?4 ?3ù?aDVol14,No13
2008M6JournalOfEducationalStudiesJun12008
là°ù:2008201225
T?eo: g?ó(1972)),o,qB,?|,?ê =SvD?aD"p Vù? 3,?1V Y?ae ?ù?b
á[":''ó¤?ê =SvD2008Ma?p V 3?!á(I|:20080021)''ùb
??D:1 ±?7?
g?ó
(华东师范大学教育学系,上海200062)
K1: ±?¥N′31?a¥·?,?? s LC?b?7.d?D[=?1??, ^B? ±??D¥
ù?1b?÷?j T1 ±?2T¥ ?DT1 ±?V?¥ ?¥uYb?D? ^B[1 ± I7?D
¥ m ,?D?¥?? ^μr4ùbμr4ù·ù5;5 ?=?? ü?4 Uá ì?D 33?¥?+?¥?
??T,¨ ?w????D 3ísù5 H¥ ± Ié?b] H,μr4ù?·? =?D 3¥ísé?k? 1
ù,1pD 3YVQ ±1-¥ Sís ?3 da£?|?1-¥ ? ± ?Xb
1oM:?D ? ?; ±?;??D;μr4ù
?ms ?|:G421óDS M ?:AócI|:167321298(2008)0320031205
á ì¥?DB°[=?1??,] H<?[ ±
I1??¥ 2{9B°? ''?9,?=??Da?
± I?D ???1?DdB8¥ ? ?b?Tá
ìê4 1 ± I7?,ü? $¤1- ?n ? q=
?¥ HW,8è=?S? I k7yM?×1,?
7,?1
± I7?D,ü HW¨=? ,á ìü
?]á ì?! ?¥''Sbá ì????!
±????8"?!? ±??DD=??D??d
B?
Ba?a¥ P:1 ±?7?
±? ^ü|??tuY 7 ?¥?, ^|¥?
e¥"?8C,×1?¤? ?? =Y1° $
¥?a,? ^ ±?8 1×1?1 I 1×1?á ì¥
?3?)′?b¥aQ b ?[,??ˉ ?
y:A3ób ±?¥N′b
(B) ±?D ±?¥N′
ì ±?¥N′--μA15kb I 1 ^ ±
?b/ ±? 7 S?? í V¥?- ^ g¥ ?,
?????¥ ??, kmùs? ?@?? ,
j? ¥ Y L,[Lùst£ ,V7???t Y
L4N-W¥1"b0[1]3Q 8 ±?ü?Qy ?£
¥$ , Yt¥ V?? ^?? ?'' &¥?#,
7 ^YV?T1£ üa£ aG ¥ e Yt ?8
Cb0/B?μ ±?¥|,??| %?éù¥ I nb ?
?Sμ"d¥!b ?? Pá ì¥?? μ '' ±
? n?1 $¥Z T,[Lr?? ?¥"¥,? a·
èá ì???[r?C A ?? ^ù¥"
¥b0[1]13| ? 3?D¥é | %? ±?¥é
b ? X; ?# ±?¥T¨,/??|V Y?? Y
t,?? ? AET1??¥ ??,? ? e¨''
?2?, ? ? μ¥ ?3 ????? e, ?μ¥
?? ?,? ??à,? s?? AE¥·?,| ì??
¥4Qai`? ^? e? e ì¥í±¥ ? ,| ì
?R¥ ¨V?? ? b0[1]17% à8 ?
±?¥N
′:/w ?$| ì j1 3?¥?v Yt, ??| ?
° ? H ? Y?31?? e àμ°¤43?¥ Y L,
??é2atZ?aD 3?¥ Y,o ^?£ ai
? ??????,?q Y ^1¨?V Y7¥?
T?¥b0[1]16| ìXü?R?a,]y í ^%M
¥$,?Tá ì¥h7 àμtiOg??t
]¥y í, 1??%M¥? 3|?? ^ ?"¥aB
e}?¥b/ ±?'' ^B?1 $1 ?3]y í¥
V?b0[1]56 ±? ^ P%M?1 V?¥y í, ^ e?
