决战2011高考英语专题讲义：时态

决战2011高考英语专题讲义

时态



一、目标本章要求学生掌握中学阶段常用的八种时态,即：一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,现在进行时,现在完成时,过去完成时,过去进行时,过去将来时。要求掌握时态的意义、各种时态的动词形式、与各种时态连用的时间状语以及一些时态的特殊意义。二、重点及难点八种时态的意义；现在完成时与一般过去时的区别；点性动词与线性动词；时态一致性。三、方法1．Doyouknowsomethingabout“tense”?你知道“时态”是什么吗？2．Youareright.Forexample：I''mworking.我正在工作。Iworkedyesterday.我昨天工作。Iwillwork.我将要工作。Howmanytenseshaveyoulearned?你们学了几种时态？3．Nowlet''shaveadiscussiononeverytense.现在咱们分别讨论每个时态。Ithinkthepresentindefinitetenseistheeasiesttenseofall．Doyouknowwhatitmeans?我想一般现在时是所有时态中最容易的,你知道它的含义吗？4．What''stheformoftheverb?谓语动词形式是什么样的？5．Verygood!Doyouknowhowtouse“am,is,are”?Here''sasaying:（I）我用am（you）你用are,is连着他、她、它。单数名词用is,复数名词全用are。Canyoulearnitbyheart?你知道行为动词第三人称怎么变化吗？6．Doyouknowwhatsound“s”or“es”makes?你知道“s”或“es”怎么发音吗？你应当记住“清—清,浊—浊,元—浊”。现在我解释一下：清—清即：“s”或“es”之前的音素如果是清辅音的话,“s”或“es”读作［K］（清）。浊—浊指“s”或“es”之前的音素如果是浊辅音的话,则“s”或“es”读作［L］（浊）。元—浊如果“s”“es”之前是元音音素,则它读作［L］（浊）。你能想出几个例子吗？7．一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态外,常与什么副词连用呢？8．一般现在时除表示经常性动作或状态外,还有其他用法。它能表示将来时,但它是有条件的,这个条件有两种情况：A．是在条件状语从句中,如果主句是一般将来时或一般现在时。B．是表示计划、打算、有规律动作。你能想出几个例子吗？9．Ithinkyouhaveknownsomethingaboutthepresentindefinitetense.ButIhaveonemorepointtotellyou.Thatis：Sometimesthepresentindefinitetenseisusedintheobjectclausewhenthepastindefintetenseisusedinthemainsentence,Canyoushowmeanexample？10．Somuchforthepresentindefinitetense.Let''scometothepresentcontinuoustense.Doyouknowtheformoftheverbwhenitisusedasthepresentcontinuoustense？11．Youareright.Thenwhatkindofadverbialisused？那么用什么状语呢？12．现在进行时有一个特殊的意义,它可以表示将来发生的动作。但是这些动词必须是表示位置移动的单词。例如：go,come,start,leave等。Wouldyoupleasegivemetwosentences？13．Verygood.Nowshallwetalkaboutthefutureindefinitetense？Thiskindoftensereferstoanactionthatisgoingtohappeninthefuture.Wouldyoupleasesaymore？14．一般将来时除去willdo结构外,还有其他结构,也可表示将来时,但注意这些结构有其他意义在里边。如：begoingtodo…表示动作将要发生,表示主观打算。betodo表示安排、计划好的动作,表示命令、可能等意义。beabouttodo…表示眼下即将发生……Canyoumakesomesentences？15．Thepastindefinitetenseexpressesanactionhappenedinthepast.It''susuallyusedwiththeadverbialssuchasyesterday,lastmonth（year,week）,thedaybeforeyesterday,…ago,in1968etc.它的谓语动词形式是什么样的呢？16．Nowlet''scometothepresentperfecttense.Inthistense,theactionalsohappenedinthepast,buttheactionhassomethingtodowith“now”.现在完成时动作发生在过去,但它对现在有影响。谓语动词的形式为havedone,done代表过去分词。have还有一种变化,即has。has用于第三人称单数,其他人称用have,请你给出几个现在完成时的句子。17．请你根据刚才的句子,归纳一下现在完成时有几种含义？18．现在完成时的这两种含义非常重要,要认真领会。这里引出了两个概念：延续性动词与非延续性动词。