决战2011高考英语专题讲义
省略与替代
(一)并列句中的省略
在并列句中,第二分句(或第三、第四分句)往往可以省略与前句相同的成分。如:
Somebooksaretobetasted,others(are)tobeswallowed,andsomefew(are)tobechewedanddigested.
(二)简单句中的省略
1.省略主语
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如:
(You)Beseated,please.
2)其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如:
(I)Thankyouforyourhelp.(谢谢你的帮助。)
(It)Doesn’tmatter.(没关系。)
2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如:
(Thereis)Nosmoking.(禁止吸烟。)
(Isthere)Anythingelse?(还有其他事吗?)
(Youcome)Thisway,please.(请这边走)。
(Willyou)Haveasmoke?(吸支烟?)
What(doyou)thinkaboutacupoftea?(来一杯怎么样?)
Why(doyou)notsayhellotohim?(为什么不和他说声再见呢?)
3.省略宾语。如:
—DoyouknowMissGao?(你认识高小姐吗?)
—Idon’tknow(her).(我不认识。)
—Whichofthemisthebetterchoice?(他们中谁是更合适的人选?)
—Well,it’shardtotell(it).(哟,这很难说。)
4.省略表语。如:
—Areyouthirsty?(你渴吗?)
—Yes,Iam(thirsty).(是的,我渴。)
5.同时省略几个成分。如:
—Areyoufeelingbetternow?(你觉得好些吗?)
—(Iamfeeling)Muchbetter(now).(好多了。)
—Haveyoufinishedyourwork?(你完成工作了吗?)
—(Ihave)Not(finishedmywork)yet.(还没有。)
(Iwish)Goodluck(toyou)!(祝你顺利!)
6.其他一些省略结构
1)名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。如:
WespenttheweekendattheBlacks’.
2)what和how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语it和be动词。如:
Whatawonderfulvictory(itis)forWilma!
Howwonderful(itwas)tobetreatedlikeanormalchild,evenwhenIwasbad.
3)不定式省略,单独使用不定式符号to。
①代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常在beafraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,wand,wish等后边。如:
Iaskedhimtoseethefilm,buthedidn’twantto.
②在have,need,ought,begoing,,used等后。如:
Ididn’twanttogothere,butIhadto.
③在某些形容词glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后,如:
—Willyoujoininthegame?
—I’dbegladto.
④否定形式的省略用notto。如:
—ShallIgoinsteadofhim?
—Iprefernotto.
⑤如果不定式中含有be,have,havebeen,通常保留be,have和havebeen。如:
—Areyouasailor?
—No,butIusedtobe.
—Hehasn’tfinishedyet.
—Well,heoughttohave.
?
(三)复合句中的省略
1.定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略;当先行词是time,reason,place时作状语的关系副词when,why,where也可以省去。如:
Thisisthefirsttime(when)hehadtroublewiththeboss.
2.当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时,可以把重复的内容省去,而保留wh-疑问词。如:
Tomwassad,butIdon’tknowwhy(hewassad).
3.状语从句中的省略现象
一般来说,省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中:
由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;由if,unless,whether等引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,evenif,whatever等引导的让步状语从句,由as,than引导的让步状语从句;由as,asif,asthough方式状语从句。
上述状语从句在省略时,并不是任何成分都可以省略,而是遵循一定的原则:
1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:
①连词(as,asif,once)+名词
Once(hewas)ateacher,henowworksinagovernmentoffice.
②连词(though,whether,when)+形容词
Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryou’llregret.
③连词(whether,asif,while)+介词短语
Helookedeverywhereasif(hewas)insearchofsomething.
④连词(when,while,though)+现在分词
While(Iwas)walkingalongthestreet,Iheardmynamecalled.
⑤连词(when,if,evenif,unless,once,until,than,as)+过去分词
Theexhibitionismoreinterestingthan(itwas)expected.
⑥连词(asif,asthough)+不定式
Heopenedhislipsasif(hewere)tospeak.
注意:当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略:
Herfathertoldhertobecarefulwhen(shewas)crossingthestreet.
2)当从句中的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系统动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if,unless,when,whenever)+形容词的结构。如:
Unless(itis)necessary,you’dbetternotrefertothedictionary.
另外,我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容,此时可有if+so/not省略句式。
Getupearlytomorrow.Ifnot(youdon’tgetupearly),youwillmissthefirstbus.
Hemaynotbeathomethen,ifso(heisnotathome),leavehimanote.
?
替代
(一)so和not作替代词,代替被省略的某个词、词组或句子,一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用,作beafraid,believe,become,all,do,expect,fear,hope,imagine,say,see,speak,suppose,think等的宾语。Not代替否定的句子,还可放在perhaps,probably,absolutely等副词后。如:
Shewasnotangryatfirst,butbecameso(=angry)afterawhile.
—Ishethebeststudentintheclass?
—Ithinkso(=Heisbeststudentintheclass.)
—Ithinknot(=Heisnotthebeststudentintheclass).