%M¥y íb
(=)?! ±?? ?:?a¥ P
±?¥N′??1?1?1C L,/ ±?31%
?7??¥?a¥·?,?? s LC
?b0[1]17T
±?? ?¥ vN′ü?:/e5ü
V ±? s_7¤¥il,μ V?xíK?¥
32?aD2008M
?¨? 3?¥??`? Yqb0[1]16???aE
9 ^üD 3 ±?? ?¥?!T1Dn?a¥B[ E
s×1¥?b/?a??ˉ?D 38<a ?3¥
ü, ??? PD 3á ???! ±?¥???,T1
r? L=¥?e'' ??¥?1¥B? m b0[2]í
?,S?μB??4?,a13R/aa ?0?F?
w ?? ?,? 14Rb??/í?$0¥4??f
?? ±??w ??4ú?a¥S ^K???1
o¥bíM ? 9??? ??S¥/8`}D0ü ^B
ê ê¨ ?D 3é? ±?? ??!¥ [?b?!
±?? ? ^?a 5×¥B"??,ê ?7 ?,XíE
íEb
=a?DC , j: ±??D¥ù?
?? =a1D 3o1:t [''=?,??
?|¤úsü a ü eXüg? ? M,:t ??
ü??àQ=?,ü?3?]? ?3b e ì??3
?-? ?μ=?¥?M W?,%31a1?!D
3¥ ±?? ? ,=?÷F×1byN,D5??
=!]?ZD 3¥ ±?? ?,? e ì¥?Dˉ[:
k(=?)1??,:k T¥K??D?-¥ [
Ll?] a ], 1? V?b? =1?¥ ^=?
?r q,D 3pa,i?? ìD 3 ^????
ps?¥,o ^e?wD 3¥XE V? ^ I 1,
?aá ? e??s?[?? HW,??? e ì 3
??? ?¥s?9?1?,?D"S? ^ ± I?
àQ¤¥2 ?,7 ^4? =a1??¥s?b
′x àμ1??D 38"Xa8"yàQ1-¨b
?7,ù5 ^D 3?T??,9?S??w ?,ü
i?" e ì?'' àS??Db??Dp¥1
? L ^<?=?1?Z?¨?|a?? ?÷
×1,??aD ^B?V?b=?¥1? P?
qE ? ???¤?]eb?7,? qEùé ±?¥
$??,$??? ±? ^ ?¥,$????V U?
?? ?3,9V Uz?¥hD, PD?1B
mμ P7 ì?í?b??ˉ ? a/? =??^
ê4?<?? e ??¥2TMBá¥tin,
??ZE3? D 3¥ ??¥3??bo?V o
=¥·?/,^<? ′¥?B",μ^F 2¥ a
? ?7Xb0[1]226?"¥?D? D 3 ±?¥q
?,D 3üè^·TD B" F ± Ib/}:9?
μBt??,? ''d ^???D¥T¨,7?? ^
"V ???DS¥?i?7Xb0[3] ±??D¥
ù??1.d?D¥y%b
?a.d?D¥p? !:j ±?V?
¥ ?D ±?2T¥ ?
Ll 5×,× j=?a[# a?=?. q¥?
qE¥? ?? 1? V?,?á ì?¤? ± I??
??b4Q ^?1¥5?,BM4Q? ^?? !
¥ ?ì? ?wb?á ì?-% ,?1-¥?D
L !??D?1 H,?DD¥ AEü?e y7,
yNá ìμA1ù.d?D¥? !,? ??
é? , j,oμ? ò÷,í? ±?¥?,???
!ù5?1¥?÷,? V???1¥?Mb
.d?D× j? M, Lü ^× jT1 ±?2
T¥ ?b7T1 ±?2T¥ ?DT1 ±?V?
¥ ? ^μuY¥bN,ˉ;SVúB ? ?b
T1 ±?2T¥ ?¥? T? ^¨?¤?Q??
M,7 ^¨ ? a üXüw ?¥2 ?,?T1K
μr¥Z T a?Y|?M?2 ?¥???b?? ?
?¤2 ?¥ ±?V?¥ ?μ''é¥uYb
±?V??,| ìé???43,????? ? "¥
ù5¥s? ^ I 1, V??V Y?¥?, ì
?μt ?",2 ?? ^B/0ü?¤?,31QV
h ? A A<V¥??,i_°B/[-¥ ±?=?
