“ 本次服务由安徽南国冷热综合能源有限公司(点击了解详情)冠名赞助 该公司主要业务范围为:区域集中供冷供暖智慧运营、能源互联网、建筑及工业节能、数据中心供冷及应急冷源建设、集成电路无尘车间、手术室实验室净化工程、中央空调工程、智能化工程、信息化系统集成等高新技术服务。 摘要: 撰文 | 王贵玲 陆川 编辑 | 地热小芯 →这是地热能在线AI地热小芯编辑的第19篇文章 01 引言 02 地热资源直接利用技术现状和发展 1.1 浅层地温能开发利用技术浅层地热能指地球浅表200m内岩土和水体中蕴含的低温热能(温度通常低于25℃)[12].该部分地下空间通过收集太阳辐射获取热量.浅层地热能的大规模开发利用得益于热泵技术的发展.地源热泵技术问世于1912年的瑞士,地源热泵已在北美、欧洲等地广泛应用,技术也日趋成熟,地源热泵在欧美国家家用的供暖设备中也已占有相当大比例[14,15].地源热泵技术的核心作用在于调整换热工质的温度,促成温度较低的地温/水热资源的可利用性,同样也是中低温水热型地热资源直接利用系统中的关键装备.1.2 水热型地热资源直接利用技术就利用技术层面,地源热泵技术对水热型地热资源直接利用作用巨大,已在北美、欧洲等地广泛应用,技术也日趋成熟,整体技术革新较慢,但规模发展较快.美国正在实现每年安装40万台地源热泵的目标,在瑞士、奥地利、丹麦等欧洲国家,地源热泵在家用的供暖设备中已占有相当大比例.冰岛有85%的房屋用地暖供热,占地热直接利用的77%.匈牙利的地热供暖虽较地热农业和浴疗应用时间晚,但发展速度很快,现已有8个城市,近9000套住宅用地热水供暖.地热在法国的可再生能源中排第4位,占总能源的比例为0.44%,居世界第10位,目前地热能已用于20万个住宅的供暖及热水供应[8,21].1.2.2 尾水回灌技术发展典型华北平原地热田的生产操作经验和模型计算表明,多数沉积盆地型水热地热热储即使经过长达几十年的开采,实际仅利用了深部热储热能的较小部分.中低温地热资源主要依靠流体携带热能来供人们开发利用,携带热能的地热流体枯竭速度远高于热能消耗速度,尾水回灌是开发保护地热资源的必要措施.地热回灌的目的主要体现在以下3个方面:1)废水处理的方法之一,可减少地热流体排放对土壤、地表水体和地下浅层水体的热污染和化学污染;2)维持区域储层压力,是除自然补给外最直接、有效的人工补给;3)可持续开发利用,可增加从岩石中提取热量的能力,真正体现地热资源清洁、可再生的特性[25,26].1.2.3 油田区地热资源的开发利用地热能储量丰富、分布广泛,具有稳定连续的优势,是实现碳达峰、碳中和目标不可或缺的能源,但潜在的高昂打井成本和较高的地质风险阻碍了传统地热能的开发利用.我国油田区蕴藏着大量的地热资源,拥有数量众多的油气勘探、生产井,且井下温度较高,富水性基本满足需要,具有巨大开发潜力.如果能利用这些既有设施,节约钻探投资,规避地质风险,实现油田区地热资源低成本、可持续的开发利用,则会推进油田企业开发可再生地热能新产业,对实现碳达峰、碳中和目标及清洁供暖等具有重大意义[5,29].1.3 中深层地热资源无扰开发技术进展追溯中深层地热地埋管供热技术的发展沿革,利用同轴深孔换热器提取深部岩土热量的概念于1995年由瑞士学者在文献中首次报道[36],其初衷是利用油气钻井开发中的废弃干孔提取中深层岩土中赋存热量,并于瑞士维吉斯开展了试点项目实验[37].该原型概念在国外并没有得到重视,仅有个别实验井进行工程尝试,并未考虑与特制热泵机组联合使用为建筑供热,更无任何商业化应用案例[38,39].1.3.1 中深层地埋管式井下换热器技术进展中深层地埋管换热器通常采用同轴套管结构或U型管结构.对于同轴套管结构而言,换热介质在循环泵的驱动下从外套管向下流动与周边土壤和岩石等换热,到达垂直管的底部后,再返到内管向上流出换热装置.换热介质在外套管向下流动过程中,一方面通过外管管壁与土壤岩石等进行换热获取热量,另一方面也会通过内管管壁与向上流动的换热介质换热而散热.对于U型管结构而言,换热介质顺入水管一路与周边土壤和岩石换热,底部水平段位于地温高温区,可能带来更大的换热增益,因此近年来U型管式中深层地埋管换热器也在部分工程项目中得到了试点应用[44,45,46].由于采用密闭换热装置才能对地下环境产生最小的影响,为保证系统长期稳定运行,换热装置的密闭性与稳定性要求较高的工程技术工艺.1.3.2 超长重力热管井下换热器技术进展重力热管开采地热能的工作原理如下:重力热管结构自下而上依次为蒸发段、绝热段和冷凝段.初始时在抽真空的热管内注入适量的液态工质,工质在底部蒸发段受到外界热源的加热迅速气化,在压力和浮力的作用下,加速向上运动,流至冷凝段与管壁外的冷源发生热交换,凝结液化,液相靠重力回流到蒸发段重新吸热.如此循环往复,将热量从底部蒸发段传递到上部冷凝段,供发电和采暖使用.由以上的开采过程可知,利用重力热管提取地热能资源并不需要消耗泵功等,可降低成本.此外整个过程中只取热不取水,可避免地面沉降、水资源污染等问题[55,56].03 地热能发电技术 2.1 地热能发电开发利用现状地热发电有多种技术,取决于资源状况.