十大设计窍门

Ev
!9L
ê:
Ec


ByJürgenHasenauer,DieterKüper,JostE.LaumeyerandIanWelsh







B
aC¨


D31
D V?










y?
?

,q￥
!9?
üV
ü
μBt
!91?1üè I
n
yN V|?t1?4 ?1e

?￥
!9·2b?t1?-Bü
^￥
!9b
,qé
μ×1?Yb





+
y
,qS￥?Y



?MB?
,q￥
[/?1??|μA÷?Y




?
,q×



?
?? V¤?￥
@?é


?
,q￥
3á?ù


?
?
,q￥D?


?μ


?
,qé

?V
?;±aIw? b#





@?D￥1
q




!9￥K¨

μA1 I
nB/
?¨?

^? V[¤?
?1pb
@?D￥1
q?
?y\?

8A μ?v?Yb?T?
?y\?
1¤?
@?éa7

5
?t? μM?￥??μ

T

^?
@??3

^dèA1￥b1

''?
3
?t??
H￥
@???
 V[
P¨B?+


y￥  ???
@?

m1am2
b






m1










m2


6w
D￥f
?1"



B vüe￥ F6D??
+μ￥??
??? v?￥??
?￥?8

? %?b?T?ü??

I￡ü1?9F[?é
?
??￥D?
Yè??áC?×ù5
2??
-1?Nbj

e8?9<?

?M9??Yj e8?￥|_b Lí C
?
8??v
@8
@?Z_|_b

7 C
???
?￥??ê
8?|_

y
V7?áCu
@b






m3


?j89<
?

μB? Vú?us??D￥H?u
??H?u|
?7h
b?ü3
d


1
I
1?9F56w
|h?

m4
b? S?
kH(3,2mm)
???￥<′??°

¤¨ ???
?5|á
3êμ
19??￥??
μA1
P¨??"
?b






m4



?[
a
?T? I
naTü9F
|
P?
?
3á?''9F
7D?i?μ9Fb






m5



^?19F
$



9F?? %?
???
?| %???￥é
b
?

,q￥
!9?
?×1￥B?
^D

P

(b]B?
,q￥?] V?
,q￥?]
l
ê?
?
,qD??]
?|?á?×￥Iw?

júù5

m6
b1|¤ (￥
??￥¨C?s?
!??

m5
bN  V]??

? b#
ih
=?a ?
V7
PewM?hàKlb
,q???￥ b#?± d
|
P??
?M

N
=? ?
6ú
μ
H?iM gr?
V7vv?????b






m6



Ev
!9L
ê:
Ec


ByJürgenHasenauer,DieterKüper,JostE.LaumeyerandIanWelsh







=
a?
ê4







??￥ê4









B? ?
a
i
àμ?z￥?

oμ+?￥
5×
P¨
p￥?
byN

!9?A?1T?


3ò? Vê4￥?
￥??
i-%?
k?t?

ù?Dò?y
í??Fy????

￥?Yb






m1



.d￥￡
???




?
???Kè¨￥
^￡
??
?
b
?? Vs1í??
?
??2??
?


nm1
b?


??
s02?
s2???Y￥??
μ
üA?]

nm2
b






m2


B? ?
a
?2??￡
??
?
?1¨??<ú￥?q
7í??￡
??
?
???^?w


5è$?¨?? Tb





A
?9<?




￡
??
?
!μ?9
<aT%?4ú?¨?
?t?j85 ??￥9<rT
?1¨?h
Iwb






j e8???Y???Fy
-??qá
3
l
ê?Iw?b
?[
j e8?9<?
??$

?9<￡
??
?
?c
9<?
 ?9}
7??μj?M

nm3
bj e8?￥|_?


@?Z_ %?
?|??q?<￥M?b






m4


1

?￡?t?Y
V?
???￥?_?:_?|
10??
kH
i]B? ? ??
kN



?
ì￥???é?
1?

nm4
b


@F
30

j e8?9<￥￡
??


??
?_￥ ?
%<1:_


@?Z_
?
32




6w
?
<sYh

43

?53

b


8? I
n??y
í￥<9
??
??i??t
?
>b






Bt￡
??
?
?F?
B"
9<?
aA
???4 ??M
?
ì￥?éb?
??t@

F4á
3￥??M?A?a?1V
m¨
? o(?Campus)?°
÷z￥
^P|e?
?