2 ?¥¤ μ ?Y, ^8"? 3?Y¥,?
"-4?2 ?ü? ? 4N¥1",?ü ^ ±?V
?¥ ?? Tb¨[Vr ±?2T¥ ?? Ti?
???á ìP4? ì¥f ?/ù?¤2 ?¥
Z Tb? ?¥ ì? μ? ?=?μ?''¥u
YbT1V?¥ ?i?" ? a ?S ^μ??1a
μ ?:?, eD?° ?ü e ?Y L¥£ Tb#,
e?"? e ??|¥ m ??z1???| ?
¤¥2Tb|¤2 ?-a, e¨£ ?_2 ?,
A2 ? ^?_¤t?bü ??¨ ±?V?
?,ü?%?7?^ q, , H ]a '' ± ? n,%?¥
1??????£ ?L !b
.d?D× jT12T¥ ?,eyü?a
1, ?¥"d¥V ?id?| ±?¥2T, ? ^?
Y|Si[??¥? T4 ?,Dp¤???
T¥V?í1boμ?D 3¥D]??=?M?
H, e ì¥????M??? ?¥bü ?¥?
??]?E?+?e5S¥1???¥??a
F?a?sbyN,?ayT?¥ ?¥y í ^??
¥? M,? ^D 3¥ ?? ±?8,a1D 3¥?
?¥T¨í1?1,¨?¥? M¥ ?}9 D
3=¥ ±?¥ ?,¨Y|¥ ±?2T¥ ?}
?3ù??D:1 ±?7?33
9 D??|¥ ±?V?¥ ?b/?T? ?V
??C=?¥ ??, 1 ??L ^V??<F
¥,5T B? ^?h¥ê,? ±? ? 7
a?¥o?,é?<?o?, ±?ü?1 7| Pn
?¥V?,y1 ^??V??¤¥,y7?? ^?
?¥T , e¥"¥?2T?? ±?¥8,7
????T¥Bá?b e ì- j Q 8¥??? ?
?¥`_ ^18`?? ?%μ¥b/8`μB
?é?w ?¥? 3 íé,iOμ L?_¥=
??b0[3]69??¥=? L= ^E|¤¥ò?2 ?
F[i ê4 ??¥,üE¥??T1D?¥
?,?]/üúb ?-B",ü2TbV?-
?0, ^ù¥??? ?¥b.d?D???BG L
Be¥:k??|1¥?|¥ ? T??¥?
??,D 3? MoμB? ?3,D 31-¥ 3?
¥ ? ±???vJ??(¥ àμ?r¥ ?,
P¤D 3 0? ?¥¨,é7 0DbB?|
1X¤ ±?? ?oμ? 1-¥Cμ £ü,é?
27? ᥠ±?byN,.d?D× j=?¥p
-)ü?j ?¨?2T¥ ?? T??¨
?V?¥ ?¥ZEbT1V?¥ ?DT12
T¥ ?,á ìA?Susb
.d?D ^?. qY|¥43aw ?2T ó"
B¥,Vs<? ?? M¥ ?X,?÷??
a?1l DY|? M¥×1?, ??¥D
?? ? ?? Ma:t? M,? ^?T? ?3?
M,? Mü? B?üh?¥μ?b1o ^8"
ü??? T¥DM1 ??¥??boμü?D
ATB?V?,"d¥ e?? ±??·? ±?¥
??Hq,??. q¥? M?,¤ ??¥m)b
1aμr?:??D 3 ±?
/ ±?÷?P, ^B??4ùa?3sa
?ùa? ü μ¥V?bYè ^?8=?é
?, ^=?¥,1ù1s¥b0?7,??¥4ù,?
?1 ±?? 3¥?byN[4ù1??¥?D
?°m? 2vé,B ^ú?? b?D ^
?¥ êì ??D?¥}DZE,B° @.?°b ê
ì ???? ?GPD?JDú:e1}V¥
GPE ì ?é?¥? M.?ZE,?f?D¥? V
??b êì ???f,r?? ?¥V??, ^D
?1 &YV/D''ík0r? ? ?b êì ??
a,?V ^1 ??/D''ík074ù?úùà
b êì ??¥ùsEaá? ?, ^1ù?"¥ ±X
|ê:D ^?? ?¥? =?D?-W¥
Y???¥b êì ??7 S¥/?D0¥.d,
1ùC}¥D ? ?)))üD??1?Y¥
?V?)))¤[.?b}V ±Xü ^ˉ??