(二)替代的应用
1.So可以放在句首或句尾,但若谓语动词是see,notice,hear等,则只能放在句首。如:
Ibelieve(say,think…)so.=SoIbelieve(say,think…).
—Heisabsenttoday.
—SoIsee(hear,notice).
2.在表示肯定或怀疑意义的句中不可用so。如:
误:Idoubtso.
正:Idoubtit.
3.在ask和know之后也不用so。如:
误:Whydoyouaskso?
正:Whydoyouaskthat?
4.doso一般只用替代动态动词,不替代静态动词。如:
Shesaidshewouldgowithme,butshedidn’tdoso.
—Alicefeelsbettertoday.
—Ithinkshedoes.
—Soshedoes.
但不可说:Ithinkshedoesso.
基础训练
1.(2003春季全国高考题)Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasif________whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.
A.seeing B.having
C.tohaveseen D.tosee
2.(2002全国高考题)Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,________Iwillalwaystreasure.
A.that B.one C.it D.what
3.Ioftenthinkofmychildhood,during________Ilivedonmyuncle’sfarm.
A.which B.when C.where D.who
4.—MayIhelpyouwithsomeshoes,sir?
—Yes,I’dliketotryonthosewhite________.
A.one B.ones C.two D.pair
5.Herearefourchoices,whichdoyouthinkisthebest________?
A.choices B.that C.ones D./
6.—What’sthedifferencebetweenthefirsthouseandthesecond?
—Thefirstonehasagaragewhilethesecondhas________.
A.nothing B.none C.noone D.neither
7.—HaveyoueverbeentoShanghai?
梍_______.
A.Notyet B.Haven抰
C.Yetnot D.Stillnot
8.桪on抰forgettocometomybirthdayparty.
梍_______.
A.Idon抰 B.Iwon抰
C.Idon抰forget D.Iwon抰forget
9.桞esuretogetupearliertomorrowmorning.
梍_______.I抣lbeasearlyasabird.
A.OK.Iwill B.I抦afraid1can
C.Ofcoursenot D.No,Iwill
10.—What’sthematterwithyou?
—Ididn’tpassthetest,but1still________
A.hopeso B.hopeto
C.hopeit D.hopethat
11.—Isshereallyill?
—________.She’sinhospital.
A.Ihopeso B.I’msure
C.1don’tthinkso D.I’mafraidso
12.Iamhappyifyou________.
A.happy B.are C.will D.be
13.桰sayitisyourturntobeondutytoday.
梍_______?
A.Mine B.I C.Myself D.Me
14.Don抰comeinunless________.
A.inviting B.invitingto
C.invitedto D.beinginvitedto
15.桰usuallygotherebytrain.
梂hynot________byboatforachange?
A.totrygoing B.trytogo
C.totryandgo D.trygoing
16.Thedoctordidwhathecould________theboy,butinvain.
A.save B.tosave
C.saving D.saved
17.Hespentmostofhissparetime________novels.
A.toread B.reading
C.toreading D.forreading
18.Allthegirlwant________dois________stayathomeandstudyhard.
A./;to B.to;to
C.to;/ D.eitherBorC
19.—Whydidyoutakeataxi?
—I________.Iwaslate.
A.haveto B.havetodo
C.hadto D.hadtodo
20.—Whydidn’tyoudoyourhomeworkyesterday?
—But________,sir.
A.Ididso B.Ididn’tdoit
C.Ididn’tforget D.Ididdoit
21.Heisveryfamoushere,sowehadnotrouble________himyesterday.
A.tofind B.finding
C.found D.infounding
22.—Howoftendotheygivetheconcert?
—________.
A.Fortwiceamonth B.Intwiceamonth
C.Twiceamonth D.Twicemonth
23.Heisnot________hissister,but________.
A.tallerthan;stronger B.sotallas;strong
C.tallerthan;isstronger D.astallas;stronger
24.—Youlookhappytoday,Mary.
—IlikemynewdressandMother________,too.
A.likes B.does C.is D.do
25.—WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?
—________hernewbicycle.
A.Asshelost B.Lost
C.Losing D.Becauseoflosing
26.—Who’sgotallmymoney?
—He________.
A.does B.is C.was D.has
27.Thechildrenaremade________twelvehoursaday.
A.towork B.work C.working D.worked
28.Weoftenhearhim________Englishsongs.
A.tosing B.sing
C.singing D.tobesinging
29.I’mverybusypreparingfortheexam,soIcan’thelp________thehousework.
A.doing B.do C.did D.done
30.Whatdoctorscandois________people’slife.
A.save B.saving C.tosave D.AorC
31.Although________tostop,hekeptonworking.
A.tell B.told C.wastold D.havingtold
32.Askhimtotakeyouhome________possible.
A.at B.while C.if D.ifthey
33.TheEnglishbookforkidsisthebestofitskind________.
A.thathaseverbeenmade B.evermade
C.everbeenmade D.haseverbeenmade
34.—WillSusanwintheNobelPrizethistime?
—Itislikelythatshe________.
A.will B.does C.willdo D.winsit
35.IprefertheclimateofKunmingto________ofWuhan.