/ìE￥E￥/
?yp

nm5
b





m6



A￥?Y



Bt￡
???

+Y
^PA6?PA66

A???
ì￥????j×?

?á
3?v￥?Ybé?
H
?+Y?i????

nm6?m7
b









eGê5



Bt1pDFy?i
Y[?
￥μ1bù?|+??]??"??B??q9?×1
? V[?

??L￥
￥n¨b


??59
?
3á?''dèμmbNì9
?? V[ A
??? I
ne?
￥Nì
???

i
μú??(D?
¨?)￥?
 V[
PC¨÷

V7
ê
3á?ùbyN


?μ￥S


i
?
ìé?"d??
^?×1￥b


B?¨??
￥ê4
@?nm8.









Ev
!9L
ê:
Ec


ByJürgenHasenauer,DieterKüper,JostE.LaumeyerandIanWelsh







?
aμ


?c￥?''1
í









?
????? V? μ?Fy??B"￥b
ù?v
?|?i
M??B?
??
^èè$·

??íEr?￥

P ?''rm￥
3áM¤? V?b





?
?
ì￥?''ci



A?
??B?s13?é
?)
''B?¨o￥?
??a/
??
???úú?
??b

DIN16901S·

?
ì
^? ??S?=

S?1?2
?
????￥?j ??s

￥b



?B?¨o￥?
??1p?
￡ü￥é
 e?
+?
^?￥|

q? y￥
3á?ùb


?/
??
???1??L
y1
? ?
3áV?μ÷ú￥1p
1p?N￥é
_

°
y79F
|

qb


????
''úú￥?
??
1pú?￥ aKD￥
3áHq?100

??￥
3á

S eb?|?Y
3á?ù
9F?ê
3á?''?é
 e??''b



!9? %??
 ??￥?''Z
?
1oT¨

e
ìA???
<
 V?￥
ê?￥
ù?

?AD V?￥?ì
?A?@?ìb



<
 V¤
s￥á?B?
^
á?DSj￥êμ?ú?0.25-0.3%
???31D?¨
H

￥ 81pM2? ??

m1
b






m1


￡
??
?
B? μú￥üZ????
?31` μúD?a?üZ?????￥á
?B"·

??ì￥S?b





?Y￥y
í



1
?
?
?q??Vs?ì￥S?
A?1?iBt?Y?
????j??￥y
í



m2
b






m2


 ?/￥A?M?ì1N
ob
!9??M:
?|￥×1??
??
P??^#]I

w

nm3
b






m3


B?DM1￥ù5
^
????
^??]?
?]C¨??ba
l
ê′DZ_?¨M1b

j e9<?
￥?B?é÷
üAbj e8?￥|_? V
￡üZ_?<°Z_á
3 μA÷?μ

s￥
l
ê
V7?áj??b



?
??￥+??
l
ê9μ?Y
é7?Y?

m4
b






?Tˉ￥??Fy￥1pdè?ì
A?1¤ e?μ1
l
ê′?Iw?1￥?
?

b






3á?
P¨



y1￡
??
?

s
P¨Hq￥?Y
y7 %?
?o31
3á?
^]
H31
P¨dè×1b è?


￡
??
?
￥￡3n? V?1á
?￥ú10

m5

Bt
?


?D
C
￥
￡???
P

¨￥ V L?á
3dè×1￥?Yb






m5



P¨?2??
?

H
A? I
na
l
êb??C`?1
s?
??￥FyHq?Y
 V?á?

??a?
3jM?b


?a?A
?
é?é
 e?bDIN16901S·
31S?Hq

23￥
50

M


A
/%i16ha
a?￥?) ?a? Vé?é
 e?b





yp



DIN16901?·?￥ VT1
?
???''μr
3á￥/K
C}?￥?
??￥/
?
Pá


ì V[¤1?S?·?￥
?′÷ú?￥b


úú￥?
??
y1DIN16901X?
a¨
ò?y<?
êXü??
ò1￥V
b


??
H?
?T31??ú?￥
B?1D?
?ì?
?
x

[??
?3
^?/
?


 V?a
<

a¨

m6
b






m6





Ev
!9L
ê:
Ec


ByJürgenHasenauer,DieterKüper,JostE.LaumeyerandIanWelsh








1
ao¤/
?