TG¥D ? ?bˉ4/T1Y¥D0?
B5bˉ¥D?? ^?8Dìa¥?oT
¨,7O ^] Z8?a] e|?a]1 &?¥
Y¥×???oT¨b''D ^?Y¥b?
T ?9üD?1YV? Z 7 e¥ ? ?b
e¥}VT5 ±?D?y6,/DT1Y0¥?5
S5?Xü? üA bù ???,???y(Y
¥?y)?=?¥?y( ±?¥?y)aKí?Zu ^
? ?¥?5-Bb?t ?5? ^/YD0 ? ?¥
8?b ea1D n5 ^¨?y¥B? ?
?,???Z n5VC1|=1"Y?¥ ?V
?bKí?Zui?"8`¥?Z V??b8`¥
?Z V??| %??8`D? =¥1"a] e8
`¥1", s ?fa¥??, ^1ù [=¥|=
1" ?¥?¥bD ^1ùy ¥ ?o?
?, ^1ù] e|¥Y¥ ?o??bD¥?
÷ ^_,?V üD ^?|=Y¥_1
$??¥b[|=?a1$D''L ^V?8
??B21?8,? ^?8D?8·-???
¥b°''D?Q,D|?úùD 3D¥? =?
1/?? e?0b/Kí?Zu ú, e??è V
?\éD?¥D? 3K¥aB?? mOT
¨¥ e?T¨b e? ?à? ?í-?¥8
`¥9?,o??\é8`¥1á=?b?<
8`?Z¥- ?,? ?¥} ?8`¥-=??
y.,|?è\é8`¥1 ?? ±?awé8`¥Q
8?a?? ±?¥T¨b0[4]Lí8`¥ ±?4
ù5,o?8`¥ ±?,??8`¥=??y¥
??,"8`1-¥? ?} ?¥T¨b? =Y
V [ ú?èT1 3iD ?D ? N¥B?|¥
/ e??0,ü?D??Wé??? Llb
/YV??ò1? ?1-¥ ??é?? ?,?
^21 W@?a31¥ m 0[5],??aE ?#?
? ?(PauloFreire)?/ àμ?,ü àμ ? @, àμ
? @,9ü àμ ??¥?a0[6],?Xü?1a
C} [?¥?5Mb1
LC? =¥\éD 3 ±?
?Z¥ e??T¨,?D?ù??1?D ?¥ù?
×?b/?D?ü ^YV? =¥4ùa ?D??,
D 31? ± Ia1?Vr7¤? M/?a?Z? ?
¥?DZE0[7], ^? =??ùD 3?ù5¥
34?aD2008M
3 d, PD 3)? ±?¥?$ ?iá ?1 ?ù35
¥| {b?D?¥×? ^? =?μr1 ?¨4ù
???D 3¥ ± IV? ± I8b× j¥? ^?
M7 ^V?, ^[V?1??¥?Db
(B)? T?:E?D 3 ±??Z
?T1 L=¨?·¥ ^??1,?üil
¥?<?¥ ^?¥ú D?éb?Bü? ?
31 L=il ¥?,^?áü?D?F ?áaa
μùμs¥? T AT?b.d?D4ù÷ ^?
T?,? =4ù5,D 33s,èè[|¤s?1
?@,7? ^?P4bμ?°V ü,? =¥ù5
80% ^o3 μ:?¥? Mü?ís¥ù5,[8]v
ùs ?? ^dù,1+1 ^? ^??2?á ì1?1[
mò í????aQ¥ ^dù, ^?, NYí?
??s?,Os?aaücù5? ,D 3 V[
V? ?s?, .à V[? g7, ?i?"gs
?,?3é??f ± I,? ? àμ ± IN′¥ù5 ^
?n HWb I n?ü ( ? [64%¥ HW¨??
ùsμ1¥?D?,80% ^ μ:?¥ê,f ?
M??×bD 3¥ ± I?$× j,? ="d¥μ ?μ
¥?D 34?¥? ?9M? n,nμV¥?