即：点性动词与线性动词。所谓点性动词就是不能延续的动词；线性动词就是可以延续的动词。延续性动词用于现在完成时的第二种用法,点性动词用于第一种用法。19．点点结合,线线结合是完成时中一个重要原则,这个问题往往是学生容易出错的地方。请把下列句子的错误改正过来：A．Hehascomefor3hours.B．Thegirlhaswaitedsincetwoyears.C．Theoldmanhasdiedfortenyears.D．Ihaveboughtthebookfortwomonths.20．那么，在英语中，同一种意思，既有点性动词，又有线性动词的实例很多。Nowwouldyoupleaseshowthecontinuousverbsofthefollowing?A．jointhearmyB．jointhePartyC．comebackD．borrowabookE．buyabookF．leaveG．gooutH．dieI．openJ．beginK．arrive21．在完成时的句子中,同一种意思可以有几种英语表达方法。如：我入团已经5年了。有以下几种表达方式：A．IhavebeenaLeaguememberfor5years.B．It''sfiveyearssinceIjoinedtheLeague.IjoinedtheLeague5yearsago.IhavebeenaLeaguemembersince5yearsago.NowIgiveyousomesentencesandpleasetrytoexpressthesamemeaninginotherways.A．Hehasbeenherefor2hours.B．They''vebeenawaysince1960.C．Thefilmhasbeenonforonehour.22．Nowlet''sdosomeotherexercises.Fillintheblankswiththeproperformsofverbs.A．I____（lose）mypen.She____（lose）herpenyesterday.B．I____（be）totheAgriculturalExhibition.I____（go）totheAgriculturalExhibitionlastweek.C．Thecar____（stop）.Thecar____（stop）justnow.D．A：____you____yourlunch?B：Yes,I____.A：When____you____it?B：I____itabouthalfanhourago.23．Nowletmesaysomethingabout“havebeento”and“havegoneto”.havebeento意思是“去过”。havegoneto意思是“去了”。请翻译下列各句：A．我去海南四次了。B．他已经去南方了。C．你去过东京吗？D．小李已经去办公室了。你可以去那儿找他。E．你去哪儿了？F．他去哪儿了？24．通过练习，对现在完成时和过去时有了足够的认识,你能说出它们的异同点吗？25．Verygood!Here''sadrawingtoshowthedifferencebetweenthepresentperfecttenseandthepastindefinitetense.e．g．Hewasastudentinthepast.e．g．Hehasbeenastudentfor2years.26．现在来谈谈对比时态问题。所谓对比时态是指两个动作同时存在,但有时间前后。这样的时态有过去将来时、过去完成时。27．过去完成时也可跟另一个时间进行对比,含义仍然是到过去某个时间为止,如它与bytheendof…,bythetimewhen…例如：A．Theyhadcompletedtheprogrambytheendofthelastyear.B．Thetrainhadleftbythetimewhenwearrivedatthestation.28．Youareright.Thepresentcontinuoustenseexpressesanactionhappeningatapresentmomentorduringapresentperiodoftime,whilethepastcontinuoustensereferstothepast.e．g．Mydaughterwasreviewingherlessonsateightlastnight.WhatwereyoudoingwhileIwaswatchingTV?Students1．Ithink“tense”isacertainformofaverb.Itchangesaccordingtothetimeoftheaction.我想“时态”是动词的某种形式,它随动作的时间而发生变化。2．Wehavelearnedeighttenses.Theyare：thepresentindefinitetense,thepastindefinitetense,thefutureindefinitetense,thepresentcontinuoustense,thepresentperfecttense,thepastcontinuoustense,thepastperfecttenseandthefuture-in-the-pastindefinitetense.我们学习了：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时和过去将来时。3．一般现在时表示经常性动作或状态、过去、现在以及将来一直进行的动作或存在的状态。4．一般现在时,谓语动词要随主语人称而变化。