KD
￥/
?---?=?s









"
''"
?7?s?
?
í
?￥
￥/
??

?

,q ?¤?? V[
P¨?
e?]￥o

¤ZEb1???''aμr??
!9

!9￥ù¨


EsμA1ê4B?
aR￥o¤Z

E
i
?3 ?¤+??óí s I
nb



?¨
e
￥
,q7￥ò? ó2￥
?

,q￥
￥ V?¨o¤ZEbo¤ZE￥ê4G [/

+?S
? 
?
,q￥+??

?
P¨￥e
,?''a9
3á?ù￥8?y
í

￥?ê


?1p￥?????4é
b






?]o¤ZE



v?
3á?
μ??]￥ ÷N￥o¤ZEbKè¨￥
?
y?
,q￥o¤ZEμ

m1




?ú?y o¤


?èo¤


???o¤


??
2o¤



eZEμ



?ú?o¤


???o¤


?￡o¤


?μBt?￥ZE? 7??

è?;o¤

?
?y<?¤<W
P¨b



?μZE?
?1
P¨F￡


P
?
V
?μ?T¤
?FabYèYV¤(?
?￡a=

??? ??￡
¨èF￡?Z
T4￡
b





ê4?
aZE



1¤?úé
a×ˉ?z￥o¤é

31ê4B??
a￥o¤ZE
[
Po¤?
?Ka?
i

?31o¤￥
,q
!9??
D
?ê¨￥o¤ZEM?￥bo?/
??14S
!!


?14
a?ò?ò"o¤?￥+
yo¤
!!b %?ê¨?o¤ZE-
D
!!?/



???
é?
p)
^
Es
ü?￥ê4b





?]￥o¤+?



V ?
?
?

?μ￡
??
?
?
^ V[o¤￥b?
^μ
H
?
￥o¤??M??]bd?
?
?

t??2?
?t??o¤Bb??
￡??Yo¤é


?[D
C?
￡?
?
o¤-3

1?5?2b1
Po¤é
Kz
D
C
,qKz?
?a ?''o¤
o¤-|-b?2ìa?b

j e8??×?4?
??@F4]"??Yo¤é
bê4
aR￥y\?
??
,q
!9
?9<


?
￥o¤
￥q￥< V[?e
M?
?b?j e8?9<
?
7y
o¤u×

?

?8?s ??|_
P¤<hD
?B?
!9?A?í[ I
nb






m2


??￥o¤
!9



úé
o¤￥''￡?o¤é
?￥??
!9bm2?m3?
?
Ué
?m?A
U
??￥

''
!9b?To¤u×?4μ+
y
,
?1p
531 I
n+
y+??b






m3


NmóYV?￠[
l??

V7E
?fH

m4
b
C
,q
!9
H31
,q
?Z-

WF?B??￠
?"
?
P¨B?￥o¤a ?
H

,qC??M?7ê ???ê?b






m4








m5


?
2o¤￥+?



?2?
?t??M? 

?F￡
H

?t
§WV%MM?AMbyN
?2?
?
￥

?
2o¤?
Kz
P¨gMo¤

m5
b??d?
?
?
μB?è?S?

?[d?
?
?
￥

o¤
!9MQ1tbm6óí
2??ù
2?o¤ZE￥
Uimb L"¤(?-W  ?￥?

]
?
2o|??.àyq=
i
P¤(
?WT? ?¤ ?b9￥
a ?
í
2?o¤
?μ
?


??μ?z￥rTb???
?
?
￥o¤Kz?¨í
2?o¤ZEb






m6




v
!9L
ê:
Ec


ByJürgenHasenauer,DieterKüper,JostE.LaumeyerandIanWelsh







?
a''
￥/
?


KD
￥/
?
?B?s









Bt$
?μ
!9
=a V￥e?
￥/
?? 5 h
￥aa
￥?
??
￥?
[eLa y
?1


￥Fq Vvv1??
3á?''b




￥/
?s1“s ?”?“"?”
? ??b[/ò[B?"?
￥y\b



?o¤


?%?


?T¤


?3?/
?


?90? 5 h


s ?
￥ ?



?l?90? 5 h



?
? h
￥


???
￥


?a
￥




5 h
￥
!9



5 h
￥￥Kva
]
^?319F-?
￥?qb



?
Fy?KY¨￥ 5 h ??μ



??? 5 h


???? 5 h


?oV? 5 h



?μ?t 5 h
!9?