D?? P?DJ? ?ù¥1?,??? ??
D 3¥ ±??¥T¨,MQ?E?D 3 ±??
Z,1 ?9z??'' ú?b
(=)μr4ù:?ZD 3 ±?¥y
? =`_?üV? AT ^Y_"S¥o?, L
= D 3 ± I¥V?# [) ??¥VC,ü
^×v¥"Sb1 ?D 3 7?7?,á ì¥?i
?A?VD 3A?D I 1(=?)?D 38"D
(V?),8" ± I ,μr4ùü×?b ± I¥V
? , ^B[1o?¥1 ± I7?D¥ m b
1.??B??M:4 U ±??T
?? =a1ù5¥ 7h?í1?1,1ù5
¥ 7h?n7??′¤,yN,`_????¥
¨:/???0a/?????0B ?¥M 7 S4ùb è
?:F??2+2=?? ?> Tù5o ^_D 3V
r D 3 ^???s?¥èP,???uD 3
ísù5¥1??,E?D 3 ± Iaísù5,??
?á?D?J?z ,9E?? = 3D 3 3?
s?¥V?b
μr4ù·ù5;5 ?=?? ü???r? [
?"¥?"S ?3¥ ±??T??,''ù5??
?B??TM?,_D 34 Uá ì?D 33?¥
?+?¥? ??T,ù5?¥?M e?" ± I¥
??,?F?i? ?μ I 1+????usd/?
/2?F?? ey
??4 Ua??T¥nJ,
P?D? μ · ^S M, V[¨ ?w????
D 3ísù5 H¥ ± Ié?b?Tù5 àμa?S
M, è?:F??2+2??+ ????4ùo?¨
=?4 U, Pó ^?TM?¥? >,?4úùD 3
¨?S e e ì¥ ±?bFX I 1 ^2+2¥s
? ??X???TM?·?D 3ís??ù5
H ?A3¥ ±??T ^ík,1D 34 ?? ±
I¥?b ?[4ù H??1?i=?ù5,7O
1$#D?1 Fy=?A??¨¥ ± IZ Tb
? =31ú?Gêca??T¥?1?M,?4
3aíka1va??1",[u 7D 3¥ ± I-3b
- ja?V?4ù?¥×1?ü?üa?DM
? μ:?b
2.ù:?D 3D??
/? ^ ±?¥F??í, ±?¥??V? ^?
B" ?F?¥, ? ì4NM1,oM|?,V7
?_B?Ka¥?)))2 ?!0[1]98 z¥ ±?
8,????¥aú?¥? ?b?? ?¥
?! ?1?T bK×1¥?? ??D 3iT a
ü e¥in¥? ??b[1]225?TD 3 ?4¥
w?¥? ?? àμμ3¥ ?, 1? [?w ?
? ?¥T ,??? I 1T¨byNT D 3
±?¥V??,A?jA ??¥×1?b
¨4ù. q? Ma?ND 3¥VCa?D 3"
??i ?,? ^? qE8¨¥4ù¥??,o1D 3
s? ù5¥??s?,? =ü-: 1?D 3
¥ ± IV?4éP,° ü=? ^?D 3μilb
7O? =èè ^Ps?,7? ^1??4s
?¥D 3, P?DDDs ?b?D?¥4ùD
N¥??],4ù ^1 r??¥ ?37? ^?
ND 3Xü ?3
I 1b1 ???a??D 3¥
± I,á ìA?-%`PD 3¥ís, ?¨ e ì¥í
s ?·? e ì¥4?? e ì1 & ± I¥ ?3b?
=?31á ?D 3''tís ^??¥,''t ^p
¥,o1D 34M?1?¥ís,? =ü ?''¨D
3¥ísT1éB?4ù¥$,?D 3¥ís
é? ??ù,k? ,1pD 3t?£ ü1-
4?¥£ ,1 e ì¥?? ? ??b£ ü? ^3
db3 d ^ùp[1á1??¥s?, ^?4?,
£ ü31D 3ùs Z4£ by1? =31??¥
^D 3¥w ?,7? ^ e¥s?¥ \??b/F
X¨??Vr I 1i ±?F8 1???¥?F?
