邪”归为一类剧烈的致病因素,《华氏中藏经》首提“毒邪”及蓄毒概念,认为“毒”为“邪”之渐,既可外感而来,亦可由脏腑机能失调而内生。中医认为肿瘤的病因在于“癌毒”侵袭而致脏腑功能紊乱,与西医认为肿瘤的病因在于致瘤因子引起细胞组织异常增殖理论相符[96]。现代医学研究也证实,肿瘤的发生是由多种机制综合作用所致。中药具有多组分,能够通过多途径、多靶点、多效应防治肿瘤,在肿瘤的预防和治疗中具有独特优势。

中药灵芝包含灵芝多糖、灵芝三萜、甾醇类、蛋白质及核苷类等多种抗肿瘤活性成分,各成分间可能存在一定的协同作用,能通过调节免疫功能、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、促进肿瘤细胞凋亡和自噬、抑制肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移、抑制肿瘤血管生成、辅助化疗药物增效减毒和诱导细胞分化等多种途径、多个靶点对肿瘤发生过程进行干预,与中医治病整体观相吻合,是极其具有开发价值的防治肿瘤的中药之一。目前,灵芝抗肿瘤机制和化学成分等基础研究相对较深入,临床应用却极少,与其基础研究间存在着严重的不对等现象。肿瘤防治新药迫切需求中药组分新药以独特的优势呈现出来,如复方黄黛片的成功研制成为急性早幼粒性白血病患者的福音。因此,借助现代新技术、新方法,如谱效相关性研究、等效成分群发现、成分敲除敲入技术、体内代谢与药动学研究、多组学手段、点击化学反应等,深入挖掘灵芝中具有协同抗肿瘤作用的有效组分,有望研发出具有我国自主知识产权的灵芝防治肿瘤的组分新药,具有重要的科学价值。

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原文来源:马欣宇,徐蓓蕾,宋辉,等.灵芝化学成分及防治肿瘤的研究进展[J].中国药学杂志.2023,58(16):1437~1446

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