!9?A??￥q￥+?j
E
?? ?
???
￥?q
??b






nm1


''
!9e ?


5 h
￥￥
!9| %?
P¨￥?
??￥M?b ? è0
??
???2
?/1è?
?

/???￥M?÷?
μA1F?i???
￥?¨
j e8?c
?
￥
?
?M?9μ

?v￥?Y
yN?
?￥`|9μ?Yb

nm1









nm2


?? 5 h
￥?
U￥?U
V[hl?M?
H￥? ?

nm2

??
!9?
P?

???????s (s?b??￥? ?"?Mhlb
￥a ?9μM??￥h
b


-
{
???Dq?8-W ?¤)￥w
q????@v￥ù5
Yè?áCcD?be

5

a
??4@v￥w
q?? ?E
?a ?"?büè|??o d? 5 h
￥"d 7￠



P
￥ ?÷FZL
yN
￠á?¤
!9?U￥H?b






nm3


aq
￥



aq
￥ V[
P
?
FqK?￥?''/é?ú<
￥b è? 5 h
￥ ?
a
??? ?
??


úa
￥￥ ? ?<
?"
HW￥
@
\7h


nm3
b
!99
?A?ü
? I
né?b
6?
A

?T
P¨??ùM?￥
k
[￡
!9￥ V??b






??
￥




??
￥?s ??aF??
???8
??3q￥¨F?b?
￥6w
ó
?q￥? ?


￥4
·?b è?
{
??￥
?
′￥?w
 V[r?2800Mpab?T31
P¨?￥
?


′
?
??
￥31Q ???
?ü31?¨á
?￥%?3qb






1
E
???ìFq￥á
3
???￥àj
^1o￥Bì

nm4
b
?q?/
 V?

Z
?4?
ypb






nm5


??á
3￥a ??
P
? gf 7
e5
?E
?
?

￥?
P¨{μ?
?h?￥
?
′

nm

5
b??-?￥a ?{ ?B? V?￥aT
ü
^
?￥?¤?)?^ 7
b





Ev
!9L
ê:
Ec


ByJürgenHasenauer,DieterKüper,JostE.LaumeyerandIanWelsh








B
aF< ê


?X￥
!9









1
 X?C¨v V??￥ù5

P¨
^B? Vh
C¨i?9FD?￥μrZEb



B? ?
a
?q￥D? V¨[/ZE9<


?9FC¨



?9v??


?Fv9<8?￥c





?
!9? I
nb


?T
!9¨￥?
??
?@
?3D?
5?ê4 μ÷v??
￥?
be?￥ZE
^9F
?


?9<8?￥c
b?
^
+?C¨/
??ZE??
PD??L?9éb÷μr￥ZE
^


P¨üVa?
!9￥b??8? ? 9v
?q￥D?L?9vba?￥j
H
??1 I
n

y?
!9?? I
n￥ù5
?? I
nD
3á??4μ1￥/
?ù5b





a?￥j



v￥8? ?  V??^1YV
!??¨?ú￥ ?
LCb?
^￡
??y?
?

??ZEè?á


3??V
???a=? bó?Iw?ù5b7O
?T￥úVú
μ?/2|μ V?3nb

??? I
n
A?? ?1 è=?￥j

nm1
b





m1


1?{￥???^?
A?
!9B?
a?￥?

nm2
b





m2


]??




?V
?1pdèú￥Fq
?ú
}?
￥j
^dè×1￥b??￥
!9 V[h
Fq??

V
???￥ V?
[4úFq￥é
b￥??￥?

m1
?
U￥??b???￥vlD

￥jM1
??lz
?"??hlE
???b?T?
tv
 V????=? bó
?

?￥???|?dèμb





h
??￥? ?



?TóB?μ￥Fq[μ
5￥?? V??á
3? ?b?B?ê?T
àμ??
 V??á
3

dèú￥? ?"?

nm3

Yè??áFq￥
?lb?÷n
@
^y ?B???@v

￥??

m1


P ê??y ?÷z￥? ?s?b






m3


??T????
tv
9?9v
ó4#￥?￥°?
7?á
óXü4#￥ù5b





m4



?

!9?

