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决战2011高考英语专题讲义:替代
2012-04-13 | 阅:  转:  |  分享 
  
决战2011高考英语专题讲义

省略与替代

(一)并列句中的省略

在并列句中,第二分句(或第三、第四分句)往往可以省略与前句相同的成分。如:

Somebooksaretobetasted,others(are)tobeswallowed,andsomefew(are)tobechewedanddigested.

(二)简单句中的省略

1.省略主语

1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略。如:

(You)Beseated,please.

2)其他省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。如:

(I)Thankyouforyourhelp.(谢谢你的帮助。)

(It)Doesn’tmatter.(没关系。)

2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。如:

(Thereis)Nosmoking.(禁止吸烟。)

(Isthere)Anythingelse?(还有其他事吗?)

(Youcome)Thisway,please.(请这边走)。

(Willyou)Haveasmoke?(吸支烟?)

What(doyou)thinkaboutacupoftea?(来一杯怎么样?)

Why(doyou)notsayhellotohim?(为什么不和他说声再见呢?)

3.省略宾语。如:

—DoyouknowMissGao?(你认识高小姐吗?)

—Idon’tknow(her).(我不认识。)

—Whichofthemisthebetterchoice?(他们中谁是更合适的人选?)

—Well,it’shardtotell(it).(哟,这很难说。)

4.省略表语。如:

—Areyouthirsty?(你渴吗?)

—Yes,Iam(thirsty).(是的,我渴。)

5.同时省略几个成分。如:

—Areyoufeelingbetternow?(你觉得好些吗?)

—(Iamfeeling)Muchbetter(now).(好多了。)

—Haveyoufinishedyourwork?(你完成工作了吗?)

—(Ihave)Not(finishedmywork)yet.(还没有。)

(Iwish)Goodluck(toyou)!(祝你顺利!)

6.其他一些省略结构

1)名词所有格所修饰的名词,若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时,常常可以省略。如:

WespenttheweekendattheBlacks’.

2)what和how引导的感叹句中,常可省略主语it和be动词。如:

Whatawonderfulvictory(itis)forWilma!

Howwonderful(itwas)tobetreatedlikeanormalchild,evenwhenIwasbad.

3)不定式省略,单独使用不定式符号to。

①代替动词不定式后被省略的动词,常在beafraid,expect,forget,hope,intend,like,love,mean,prefer,refuse,seem,try,wand,wish等后边。如:

Iaskedhimtoseethefilm,buthedidn’twantto.

②在have,need,ought,begoing,,used等后。如:

Ididn’twanttogothere,butIhadto.

③在某些形容词glad,happy,pleased,delighted等后,如:

—Willyoujoininthegame?

—I’dbegladto.

④否定形式的省略用notto。如:

—ShallIgoinsteadofhim?

—Iprefernotto.

⑤如果不定式中含有be,have,havebeen,通常保留be,have和havebeen。如:

—Areyouasailor?

—No,butIusedtobe.

—Hehasn’tfinishedyet.

—Well,heoughttohave.

?

(三)复合句中的省略

1.定语从句中作宾语的关系代词that,which,whom常可以省略;当先行词是time,reason,place时作状语的关系副词when,why,where也可以省去。如:

Thisisthefirsttime(when)hehadtroublewiththeboss.

2.当wh-疑问词引导宾语从句且后边的内容与前边重复时,可以把重复的内容省去,而保留wh-疑问词。如:

Tomwassad,butIdon’tknowwhy(hewassad).

3.状语从句中的省略现象

一般来说,省略现象多出现于下列五种状语从句中:

由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引导的时间状语从句;由if,unless,whether等引导的条件状语从句;由though,although,evenif,whatever等引导的让步状语从句,由as,than引导的让步状语从句;由as,asif,asthough方式状语从句。

上述状语从句在省略时,并不是任何成分都可以省略,而是遵循一定的原则:

1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be,这时从句中可出现如下结构:

①连词(as,asif,once)+名词

Once(hewas)ateacher,henowworksinagovernmentoffice.