be动词有三种变化形式,即am,is,are；行为动词有两种变化形式,即：原形和第三人称单数。5．行为动词第三人称有以下几种变化形式：A．动词后面直接加“s”,如works,plays,learns。B．以［K］［CM］,［DN］,［M］,［L］结尾的单词,词尾加“es”,如果词尾有“e”,则只加“s”,如：misses,finishes,teaches,loses。C．如词尾以辅音字母+y结尾,应变y为“i”,再加“es”,如：flies,carries。D．特殊情况：go和do词尾加“es”。6．啊！我明白了,像works,由于s之前是k,读作［E］,是清辅音,所以s读作［K］；又如：learnss之前是浊辅音［Q］,所以它读作浊辅音［L］；playss之前由于是ay字母组合,读作元音音素［-!］,所以s读作［L］这叫做“元—浊”。7．与一般现在时连用的时间状语有：often,usually,sometimes,always,seldom,twiceaweek,everyday…8．A．Ifitisfinetomorrow,Iwillgooutforapicnic.（条件状语从句中一般现在时表示将来）B．Whentheyleaveschool,theywillgobacktothefactory.（时间状语从句一般现在时表示将来）C．Thetrainstartsatteno''clockinthemorning.（计划,有规律的动作表示将来）9．Yes,Ican.Here''sasentence.Theteachersaidthatthesunrisesintheeast.Here“rises”isthepresentindefinitetense.Thistenseisusedbecauseithappensregularly.因为动作是有规律地发生。10．Theformoftheverbis“bedoing”,and“be”canbechangeable.Forexample：am,is,are.Ithinkthepresentcontinuoustenseexpressesanactionhappeningatpresenttimeorduringpresentperiodoftime.Forexample：Heisreadingabooknow.WearelearningBookⅡthisweek.11．现在进行时与now,atthepresent,thisyear（week,month）等时间状语连用。12．A．Heiscomingtoseemetomorrow.明天他要来看我。B．TheyareleavingShanghaiforBeijing.他们要离开上海去北京。13．OK!Thefutureindefinitetenseisconnectedwiththefuturetime,suchas,tomorrow,nextweek（year,month）,thedayaftertomorrow,fromnowon,inamonth（year）etc.它的动词结构是willdo有时第一人称单复数用shalldo。14．Yes,Ican.A．WearegoingtohelpthefarmersontheRedStarFarm.我们打算去红星农场帮助农民们。B．Theboysaretogotoschoolnextweek.这些男孩们下周要上学了。C．Weareabouttoleave,sothereisnotimetovisithimnow.我们就要离开了,所以现在没有时间去看他了。15．一般过去时,谓语动词的形式应该用过去时。即：原形动词后加ed,还有一些特殊形式的动词。如：go----went,see----saw,do----did,read----read,give----gave,sit----sat。我想特殊动词要特殊记忆。16．我清楚了,现在完成时谓语动词形式havedone,可以这样理解：have是“变量”；done是“常量”。A．Wehavecleanedtheroomnow.我们现在已经打扫了房间。B．Hehascleanedtheroomnow.他现在已经打扫了房间。C．Theyhavebeenherefor3hours.他们在这儿呆了3个小时了。D．Theprofessorhasworkedinthisuniversitysince1969．教授自从1969年就在这所大学里工作。17．我想有两种含义：一种是动作发生在过去,动作不延续,但对现在有结果和影响。如句子A、B表示打扫房间的动作发生在过去,但强调的是现在房间已经干净了。另一种是动作从过去开始一直延续到现在,对现在有结果和影响,如句子C、D。18．点性动词应当与点性时间状语连用,线性动词与线性时间状语连用。点性时间状语有：now,today,already,just,before,never,ever,always,yet等,线性时间状语有for…,since…等。19．A句中应当把come改为beenhere,come为点性动词,for为线性时间状语。B句有两种改法，一是将since改为for,意思是“已经等了两年了”。另一种是在twoyears之后加ago,意思是“自从两年前就开始等,一直等到现在。”C句将died改为beendead,因为fortenyears是线性时间状语,die为点性动词,不能延续,而bedead是线性动词,可与for短语连用。D．将bought改为kept或had。buy为点性动词,have（keep）为线性动词。20．Letmehaveatry．