E32
^Kz￥
y1
???±??]￥μ??
M?

m4
b??
!9

￥ V?
s?ù? ?￥
E32
 V[?????
￥? ? (s?b￥
E3?-)??￥

??

m5
}V?
￥

? V[|????? b,[]?á
3ù5b?A??i
?1

?-)?Fq￥HM?￥1Z???



m6
b






m5










v
!9L
ê:
Ec


ByJürgenHasenauer,DieterKüper,JostE.LaumeyerandIanWelsh







t
? g￥ê?


??￥? gê?











p1ê4? g8"￥ ???
"
??Fyù5
??
?
??￥é
á
3B?￥?Yb

y7

!9?
ê %???? gê?￥×1?b




!9???1é?
?
??￥
!99
?
?A?+Y?i ￥? g
!9b
e
ìA?ê4??￥

? g8"[#??￥
?"?ê?b? g￥ ???ê??]?|??￥é
á
3?v￥?Yb


? gê?￥ê4| %?
?
??[/?é



?A ?1


???￥K?j

μ



?
l
ê?1
Iw


????
￡ü


?V
?é


?4



?T
!9?ê4
p￥? g
??Fy
H+?? V?Va?Fy?
? ????Ná
3￥aTb





m1



???]Z_
￥????



?
??V??
é y￥
?
s0a8?A
?9<?
￥|_?1??μ
?
￥
@?Z_ %

?
??á
?q??Z_￥M1?

ò_s?
b è?

@?Z_
￥
%Z??1<°Z_


￥
%Z??1z¤

nm1
bcμ8?9<?
￥?q
?
s?￥?Y1?c8?9<?


￥?q1v¤b8?￥|_9??q
￡ü?<°Z_
￥
l
êμs
?|sá?q?
3I

wb






m2a








m2b



????L? bi"??qé
/?



? ?2H÷￥?
@?
?B
H
ü?á
3??Lb è?
?831
@ü3q


??]
H+?é???
H
ü?C??L

nm2a?2b
b7O
]B????]￥C

¨ V??á?8-Zs ?
V7á
3??Lb??V ??"￥ b$?8> ?íE

n
H
ü?á
3 bi"

C?
b??L? bi"Yè$T1V
??J￥VCb"


?
PV
?4 A?

?
ì??
üA??
s?Yu×￥???
+Y
^
<

nm3?m4
b






m3

??L?￥<??








m4



? gê?ê4???￥? ?aT



y1? gè
=/
üA?
y7??
!??4V
?1pú￥u×b??B? gu×??á


3úa ?

gM

|
üA??
?

??￥??

m5
b?c9<?
￥
?
￥??Lé

ü

Aú?c9<?

?
￥??Lé
b??Lu×￥é

?hy0DA
?9<?
￥ ???c


μ?v1"
Fyù4aE?4?@F4???Lé
μ? ?￥?Yby7
?4??t

y0?q￥K?<￥?Yμvb7O
??Lu×f ?/μú￥?? ?i?i?"
?

￥0
? ?0? ?? ?zb






m5



??cμ8?9<?

??Lu×￥8?￥?
Z_D
@?Z_<°b?|
üA???q?

B?￥???

nm6
b








m6



??￥? gê?



ˉ￥ ? V?
àμ??Lb?T??h
??L￥
?"
ü?? V
?é
??< I
n

|
?
ì
!? ?×1￥ê?b? V[YV?M? gê?9v/???q￥C¨ ?
LCb





''
!9e5




??1|? g??úa ?u×


?D
E
?h
??L


?D

P??Lù ?úa ?u×


??9<?
?

? gê? %?
,q￥Iw??


?4@￥? g[E
? bi"





Ev
!9L
ê:
Ec


ByJürgenHasenauer,DieterKüper,JostE.LaumeyerandIanWelsh







?
???''
!9


??''
!9





Nì
^B?
!91
í




!9?
?

,?qK?￥?''μμv?s￥3?b
e￥ %|?5 %?

3áa ?T?F


￥?''baù￥???a?Yè
^?L?? V?￥b





e?
???Y?''





 s?è
?
e?
+?￥a
]
?Z
? V[???''b



???B8?
!9

|+????"B?
,?q

 Vh

,q
?
b


?¨??''F
/
?

5 h
o¤
?
%?
?

?
?
?/
??b


? ?¨1?á+?

h
-?????á2￥31


?
??V
?) ???