②连词(though,whether,when)+形容词

Workhardwhen(youare)young,oryou’llregret.

③连词(whether,asif,while)+介词短语

Helookedeverywhereasif(hewas)insearchofsomething.

④连词(when,while,though)+现在分词

While(Iwas)walkingalongthestreet,Iheardmynamecalled.

⑤连词(when,if,evenif,unless,once,until,than,as)+过去分词

Theexhibitionismoreinterestingthan(itwas)expected.

⑥连词(asif,asthough)+不定式

Heopenedhislipsasif(hewere)tospeak.

注意:当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时,间或也有这样的省略:

Herfathertoldhertobecarefulwhen(shewas)crossingthestreet.

2)当从句中的主语是it,谓语动词中又含有系统动词be时,可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if,unless,when,whenever)+形容词的结构。如:

Unless(itis)necessary,you’dbetternotrefertothedictionary.

另外,我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容,此时可有if+so/not省略句式。

Getupearlytomorrow.Ifnot(youdon’tgetupearly),youwillmissthefirstbus.

Hemaynotbeathomethen,ifso(heisnotathome),leavehimanote.

?

替代

(一)so和not作替代词,代替被省略的某个词、词组或句子,一般同表示个人看法或想法的动词连用,作beafraid,believe,become,all,do,expect,fear,hope,imagine,say,see,speak,suppose,think等的宾语。Not代替否定的句子,还可放在perhaps,probably,absolutely等副词后。如:

Shewasnotangryatfirst,butbecameso(=angry)afterawhile.

—Ishethebeststudentintheclass?

—Ithinkso(=Heisbeststudentintheclass.)

—Ithinknot(=Heisnotthebeststudentintheclass).

(二)替代的应用

1.So可以放在句首或句尾,但若谓语动词是see,notice,hear等,则只能放在句首。如:

Ibelieve(say,think…)so.=SoIbelieve(say,think…).

—Heisabsenttoday.

—SoIsee(hear,notice).

2.在表示肯定或怀疑意义的句中不可用so。如:

误:Idoubtso.

正:Idoubtit.

3.在ask和know之后也不用so。如:

误:Whydoyouaskso?

正:Whydoyouaskthat?

4.doso一般只用替代动态动词,不替代静态动词。如:

Shesaidshewouldgowithme,butshedidn’tdoso.

—Alicefeelsbettertoday.

—Ithinkshedoes.

—Soshedoes.

但不可说:Ithinkshedoesso.



基础训练

1.(2003春季全国高考题)Themanwefollowedsuddenlystoppedandlookedasif________whetherhewasgoingintherightdirection.

A.seeing B.having

C.tohaveseen D.tosee

2.(2002全国高考题)Meetingmyuncleafteralltheseyearswasanunforgettablemoment,________Iwillalwaystreasure.

A.that B.one C.it D.what

3.Ioftenthinkofmychildhood,during________Ilivedonmyuncle’sfarm.

A.which B.when C.where D.who

4.—MayIhelpyouwithsomeshoes,sir?

—Yes,I’dliketotryonthosewhite________.

A.one B.ones C.two D.pair

5.Herearefourchoices,whichdoyouthinkisthebest________?

A.choices B.that C.ones D./

6.—What’sthedifferencebetweenthefirsthouseandthesecond?

—Thefirstonehasagaragewhilethesecondhas________.

A.nothing B.none C.noone D.neither

7.—HaveyoueverbeentoShanghai?

梍_______.

A.Notyet B.Haven抰

C.Yetnot D.Stillnot

8.桪on抰forgettocometomybirthdayparty.

梍_______.

A.Idon抰 B.Iwon抰

C.Idon抰forget D.Iwon抰forget

9.桞esuretogetupearliertomorrowmorning.

梍_______.I抣lbeasearlyasabird.

A.OK.Iwill B.I抦afraid1can

C.Ofcoursenot D.No,Iwill

10.—What’sthematterwithyou?

—Ididn’tpassthetest,but1still________

A.hopeso B.hopeto

C.hopeit D.hopethat

11.—Isshereallyill?

