一、动词不定式作定语 动词不定式作定语常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语。 1. 表将来的动作 ² We must find a person to do the job. 我们必须找到一个人来做这项工作。 ² We need someone to go and get a doctor. 我们需要有人去请医生。 ² We have much homework to do tonight. 今晚我们有很多作业要做。 ² The man to give us a talk next week is a scientist.(=who will give us a talk next week) 下周要给我们作报告的人是个科学家。 2. 名词前有first, last, next, only等词以及最高级修饰时,其后要用动词不定式。 ² She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 她是在奥运会上第一个获得金牌的女选手。 ² He was the best man to do the job. 他是做这个工作最好的人选。 3. 抽象名词ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, desire, determination, decision, plan, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time等或不定代词something, nothing等后面常用不定式作后置定语。 ² Do you have the ability to read and write in English? 你有用英语读和写的能力吗? ² She has the desire to do useful work. 她想做有用的工作。 ² Let us give him something to eat. 让我们给他一些吃的东西。 注意: 动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义:不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系,并且不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,不定式用主动形式表示被动意义;但如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时,需用被动形式。 ² He found a good house to live in. 他找到了一个居住的好房子。 ² The child has nothing to worry about. 这个孩子无忧无虑。 ² I have some homework to do.(主语I做) 我有一些作业要做。 ² I’m going to Shanghai. Do you have anything to be taken to your parents?(不是主语you做) 我要去上海。你有东西要带给你父母吗? 二、动词不定式作状语 动词不定式在句中作状语,主要用来修饰动词和形容词,也可用来修饰副词。在句中,不定式可作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等,可表示目的、原因及结果等。 1. 作目的状语 既可置于句首,也可置于句末。置于句首时用逗号隔开,置于句末时不用逗号隔开,相当于in order to。 ² He got up early to catch (= in order to catch) the early bus. To catch (= In order to catch) the early bus, he got up early. 为了赶上早班车,他起得很早。 2. 作结果状语 表示一种意外的结果,常和only连用,只放于句末,既可用逗号隔开,也可不用逗号隔开。 ² He hurried to the station only to find the train had left. 他匆忙赶到车站,结果发现火车已开走了。 ² George returned after the war, only to be told that his wife had left him. 乔治战争后回到家,结果被告知妻子已经离开了。 3. 系表结构后跟不定式作状语 be + adj. + to do可以作原因或结果状语。 ² I’m sorry to hear that your mother is ill. 听到你母亲生病真遗憾。 ² He is old enough to go to school. 他到了上学年龄了。 ² He is so old as to go to school. 他到了上学年龄了。 ² The water is not fit to drink. 这水不宜喝。 4. 作宾补的形容词后跟不定式作状语 ² I find the book easy to understand. 我发现这本书很好懂。 ² Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier to break into small pieces. 汤姆问糖果制造商能否把巧克力做得更容易扳成小块。 注意: 1. 不定式作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。 ² To learn English well, he needs a good dictionary. (√)(不定式的逻辑主语和句子的主语he一致) ² To learn English well, a good dictionary is needed. (×)(不定式的逻辑主语与句子的逻辑主语a good dictionary不一致) 2. 现在分词作结果状语,常和thus连用,表示“自然而然的结果”;不定式作结果状语,常和only连用,表示“出乎意料的结果”。 ² The bus was held up by the snowstorm, (thus) causing the delay.(自然而然的结果) ² He went to see his aunt, (only) to find her gone.(出乎意料的结果) 3. 动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义: 在“be+形容词+不定式”结构中。如果不定式的宾语就是句子的主语,不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。常见的形容词有:easy, hard, difficult, interesting, nice, heavy, pleasant, comfortable, safe, dangerous, impossible等。 ² This machine is very easy to operate. 这个机器很容易操作。 ² These problems are hard to work out. 这些问题很难解决。 ² This kind of fish is nice to eat. 这种鱼很好吃。 ² The suit is too large to wear. 衣服太大没法穿。 |
|