(Ⅰ)
绝密启用前
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)全真冲刺试卷Ⅰ
SimulatedNationalEntranceTestofEnglishforMA/MSCandidates
(2011)
考生注意事项
1.考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。
2.答题前,考生应按准考证上的有关内容填写答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单
位”、“考生编号”等信息。
3.答案必须按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。
(1)英语知识运用、阅读理解A节、B节的答案填涂在答题卡1上。填涂部分
应该按照答题卡上的要求用2B铅笔完成。如要改动,必须用橡皮擦干净。
(2)阅读理解部分C节的答案和作文必须用(蓝)黑色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字
笔在答题卡2上作答。字迹要清楚。
4.考试结束,将答题卡1、答题卡2及试题一并装入试题袋中交回。
考试时间
满分
180分钟
100分
得分
(Ⅰ)
SectionⅠUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,
CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglish,forthey
areusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.1,theBritishIslescontainavariety
ofpeoples,andonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers2to
themselvesasWelsh,Scottish,orIrish,3thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightly
annoyed4beingclassifiedas“English”.
EveninEnglandtherearemany5inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief6
isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa7goingfromBristolto
London,peoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents,8thereare
localvariations.
Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually“9”thanthatofsouthernBritain.
Northernersare10toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSoutherners,andaremore11.
Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem
12.Northernersgenerallyhavehearty13:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshire,
forinstance,maylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous14atmealtimes.
InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands15agradualchangefromthe
southerntothenortherntypeofEnglishman.
InScotlandthesound16bytheletter“R”isgenerallyastrongsound,and“R”is
oftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe17insouthernEnglish.TheScotsare
saidtobeaserious,cautious,thriftypeople,18inventiveandsomewhatmystical.All
theCelticpeoplesofBritain(theWelsh,theIrish,theScots)arefrequently19asbeing
more“fiery”thantheEnglish.Theyare20aracethatisquitedistinctfromthe
English.(289words)
Notes:fiery暴躁的,易怒的。
1.[A]Inconsequence[B]Inbrief[C]Ingeneral[D]Infact
2.[A]confine[B]attach[C]refer[D]add
3.[A]as[B]which[C]for[D]so
4.[A]with[B]by[C]at[D]for
5.[A]similarities[B]differences[C]certainties[D]features
6.[A]factor[B]virtue[C]privilege[D]division
7.[A]line[B]row[C]border[D]scale
8.[A]who[B]when[C]though[D]for
2
(Ⅰ)
9.[A]wider[B]broader[C]rarer[D]scarcer
10.[A]used[B]apt[C]possible[D]probable
11.[A]perfect[B]notorious[C]superior[D]thorough
12.[A]swiftly[B]promptly[C]immediately[D]quickly
13.[A]appetites[B]tastes[C]interests[D]senses
14.[A]helpings[B]offerings[C]fillings[D]findings
15.[A]designate[B]demonstrate[C]represent[D]reckon
16.[A]delivered[B]denoted[C]depicted[D]defined
17.[A]quiet[B]obscure[C]faint[D]silent
18.[A]rather[B]still[C]somehow[D]even
19.[A]rendered[B]thought[C]impressed[D]described
20.[A]with[B]of[C]among[D]against
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Cor
D.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Wehaveknownforalongtimethattheorganizationofanyparticularsocietyis
influencedbythedefinitionofthesexesandthedistinctiondrawnbetweenthem.Butwe
haverealizedonlyrecentlythattheidentityofeachsexisnotsoeasytopindown,andthat
definitionsevolveinaccordancewithdifferenttypesofcultureknowntous,thatis,
scientificdiscoveriesandideologicalrevolutions.Ournatureisnotconsideredasimmutable,
eithersociallyorbiologically.Asweapproachthebeginningofthe21stcentury,the
substantialprogressmadeinbiologyandgeneticsisradicallychallengingtheroles,
responsibilitiesandspecificcharacteristicsattributedtoeachsex,andyet,scarcelytwenty
yearsago,thesewerethoughttobe“beyonddispute”.
Wecansafelysay,withafewminorexceptions,thatthedefinitionofthesexesand
theirrespectivefunctionsremainedunchangedintheWestfromthebeginningofthe19th
centurytothe1960s.Theroledistinction,raisedinsomecasestothestatusof
uncompromisingdualismonastronglyhierarchicalmodel,lastedthroughoutthisperiod,
appealingforitsjustificationtonature,religionandcustomsallegedtohaveexistedsincethe
dawnoftime.Thewomanborechildrenandtookcareofthehome.Themansetoutto
conquertheworldandwasresponsibleforthesurvivalofhisfamily,bysatisfyingtheir
needsinpeacetimeandgoingtowarwhennecessary.