—________.She’sinhospital.

A.Ihopeso B.I’msure

C.1don’tthinkso D.I’mafraidso

12.Iamhappyifyou________.

A.happy B.are C.will D.be

13.桰sayitisyourturntobeondutytoday.

梍_______?

A.Mine B.I C.Myself D.Me

14.Don抰comeinunless________.

A.inviting B.invitingto

C.invitedto D.beinginvitedto

15.桰usuallygotherebytrain.

梂hynot________byboatforachange?

A.totrygoing B.trytogo

C.totryandgo D.trygoing

16.Thedoctordidwhathecould________theboy,butinvain.

A.save B.tosave

C.saving D.saved

17.Hespentmostofhissparetime________novels.

A.toread B.reading

C.toreading D.forreading

18.Allthegirlwant________dois________stayathomeandstudyhard.

A./;to B.to;to

C.to;/ D.eitherBorC

19.—Whydidyoutakeataxi?

—I________.Iwaslate.

A.haveto B.havetodo

C.hadto D.hadtodo

20.—Whydidn’tyoudoyourhomeworkyesterday?

—But________,sir.

A.Ididso B.Ididn’tdoit

C.Ididn’tforget D.Ididdoit

21.Heisveryfamoushere,sowehadnotrouble________himyesterday.

A.tofind B.finding

C.found D.infounding

22.—Howoftendotheygivetheconcert?

—________.

A.Fortwiceamonth B.Intwiceamonth

C.Twiceamonth D.Twicemonth

23.Heisnot________hissister,but________.

A.tallerthan;stronger B.sotallas;strong

C.tallerthan;isstronger D.astallas;stronger

24.—Youlookhappytoday,Mary.

—IlikemynewdressandMother________,too.

A.likes B.does C.is D.do

25.—WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?

—________hernewbicycle.

A.Asshelost B.Lost

C.Losing D.Becauseoflosing

26.—Who’sgotallmymoney?

—He________.

A.does B.is C.was D.has

27.Thechildrenaremade________twelvehoursaday.

A.towork B.work C.working D.worked

28.Weoftenhearhim________Englishsongs.

A.tosing B.sing

C.singing D.tobesinging

29.I’mverybusypreparingfortheexam,soIcan’thelp________thehousework.

A.doing B.do C.did D.done

30.Whatdoctorscandois________people’slife.

A.save B.saving C.tosave D.AorC

31.Although________tostop,hekeptonworking.

A.tell B.told C.wastold D.havingtold

32.Askhimtotakeyouhome________possible.

A.at B.while C.if D.ifthey

33.TheEnglishbookforkidsisthebestofitskind________.

A.thathaseverbeenmade B.evermade

C.everbeenmade D.haseverbeenmade

34.—WillSusanwintheNobelPrizethistime?

—Itislikelythatshe________.

A.will B.does C.willdo D.winsit

35.IprefertheclimateofKunmingto________ofWuhan.

A.it B.one C.this D.that

36.—Mr.Blackhasjustarrived.

—Really?________.Hedidn’tacceptourinvitation.

A.Ican’timagineit B.1don’tthinkso

C.Ihopeso D.Idon’tbelievehim

37.Theyliveonabusymainroad.________mustbeverynoisy.

A.There B.It C.That D.They

38.Wedon’tgotothecinemaasmuchas________.

A.weusedtogo B.weusedtodo

C.usedto D.weusedto

39.Canadahasalargeareathan________China.

A.thatof B.theoneof

C.itof D./

40.________,I’llhavealettersenttoyourcompany.

A.Ifnecessary B.Ifitwerenecessary

C.AsI’mnecessary D.Unlessitisnecessary

41.—ShallIinviteMiketomyparty?

—Yes,itwillbeniceifyou________.

A.do B.doinvite

C.are D.invite

42.—Haveyoubeenherelong?

—________.

A.No,notvery B.Notmuch

C.Yes,onlylittle D.No,onlyyesterday

43.—Doyoufollowme?

—Yes,________.