?3ù??D:1 ±?7?35
I 1 è0£ ü?F1 I 1 1 a? I 1£ V
[|?F¥XE?F? I 1??? I 1 PFa1
^B? è0?0ù¥ù51pD 3YVQ ±1
-¥ Sís ?3 da£?|?1-¥ ? ± ?X,
y74ùü?1D 3D¥y b?D 3ís¥
ù?D 3μ?×? I na×?í$Q ±a÷?
e ì¥ Sís,??4?a[#61 & ± Iü
?aé7?úùD 3 ?31-$??V ?4?
a¥ ±X,;???D 3 ?3=?,??úùD 3a
??3?¥a??T, PD 3μ? ?s? LC
e ì¥ía?,11á?C- j 7B ? ^b
D 3?? ^á ì¥?D`,? ^B?_á ì
Q ??D?¥? M?8b? = V[YVD 3¥í
s1á ì4é?D 3v7¥L ì,??Cá PD
3Sís¥=? ^ I 1,D 3 ± I
I 1a[# e
ì ^?? ± I¥b? =B???D 3 ^8"w ?
¥,üμ??a e ì¥pXE,úù e ìb"p
4?b ?D 3 ?3 ?¥] H,ü?μ??
? e ìyúé ¥ís,÷z1 ?31-¥XEb
z¥?D ^B??!?¥1o ^4ù,?
D 3¥ Sís¥ ??4ù;?\éD 3 ± I,
i<?D ^B?V?b] H9 ^?CD 3 ±?
T¥B?μry b ^w?D 3D? ± IaD?D
¥?DZ Tbo9 {=?¥?D?a?D 3¥?
ZbúùD 3?? ±?5 ^PíD 3?Z¥ ? b
μr4ùd" =?D ±?-W¥ ?, ^?ZD
3 ±?¥ m b? a?DV? ^??,μr4ùü
^?D¥ 3Lboμü4ù?T ^B??DZ T
?ù?,?T?D¥?????,?ZD 3¥ ±?
á ì??÷μ?rb? =?D?üμr4ùT1
úùD 3?Z ±?¥B?ZE,m ??D??1
?ZD 3 ±?¥/ e?0b
? IóD:
[1]?i#ˉ.á ì8" ±?[M].{ó?,r.?:| ?
?a? ,1991:3.
[2]?ê =SvD?a",süvD?a".C}Z''á
¨)?a ±X @? ?÷ê[M].?:| ??a? ,
1980:201.
[3] ? 5+á.C}?D ?ù5[M].f?6,r.?:?a
SD? ,1982:50.
[4]Q,D.D¥ y á)))<_?[M].ò?,r1
?:?a SD? ,2004:48.
[5]?a)))??c?[M]. ó?S? SóF?9??
ó S,r1?:?a SD? ,1996:84.
[6] ?#? ? ?.$a??¥?aD[M].$y?,r1
Z:?ê =SvD? ,2001:41.
[7]f?. [?D?D ?[M]. Z: Z?a? ,2000:
221.
[8] Fx.?Dh ?D[M].éì:μ2?a? ,1999:
321.
DialogueTeaching:TeachingforThinking
LVXing2yu
(DepartmentofPedagogy,EastChinaNormalUniversity,Shanghai200062,China)
Abstract:Thevalueofthinkingcannotautomaticallybecomereality;itneedseducationpsinstruction
tofullyrealizeitsfunction.However,thetraditionalteachingtakesthecontentasthecenter,leaving
thinkingaside.Itsrootliesintheconfusingofthedifferenceofthelogicofprocessandresultofthinking.
Thedialogueisawayofteachingforthinking,thecoreofwhichistheeffectiveinquiry.Theeffectivein2
quiryisthatthequestiondoesnotonlyincludethecontent,butalsoincludesomekindofspecificpsycho2
logicaloperationwhichissupposedtoguideandfacilitatethethinkingprocessofthestudentwhentheyan2
swerthequestions.Meanwhile,theeffectiveinquirymeansthatteacherasksquestionbasingonstudentps
reply.Studentisrequiredtoreconsiderhisformeranswertoexplain,confirmandsupporthisownthink2
ing.
Keywords:teachingtheory;thinking;dialogueteaching;effectiveinquiry
(3?IR??)
|
|