3
(Ⅰ)
Theentireworldorderrestedonthedivergenceofthesexes.Anyoverlappingor
confusionbetweentheroleswasseenasathreattothetime-honoredorderofthings.Itwas
felttobeagainstnature,adeviationfromthenorm.
Sexrolesweredeterminedaccordingtothe“place”appropriatetoeach.Women’splace
was,firstandforemost,inthehome.Theoutsideworld,i.e.workshops,factoriesand
businessfirms,belongedtomen.Thissex-baseddivisionoftheworld(privateandpublic)
gaverisetoastrictdichotomybetweentheattitudes,whichconferredoneachitsspecial
identity.Thewoman,sequesteredathome,“cared,nurturedandconserved”.Todothis,
shehadnoneedtobedaring,ambitious,toughorcompetitive.Theman,ontheotherhand,
competingwithhisfellowmen,wascaughtupeverydayinthestruggleforsurvival,and
hencedevelopedthosecharacteristicswhichwerethoughtnaturalinaman.
Today,manywomengoouttowork,andtheirreasonsfordoingsohavechanged
considerably.Besidesthetraditionalfinancialincentives,wefindambitionandpersonal
fulfillmentmotivatingthoseinthemostfavorablecircumstances,andthewishtohavea
sociallifeandtogetoutoftheirdomesticisolationinfluencingothers.Aboveall,forall
women,workisinvariablyconnectedwiththedesireforindependence.(454words)
Notes:pindown把…讲明确;确定。immutable不可改变的。dualism双重论。divergence分歧,偏离。
overlapping部分巧合、一致。time-honored由来已久的。dichotomy一分为二,对立。sequester使隔离。be
caughtupin被缠住于,如:Heiscaughtupinthetrivia(琐事)ofeverydaythings.unduly过度地,不恰当地。
21.Itisonlyinrecentyearsthatwehaverecognizedthat
[A]thereisalmostnocluetotheidentityofbothsexes.
[B]theroledistinctionbetweendifferentsexesisconspicuous.
[C]thedifferentdefinitionsofsexesbearsonthedevelopmentofculture.
[D]theprogressofcivilizationgreatlyinfluencestheroledefinitionsofsexes.
22.Fromparagraph1wecaninferthatitisnowpossibleforwomentoembarkona
careerbecause
[A]thechangeinsexrolesisoutofthequestion.
[B]women’slibhasbeengoingonformanyyears.
[C]ideasabouttherolesofwomenhavebeenchanging.
[D]theexpansionofsciencesscarcelyremoldsthewomen’sroles.
23.TheauthorbelievesthatsexdiscriminationintheWestbeforethe1960swas
[A]preferable.
[B]prevalent.
[C]presumable.
[D]precedent.
4
(Ⅰ)
24.Accordingtothefourthparagraph,theauthorseemstothinkthat
[A]femalepassivityisnatural.
[B]menandwomenarephysicallyidentical.
[C]menareborncompetitiveandaggressive.
[D]somedifferentsexidentityisacquired.
25.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantreasonforwomen
togotowork?
[A]Wishtoclaimtheirrightsandfreedom.
[B]Ambitionandself-fulfillment.
[C]Financialincentives.
[D]Desireforasociallife.
Text2
ThedomesticeconomyintheUnitedStatesexpandedinaremarkablyvigorousand
steadyfashion.Therevivalinconsumerconfidencewasreflectedinthehigherproportionof
incomesspentforgoodsandservicesandthemarkedincreaseinconsumerwillingnesstotake
oninstallmentdebt.Aparallelstrengtheninginbusinesspsychologywasmanifestedina
stepped-uprateofplantandequipmentspendingandagradualpickupinexpensesfor
inventory.Confidenceintheeconomywasalsoreflectedinthestrengthofthestockmarket
andinthestabilityofthebondmarket.Fortheyearasawhole,consumerandbusiness
sentimentbenefitedfromtheeaseinEast-Westtensions.