?
?"?a0?D??0a
Kaè#￡ ''???éb


?2?T¨

]"
￥e?
μ?]￥2??ù
?
^y12?4?μ ??¨
á
3F
?2?r

Tb





??
!9?Y?''



"
[
4?￥
?i[/ò??éB????''b



?C¨

a?C¨s￥ V[?Ye
?''
?
8
3á
HWb


? 


?
?  V[h
 7
?
b


?μ

1pVú￥μ?9vá?￥??ì
q?é
5 ??''b


?e


?¨?M?
?t ?h
IwM?ù5

?j8?
?F?
a
 ?t

ê4 y??

 y%?e
 V[h
???ù? ??
HW








nm1


?
3áò???''1?


??
?
,qV?
??
H
? ?''!
￥
?31??-?￥) ?b?T31é?a) ?


98
?
?''5üè V?M??á
??''b






nm2



!9 %?
3á?''



C¨￥9Fi?9?9v<
?i?"
3á?e
?''￥9Fb


?2??￡
??
?
%?
H??μ?v
l
êba¨

??
l
êA?? ??￥?μé


 ??êb
?x
üC¨￥a
HWv?1



?
J?
??
8
e


?d9<
??66
4
5
e


?9<
??66
2
3
e

¨?úr3x
üC¨





???¨  è



á
?
!9A?é??Fy
iüèYV?
￥ì?
?????B?q
D-MQ

?
F

y S/5?4 V4￥?''???b






nm3


m3?
??a?Ta a 5 h?à??1BQ?
??b7]"￥á
?
!9531?


?5?? ?íq ?F

iO?à?D? ?¤
H
?31?áb
L=

?Bì?
P¨


J?
??L V[?¨
6F?á4b






nm4


m4?
?
U￥èL - h
!9?
^| 5 h￥?¤?￥
!9
|
3á?''??#
7
￥÷?^


?
P¨1?c??

5 V¨
6B 5 h ?|9¤?
!9L Vb






nm5



!9V??

!9?μA1??8￥
!9b
e1 %??
??
?3 ? v￥
?
bY

VF
ó￥?

 V[¨? ?}9? vb







Ev
!9L
ê:
Ec


ByJürgenHasenauer,DieterKüper,JostE.LaumeyerandIanWelsh







?
·?Z?




!9?V



?á? 7?á???￥"S
^
Pá?μa
￥VC
7]
H¤?￥
3á?''b? ú

!9?

?1
^·e
￥ê4

a?FyV?￥ê4
<9
?? 
!9b



oμ?? I
n?t??
iμ"d?￥?é
??
3áúé
￥a 
<rm￥ b
!9?


êüèo
^p
L¨?￥3 %Z?b?7
A?<?￥
^

?
￥
L¨???''r
q?
^A?￥



!9?A?dè?× 7?e
?FyV?￥??3 %Z?b













?
?éid￥??M￥




?
￥?é
s
P¨ìaaFyV?a 
!9??THq￥?Y

?m1
?
U
b
?
?é?


L
iìa/￥?
k¤?b?
km? μa??
?￥ú; 
??a ?￥SHq/_?

á
3￥b?7

L=


?
? V?z?"￥Hq/
3á

P¨?9? V??z]"￥

a ?/byN
w??
?

!9Z?￥
H?
ú?￥1p???HqA?-%1s?
?


 ?

!9?V?Z
? V[4μ¨￥úùb








"?￥
3á



7?B?á?
V
!9¨
?
g?!¨

μA1!"? ?é?
k???b1?"?￥


3áZE<W
a¨?
áZ?b?s?
???￥"?91??
?  ??/b?T
àμ  V[


a¨
üμA1
P¨í
?￥?
??
MéFy?1?
k"?b?
^
9
^i?""￥ù

5
ey?/




?íE I3?
????q￥o¤L￥?Yb


?D?
????sM1
μ
H?
?Fy?á
3￥?￠???q￥<?éb


???2?ú

??????￥<??ú??
??qb


?íE I38?|_T¨￥?Yb


??
??￥¨?è§ 71￥"?
 V[?
s180000Q?ù?? ?b7]"f ?/
?


??q80000Q-aüC
? ??êb??μs
^???
?V???82￥?]
?/

?￥b






nm3





"? 



"-
3á"?￥ 
?
^YVe?￥?Fy¨??''?