地热发电系统可分为蒸汽型、热水型、地压型、干热岩型和岩浆型等系统[72].1)蒸汽型:指地下储热以蒸汽为主的对流系统,蒸汽主要为200~240℃干蒸汽,掺杂少量其他气体;2)热水型:在地下储热以热水为主的对流系统,包括喷出地面呈现的热水和湿蒸汽,是目前利用最广的地热发电形式,热水型可分为高温(大于150℃)、中温(90~150℃)和低温(90℃以下);3)地压型:封闭在地下的高温高压热水体,溶有大量碳氢化合物;4)干热岩型:地下普遍存在的无水和蒸汽的热岩石,需靠人工压裂创造裂缝,从而使得低温水吸收岩石热量后至地面发电;5)岩浆型:在地下以熔融和半熔融状态存在的岩浆,一般埋藏较深,较浅区多为火山地区,此类地热资源开发尚处于理论探讨阶段.图1 1995—2020年全球地热发电装机容量 Fig.1 Global installed capacity of geothermal power generation during 1995-2020 表1 2020年地热发电装机容量排前十的国家 Table 1 Top 10 countries in installed capacity of geothermal power generation in 2020 注:据文献 图2 不同地热发电循环系统数量 Fig.2 Numbers of different power generation cycle systems 注:1—背压式(back pressure type);2—双循环(double cycle);3—双极闪蒸(two-stage flash);4—干蒸汽(dry steam);5—单级闪蒸(single-stage flash);6—三级闪蒸(three-stage flash) 图3 发电循环类型的装机容量和发电量占比 Fig.3 Installed capacity and percentage of power generation by power generation cycle type 注:1—背压式(back pressure type);2—双工质(binary cycle);3—双极闪蒸(two-stage flash);4—干蒸汽(dry steam);5—单级闪蒸(single-stage flash);6—三级闪蒸(three-stage flash) 表2 各大洲地热发电装机容量 Table 2 Installed capacity of geothermal power eneration by continent 注:装机容量单位:MW. 2.2 地热能发电技术发展在地流体以过热蒸汽形式存在的较高温度下,使用干蒸汽系统(背压式汽轮机发电系统)发电[77].背压式发电系统技术成熟、运行安全可靠,是地热发电的主要形式之一,贡献了全球总量约23%的地热发电能力,目前有63座电厂在运行中,至2014年发电功率总计达到2863 MW[73,75].2.2.2 闪蒸式地热发电系统闪蒸式地热发电系统也称扩容式地热发电系统,它是将来自地热井口的地热水或汽水混合物,先送至闪蒸器中进行降压闪蒸(或称扩容)使其产生部分蒸汽,再引入到汽轮机做功发电.闪蒸式地热发电系统又可以分为单级闪蒸和多级闪蒸两种方式.与单级闪蒸不同,多级闪蒸系统中的地热水先进入一级闪蒸器,产生的蒸汽进入汽轮机高压缸,从一级闪蒸器出来的热水进入二级闪蒸器,之后二次闪蒸蒸汽进入汽轮机做功[77,78].2.2.3 中间介质法地热发电系统中间介质法发电主要用于中低温地热发电.其特点是地热水与发电系统不直接接触,而是将其中的热量传给某种低沸点介质(如丁烷、氟利昂等).当低沸点介质汽化为蒸汽时,就可推动汽轮机发电.由于这种发电方式由地热水系统和低沸点介质系统组成,也称为双循环式地热发电.双循环发电常用的介质除上面提到的氯乙烷、正丁烷、异丁烷之外,还有氟利昂-11和氟利昂-12等.双循环发电系统主要有两种形式,即有机朗肯循环(ORC)和卡林娜循环(KalinaCycle).表3 ORC循环中不同工质的临界温度和临界压力 Table 3 Critical temperature and pressure of different working fluids in organic Rankine cycle 2.2.4 地热发电系统技术发展近年来地热发电系统的地面设备部分的技术发展主要在于:1)降低设备投资,提高发电效率;2)提高系统整合程度,开发精简紧凑的发电模块,推广普及中小型地热发电利用;3)发挥地热能供给稳定易调节的特点,结合其他形式清洁能源(太阳能、生物质能等),打造稳定可靠清洁能源发电系统[75].04 结论 免责声明:本文仅用于学术交流和传播,不构成投资建议 ------- 参考资料: [1] 国家能源局.国家能源局综合司关于公开征求《关于促进地热能开发利用的若干意见(征求意见稿)》意见的公告[EB/OL].(2021-04-14)[2022-05-01].http://www.nea.gov.cn/2021-04/14/c_139880250.htm.Nation Energy Administration.Several opinions on promoting the development and utilization of geothermal 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