Thebasesofthebusinessexpansionweretobefoundmainlyinthestimulativemonetary
andfiscalpoliciesthathadbeenpursued.Moreover,therestorationofsounderliquidity
positionsandtightermanagementcontrolofproductionefficiencyhadalsohelpedlaythe
groundworkforastrongexpansion.Inaddition,theeconomicpolicymovesmadebythe
Presidenthadservedtorenewoptimismonthebusinessoutlookwhileboostinghopesthat
inflationwouldbebroughtundermoreeffectivecontrol.Finally,ofcourse,theeconomy
wasabletogrowasvigorouslyasitdidbecausesufficientleewayexistedintermsofidlemen
andmachines.
TheUnitedStatesbalanceofpaymentsdeficitdeclinedsharply.Nevertheless,byany
othertest,thedeficitremainedverylarge,andtherewasactuallyasubstantialdeterioration
inourtradeaccounttoasizabledeficit,almosttwo-thirdsofwhichwaswithJapan.While
theoveralltradeperformanceproveddisappointing,therearestillgoodreasonsforexpecting
thedelayedimpactofdevaluationtoproduceintimeasignificantstrengtheninginourtrade
picture.GiventhesizeoftheJapanesecomponentofourtradedeficit,however,theoutcome
willdependimportantlyontheextentofthecorrectivemeasuresundertakenbyJapan.Also
importantwillbeourowneffortsintheUnitedStatestofashioninternalpoliciesconsistent
withanimprovementinourexternalbalance.
5
(Ⅰ)
Theunderlyingtaskofpublicpolicyfortheyearahead—andindeedforthelongerrun—
remainedafamiliarone:tostriketherightbalancebetweenencouraginghealthyeconomic
growthandavoidinginflationarypressures.Withtheeconomyshowingsustainedand
vigorousgrowth,andwiththecurrencycrisishighlightingtheneedtoimproveour
competitivepostureinternationally,theemphasisseemedtobeshiftingtotheproblemof
inflation.ThePhaseThreeprogramofwageandpricerestraintcancontributetoreducing
inflation.Unlessproductivitygrowthisunexpectedlylarge,however,theexpansionofreal
outputmusteventuallybegintoslowdowntotheeconomy’slargerrungrowthpotentialif
generalizeddemandpressuresonpricesaretobeavoided.(449words)
Notes:inventory存货。East-Westtensions东西方紧张局势。fiscal(与国库的钱有关的)财务的(常指税收)。
liquidity周转率,清偿力。leeway余地。given鉴于,由于。thePhaseThreeprogram第三阶段计划。
26.Theauthormentionsincreasedinstallmentdebtinthefirstparagraphinordertoshow
[A]thecontinuingexpansionoftheeconomy.
[B]thegrowthofconsumerpurchasingpower.
[C]theconsumers’confidenceintheeconomy.
[D]thesoaringconsumerincomesforspending.
27.Paragraph2mainlydealswith
[A]therevivalofstrongerliquiditypositions.
[B]thestimulativemonetaryandfiscalpolicies.
[C]thecausesofbusinessdevelopmentfortheperiod.
[D]economicpolicymeasuressuggestedbythePresident.
28.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthattheauthor’sattitudetowardthe
reductionoftheinternationalpaymentsdeficitseems
[A]bitter-sweet.
[B]optimistic.
[C]sympathetic
[D]depressing.
29.Partofthepublicpolicytask,asoutlinedinthetext,isto
[A]preventpaymentsdeficit.
[B]avoidinflationarypressures.
[C]devaluethedollar.
[D]increasethebalanceoftrade.
30.ItcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraphthatthePhaseThreeprogramcontained
[A]reducedgovernmentspending.
6
(Ⅰ)
[B]devaluationofthedollar.
[C]productivitymeasures.
[D]wageandpricecontrols.
Text3
Shoppinghasalwaysbeensomethingofanimpulseactivity,inwhichobjectsthatcatch
ourfancywhilestrollingareimmediatelyboughtonawhim.Advertisersandsellershave
takenadvantageofthisfact,carefullypositioninginexpensivebutattractiveitemsonpaths
thatwearemostlikelytocross,hopingthatourhumannaturewillleadtoagreaterprofit
forthem.WiththedawnoftheInternetanditsexplodinguseacrosstheworld,thesame
tacticsapply.