?
h^1e

?T7?b

?7
31?i￥
^

3á ?
adè×1￥?
???aa ??
??[?"￥ T}Vb


6?

?
ì?]￥ ???é??á
?]￥
l
ê?￡MVCbCwi￥
^
P¨ú????/

 
7 [???

!9L Vb





_?
!9




?"C}9
?E/
?￥?Z
μ
H?
ùy\¨

ü?|
!9?FyV??￥.@


kY ?
?<s?
@?s
?é?￥"b?7
?tEsi? V????K?

á?
L=?T/￥???é
boμ
L=?THq/￥"?_?
? V?4K V L￥?b

??_?
^¤÷úé
???￥á?? V-
j￥A1Hqb


?TC
L￥"?_?i ?4
9 V[é?EHq￥_?b?7
???
k￥N′G ???

THqE￥}V?b


[{
H￥?
k ?w
?
???? ??￡
￥?Y/￥éù??
^? V?
9?ü6￥b
6

BZ
?
 N YHq/é?F y o??
kT1éù????9?B??
L V?
??÷1?ib


?
éùa ??
k/
?ù￥ y
??
k/
??9????]b





7?iQ



??]￥y<?¨V
ü

?
y<￥? ?
^;
ü￥b?T?F
ó￥ ?¨
?t￥e
??
ü

?
3á??￥á?
?1[a￥
!9μ÷z￥
<???N′b


C?￥
!931°mˉ￥+?D?e
Db
?
?3 %ù?] ??￥ù5b?7

?
D

?¨-W￥￥?9à1×1be



??
?/
?Z
?μ"~?￥übA?¨
e
ì￥

<?
M
|??
!9 ?Q?1
L=￥á?b






nm4






Ev
!9L
ê:
Ec


ByJürgenHasenauer,DieterKüper,JostE.LaumeyerandIanWelsh








E
e?
1?






?
?
^á
?









ù￥
?

!9ˉ?
“á
?
,q”￥
!9 ?Qb 75H
S
T?4
D
e.de?
M1



!9
?
e?

,q
H3?×￥1?b





ò ?e?
￥''+?




?
e?
1
e??y<e?

+? V?v￥S?=M?
bYV@FA
a9<

?
???4
?é?á
3?v￥?bv
?
?
￥''?éDá
?μ"
üAuYb è?


YV°¤1
á
? μ÷ú￥b



?
á


?Kú
P¨?


?D?/<


??￡?#


??è?


7


??E?


?￡
%
ê?


?

%é
q


?¨?


Z
?
y?
?
5 !÷v￥S?b1

3á???
?q
]
H???''
μA1¨7?
!9



P
?
9}á
?b?×?
!9
,?q￥V??
μ V?rà??"?a2e?￥rTb






?]￥e?
??





μ
HM]￥?THq/

?
??CDá
????]￥VCbyN
?üá
?ü6μr￥

??
!9
?T?A1¨?
?

|???^
>?byN31
?

!9?A??te?
￥?

édè
?b





M??éD??
HW￥1"





??
￥
P¨?¤í
?￥??
??
HW|÷°¤?Ye?
￥?MVCb
?
?

i

?
HW
]?? ?
H
??C??é￥?Mb7
6BZ
?
"dá
?¤í×2??



>300°C

?5
?￥??é??Cv??Mb








?T
P¨?D?M
qM??v
y?￡
??
?
￥?é9 V[??c_??M?b è?
??

f 7
ê

L=?¨

?I? 7
￥V??
?MVCD
¤
?F
￥q￥?MVCé

???]

?m2
b]"￥
 5 h￥q9A?
?"?￥ ?￡ ?ê4?]￥
￥ZEb? ú


?￥?Yùùv?

?
q￥?Yb





Fig.3


?Y?
?é￥y
í




?
￥+????
^Be?
￥?éb?]?Tìa/

?
Fq￥''?é?
?"?]￥y


í7?M

?,?;?

?m3
b?Te?
?
a¨￥S?=Fy
z￥
!99?
>?b

]"￥
??i??[FyV? ?3 %
!9D?byNoμ I
n?
?μy
í￥a?y\
??

￡
?

,?q￥é
b





Fig.4


Dá
??]

?

!9?￥
>
àμ
tv￥?
s ?

!9
?

,q
H
31?¨￥?+

?￥
!9byN

!9--
A?á?
?μ￥1p?K?Hqé????%á￥sb