jointhearmy----serveinthearmyjointheParty----beaPartymembercomeback----bebackborrowabook----keepabookbuyabook----haveabookleave----beawaygoout----beoutdie----bedeadopen----beopenbegin----beonarrive----behereA．Hehasbeenheresincetwohoursago.It''stwohourssincehecame.Hecameheretwohoursago.B．Theywentawayin1960.Theyhavebeenawayfor40years.It''s40yearssincetheywentaway.C．Thefilmbegananhourago.It''sonehoursincethefilmbegan.Thefilmhasbeenonsinceonehourago.21．A．Hehasbeenheresincetwohoursago.It''stwohourssincehecame.Hecameheretwohoursago.B．Theywentawayin1960.Theyhavebeenawayfor40years.It''s40yearssincetheywentaway.C．Thefilmbegananhourago.It''sonehoursincethefilmbegan.Thefilmhasbeenonsinceanhourago.22．A．havelost；lostB．havebeen；wentC．hasstopped；stoppedD．Have…hadhavedid…havehad23．A．IhavebeentoHainanfourtimes.B．HehasgonetotheSouth.C．HaveyoueverbeentoTokyo?D．XiaoLihasbeentohisoffice.Youcanfindhimthere.E．Wherehaveyoubeen?F．Wherehashegone?24．在我看来，它们的相同之处是动作都发生在过去，它们的不同点是现在完成时的动作对现在有影响，而过去时对现在没有影响。25．图A表示动作发生在过去，处于静止状态,而图B表示动作发生在过去，但它指向现在，对现在有结果和影响，最后强调的是现在。26．当主句动作发生在过去，从句动作发生在它之后，这时从句谓语用过去将来时。如：IsaidthatIwouldgotothatisland.“said”在前，相对它来讲，wouldgo在后。可当一个动作发生在过去而另一个动作发生在它之前,那么这个动作则要用过去完成时。如：IsaidthatIhadfinishedthecomposition.said发生在过去,hadfinished在它之前发生,称之为过去的过去。27．现在我明白啦！过去完成时和过去将来时只有在与另一个过去的动作进行对比的情况下才能存在。所以把这两种时态叫对比时态。老师，我有一个问题，过去进行时是指过去某一时刻或过去某一段时间正在进行的动作吗？四、精选题选择填空：1．----CanIjoinyourclub,Dad？[]----Youcanwhenyou____abitolder.（''94）A．getB．willgetC．aregettingD．willhavegot2．----I''msorrytokeepyouwaiting.（''94）[]----Oh,notatall.I____hereonlyafewminutes.A．havebeenB．hadbeenC．wasD．willbe3．Idon''treallyworkhere；I____untilthenewsecretaryarrives.（''94）[]A．justhelpoutB．havejusthelpedoutC．amjusthelpingoutD．willjusthelpout4．Ineedonemorestampbeforemycollection____.[]A．hascompletedB．completesC．hasbeencompletedD．iscompleted5．IfirstmetLisathreeyearsago．She____ataradioshopatthetime.（''97）[]A．hasworkedB．wasworkingC．hadbeenworkingD．hadworked6．----Isthisraincoatyours？[]----No,mine____therebehindthedoor.（''97）A．ishangingB．hashungC．hangsD．hung7．----Nancyisnotcomingtonight.[]----Butshe____！（''98）A．haswrittenB．wroteC．hadwrittenD．waswriting8．Shirley____abookaboutChinalastyearbutIdon''tknowwhethershehasfinishedit.（''98）[]A．haswrittenB．wroteC．hadwrittenD．waswriting9．----Hi,Tracy,youlooktired.[]----Iamtired.I____thelivingroomallday.（''98）A．paintedB．hadpaintedC．havebeenpaintingD．havepainted10．Theprice____,butIdoubtwhetheritwillremainso.（''99）[]A．wentdownB．willgodownC．hasgonedownD．