A.itisgood B.Iwill

C.perfectly D.verygood

44.Lookoutforcars________thestreet.

A.whencrossed B.whencrossing

C.ifyoucrossed D.whileyouarecrossing

45.Sheworkedveryhard________stillratherpoorinhealth.

A.thoughshe B.althoughshe

C.though D.althoughwas

46.—Isthestampveryunusual?

—________.

A.Yes,verymuch B.Yes,itisso

C.Yes,very D.Yes,notvery

47.—Canyouclimbthattree,myboy?

—________?

A.I B.MineC.Myself D.Me

48.—Willyouwasteyourtimeandmoneyonthat?

—Certainly________.

A.Inot B.no

C.won’t D.not

49.—Whathappenedtotheboy?He’smakingsomuchnoise.

—Hewantedtoplayfootball,buthismotherwarnedhim________.

A.not B.to

C.notto D.不填

50.—ShallIwakeyouuptomorrowmorning?

—Yes,________.

A.pleasedo B.youshall

C.youwill D.youmay

51.Youhavethreechildren,butIhaveonlytwo________.

A.one B.ones

C./ D.child

52.—Marysaidthelecturewasboring.

—Yes,Isaid________.

A.that B.this

C.thekind D.thesame

53.—Alice,whydidn’tyoudoitthedaybefore?

—I________,butIhadanunexpectedvisitor.

A.had B.would

C.wasgoingto D.does

54.—Doyouneedanewtietogowithyournewsuit,Mr.Smith?

—No.________.

A.I’mhavingplentyofties

B.Ihavelotsoftiestodoit

C.IthinkIhaveseveralthatwilldo

D.Therearelotsoftiestodoit

55.—Areyouafilmstar?

—________.

A.Yes,Iwas B.Iusedtobe

C.Iusedto D.I’musedto

56.—I’llbeawayonabusinesstrip.Wouldyoumindlookingaftermycat?

—Notatall.________.

A.I’venotime B.I’drathernot

C.I’dlikeit D.I’dbehappyto

57.—I’mgoingtodigitup.

—What________?

A.with B.by C.at D.from

58.Frightenedbythenoiseinthenight,thegirldidnotdare________inherroom.

A.sleeping B.tosleeping

C.sleep D.slept

59.—Theyhavedoneagoodjob.

—________.Let’sgotocongratulatethem.

A.Sotheyhavedone B.Sotheyhave

C.Sohavethey D.Soisit

60.Hesmokesalot.Doeshisfather________?

A.smokeso B.smokethat

C.doso D.didthat

基础训练18省略与替代

1~5DBABD 6~10BABAB

11~15DBACD 16~20BBDCD

21~25BCABC 26~30DABBD

31~35BCBAD 36~40ABDDA

41~45AACBC 46~50CDDCA

51~55CDCCB 56~60DACBC

【解析】

1.根据上下文,空白处为hewantedtosee之省略。

2.one在这里代替moment,以避免重复。

5.此处既可不填直接用形容词最高级表示替代,也可在其后加一个one表替代。

6.此处用none表示第二套房没有车库之类的设施;而nothing表示什么也没有,显然语意不合。

7.现在完成时否定式的省略回答。

10.hopetopassthetest之省略。

11.根据下文的回答用I’mafraidso表示“恐怕如此”之意。

12.ifyouarehappy的省略。

13.Isitmyturn(=mine)tobeondutytoday?的省略。

18.当主语部分中含有do这个动词时,不定式作表语可省掉to,也可不省。

19.Ihadtotakeataxi的省略。

20.Ididdoit表示“我确实做了”。

25.所做的回答要能替换What在句中所起的作用。

27.makesb.dosth.在主动语态中do前没有to,但如果变成被动语态则必须加to。

29.这里的can’thelp是“不能帮忙(做某事)”的意思,所以跟带to或不带to的原形动词;如果can’thelp是“禁不住;情不自禁”之意,则后跟动词的-ing形式。

32.ifitispossible的省略。

58.dare用作实义动词时,在否定句中,其后的不定式符号to可以省略。



























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