A.it B.one C.this D.that
36.—Mr.Blackhasjustarrived.
—Really?________.Hedidn’tacceptourinvitation.
A.Ican’timagineit B.1don’tthinkso
C.Ihopeso D.Idon’tbelievehim
37.Theyliveonabusymainroad.________mustbeverynoisy.
A.There B.It C.That D.They
38.Wedon’tgotothecinemaasmuchas________.
A.weusedtogo B.weusedtodo
C.usedto D.weusedto
39.Canadahasalargeareathan________China.
A.thatof B.theoneof
C.itof D./
40.________,I’llhavealettersenttoyourcompany.
A.Ifnecessary B.Ifitwerenecessary
C.AsI’mnecessary D.Unlessitisnecessary
41.—ShallIinviteMiketomyparty?
—Yes,itwillbeniceifyou________.
A.do B.doinvite
C.are D.invite
42.—Haveyoubeenherelong?
—________.
A.No,notvery B.Notmuch
C.Yes,onlylittle D.No,onlyyesterday
43.—Doyoufollowme?
—Yes,________.
A.itisgood B.Iwill
C.perfectly D.verygood
44.Lookoutforcars________thestreet.
A.whencrossed B.whencrossing
C.ifyoucrossed D.whileyouarecrossing
45.Sheworkedveryhard________stillratherpoorinhealth.
A.thoughshe B.althoughshe
C.though D.althoughwas
46.—Isthestampveryunusual?
—________.
A.Yes,verymuch B.Yes,itisso
C.Yes,very D.Yes,notvery
47.—Canyouclimbthattree,myboy?
—________?
A.I B.MineC.Myself D.Me
48.—Willyouwasteyourtimeandmoneyonthat?
—Certainly________.
A.Inot B.no
C.won’t D.not
49.—Whathappenedtotheboy?He’smakingsomuchnoise.
—Hewantedtoplayfootball,buthismotherwarnedhim________.
A.not B.to
C.notto D.不填
50.—ShallIwakeyouuptomorrowmorning?
—Yes,________.
A.pleasedo B.youshall
C.youwill D.youmay
51.Youhavethreechildren,butIhaveonlytwo________.
A.one B.ones
C./ D.child
52.—Marysaidthelecturewasboring.
—Yes,Isaid________.
A.that B.this
C.thekind D.thesame
53.—Alice,whydidn’tyoudoitthedaybefore?
—I________,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.
A.had B.would
C.wasgoingto D.does
54.—Doyouneedanewtietogowithyournewsuit,Mr.Smith?
—No.________.
A.I’mhavingplentyofties
B.Ihavelotsoftiestodoit
C.IthinkIhaveseveralthatwilldo
D.Therearelotsoftiestodoit
55.—Areyouafilmstar?
—________.
A.Yes,Iwas B.Iusedtobe
C.Iusedto D.I’musedto
56.—I’llbeawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?
—Notatall.________.
A.I’venotime B.I’drathernot
C.I’dlikeit D.I’dbehappyto
57.—I’mgoingtodigitup.
—What________?
A.with B.by C.at D.from
58.Frightenedbythenoiseinthenight,thegirldidnotdare________inherroom.
A.sleeping B.tosleeping
C.sleep D.slept
59.—Theyhavedoneagoodjob.
—________.Let’sgotocongratulatethem.
A.Sotheyhavedone B.Sotheyhave
C.Sohavethey D.Soisit
60.Hesmokesalot.Doeshisfather________?
A.smokeso B.smokethat
C.doso D.didthat
基础训练18省略与替代
1~5DBABD 6~10BABAB
11~15DBACD 16~20BBDCD
21~25BCABC 26~30DABBD
31~35BCBAD 36~40ABDDA
41~45AACBC 46~50CDDCA
51~55CDCCB 56~60DACBC
【解析】
1.根据上下文,空白处为hewantedtosee之省略。
2.one在这里代替moment,以避免重复。
5.此处既可不填直接用形容词最高级表示替代,也可在其后加一个one表替代。
6.此处用none表示第二套房没有车库之类的设施;而nothing表示什么也没有,显然语意不合。
7.现在完成时否定式的省略回答。
10.hopetopassthetest之省略。
11.根据下文的回答用I’mafraidso表示“恐怕如此”之意。
12.ifyouarehappy的省略。
13.Isitmyturn(=mine)tobeondutytoday?的省略。
18.当主语部分中含有do这个动词时,不定式作表语可省掉to,也可不省。
19.Ihadtotakeataxi的省略。
20.Ididdoit表示“我确实做了”。
25.所做的回答要能替换What在句中所起的作用。
27.makesb.dosth.在主动语态中do前没有to,但如果变成被动语态则必须加to。
29.这里的can’thelp是“不能帮忙(做某事)”的意思,所以跟带to或不带to的原形动词;如果can’thelp是“禁不住;情不自禁”之意,则后跟动词的-ing形式。
32.ifitispossible的省略。
58.dare用作实义动词时,在否定句中,其后的不定式符号to可以省略。
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