wasgoingdown11．----BobhasgonetoCalifornia.Ihear.[]----Oh.Iwonderwhenhe____.（''96海淀）A．hasleftB．leavesC．leftD．wasleaving12．----Haveyougotyourtestresult?[]----Notyet.Thepapers____.（''96海淀）A．arenotcorrectingB．havenotcorrectedC．arestillbeingcorrectedD．havealreadybeencorrected13．----Whyweren''tyouatthemeeting?[]----I____foralong----distancecallfrommyfatherinAustralia.（''99西城）A．waitedB．waswaitingC．hadwaitedD．havebeenwaited14．Thetelephone____fourtimesinthelasthour,andeachtimeit____formyroommate.（''99西城）[]A．hasrung;wasB．hasbeenringing;isC．hadrung;wasD．rang;hasbeen15．Twomilliontonsofoil____exploitedinthisareathatyear.（''99西城）[]A．wasB．hasbeenC．wereD．havebeen16．----Whattime____Tomtomorrow？[]----At3：00p．m．（''99西城）A．doyoumeetB．willyoumeetC．wouldyoumeetD．areyoumeeting17．Thatwasnotagoodplacetogoskating.You____yourleg.[]A．canbreakB．couldbreakC．couldhavebrokenD．couldhavebeenbroken18．----____thesportsmeetmightbeputoff.[]----Yes,italldependsontheweather.A．I''vebeentoldB．I''vetoldC．I''mtoldD．Itold19．----Yourphonenumberagain？I____quitecatchit.[]----It''s9568442．A．didn''tB．couldn''tC．don''tD．can''t20．Asshe____thenewspaper,Granny____asleep.[]A．read;wasfallingB．wasreading;fellC．wasreading;wasfallingD．read;fell21．Idon''tthinkJimsawme;he____intospace.[]A．juststaredB．wasjuststaringC．hasjuststaredD．hadjuststared22．----WhoisJerryCooper？[]----____?Isawgoushakinghandswithhimatthemeeting.A．Don''tyoumeethimyetB．Hadn''tyoumethimyetC．Didn''tyoumeethimyetD．Haven''tyoumethimyet用所给动词的正确形式填空：1．I''mafraidIcan''tgetinallthewheatwithinsuchashorttimeunlessyou____tohelpmetomorrow.（come）2．TheyleftforBeijinglastweekandwe____thensofar.（nothear）3．Whenwereachedtheairport,weweresurprisedtofindthatUncle''splane____.（land）4．I____hehadfinishedhiswork.（think）5．We____theproblemforquitesometime,butweanyconclusionyet.（discuss,notreach）6．Hesaidthisbookwouldbepublishedifthewriter____.（agree）7．Johnworksveryhard.Infact,Ithinkhe____rightnow.（study）8．Thelittleboydidn''tseeme,he____agoldenfishinabasin.（watch）9．Ihavetomakeaquickphonecall.Canyouwaitafewmoments?It____long.（nottake）10．They____themselvesonthebeachwhenthetrain____.（enjoy,come）答案：选择填空：1～5AACDB6～10ABDCC11～15CCBAC16～20BBAAB21～22BD用所给动词的正确形式填空：1．come主句用将来时,从句用一般现在时表示将来。2．haven''theardsofar与现在完成时连用。3．hadlanded在reached之前发生,故用过去完成时。4．thought5．havebeendiscussing,haven''treached讨论从过去开始一直到现在,但是到目前仍没有结论。6．agreed主句是过去时,从句动作受它影响。7．isstudying8．waswatching没有看到我,那时正观看金鱼。9．won''ttake10．wereenjoying,came