Advertisersnowplace“banners”,linkstocommercialwebsitesdecoratedwith
attractivepicturesdesignedtocatchoureyeswhilebrowsingthewebs,onkeywebsiteswith
heavytraffic.Theypaytopdollarfortheright,thuscreatingprofitsforthehostingwebsite
aswell.Theseactionsareperformedinthehopesthatduringthecourseofourcasualand
leisurelywebsurfing,we’llclickonthatbannerthatsparksourinterestandthus,intheory,
buytheproductsadvertised.
Initialresultshavebeenpositive.Websitesreportahugeinflowofcash,bothfromthe
advertiserswhotemptcustomersinwiththebannersandthehostingwebsites,whichare
paidforallowingthebannerstobeputinplace.AstrustandconfidenceinInternetbuying
increasesandinformationsecurityisheightenedwithnewtechnology,thevolumeofbuying
isincreasing,leadingtoevengreaterprofits.
Thecurrentsituation,however,isnotquiteasoptimistic.Justasmagazinereaderstend
tounconsciouslyignoreadvertisementsintheirfavoriteperiodicals,webbrowsersare
beginningtoallowbannerstosliptheirnoticeaswell.Internetusersrespondtothefloodof
bannersbyviewingthemasannoyances,anegativeimagethatishurtingsales,sinceusers
arenowlessreluctanttoclickonthosebanners,preferringnottosupportthesystemthat
putstheminplace.IfInternetadvertisingistocontinuetobeaviableandprofitablebusiness
practice,newmethodswillneedtobeconsideredtoreinvigoratetheindustry.
Withtherecentdepressioninthetechnologysectorandslowingeconomy,evennew
practicesmaynotdothetrick.Asconsumersaresavingmoreandfrequentingtraditionalreal
estatebusinessesovertheirInternetcounterparts,thefateofInternetbusinessiscalledinto
question.Thecomingyearswillbetheonlyreliableindicationofwhethershoppingonthe
worldwidewebisthewaveofthefutureorsimplyanimpulseactivitywhosewhimhas
passed.(404words)
Notes:onawhim心血潮。surfv.冲浪。intheory在理论上,顺理成章。hosting访问率高的。call...into
question质疑,对…提出疑问。
7
(Ⅰ)
31.ItcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthatInternetadvertising
[A]hastakentheplaceofmoretraditionalmethodsofadvertising.
[B]isoneofthemosteffectivewaystomakeprofitsontheweb.
[C]isparallelingadvertisingmethodsintraditionalbusinesssettings.
[D]seekstotemptcustomersthroughimpulseshoppingmethods.
32.Thesecondandthirdparagraphsarewritteninordertoillustrate
[A]thepolicyInternetadvertisersdesigntolureclienteleanditsoutcome.
[B]theprocessandmixedconsequencesofInternetadvertisingandshopping.
[C]thebiggestsplashInternetadvertisershaverecentlymadeinsalespromotions.
[D]thebannersInternetadvertiserstakeadvantageoftoarousecustomers’interest.
33.Analyzingthecurrentstateoftheonlineadvertisinginparagraph4,theauthor
impliesthat
[A]ithastobemodifiedovertimetoremaineffective.
[B]forallitscurrentprofits,itwillfadeinthelongrun.
[C]bannersarebeginningtolosetheiradvertisingefficiency.
[D]Internetadvertisingmethodswillcontinuetodecreasesales.
34.Theexpression“dothetrick”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans
[A]cometothepoint.
[B]fulfilltheirpurpose.
[C]failoftheirsuccess.
[D]liveuptotheirpromise.
35.Theauthor’sattitudetowardonlineadvertisingcanbesummarizedas
[A]reservedconsentbutdiscontent.
[B]objectiveanalysisvoidofopinions.
[C]enthusiasticsupportbutslightcontempt.
[D]approvalsofarbutuncertaintyinthefuture.
Text4
Picture-takingisatechniquebothforreflectingtheobjectiveworldandforexpressing
thesingularself.Photographsdepictobjectiverealitiesthatalreadyexist,thoughonlythe
cameracandisclosethem.Andtheydepictanindividualphotographer’stemperament,
discoveringitselfthroughthecamera’scroppingofreality.Thatis,photographyhastwo
directlyoppositeideals:inthefirst,photographyisabouttheworldandthephotographeris
amereobserverwhocountsforlittle;butinthesecond,photographyistheinstrumentof
fearlessness,questingsubjectivityandthephotographerisall.
8
(Ⅰ)
Theseconflictingidealsarisefromuneasinessonthepartofbothphotographersand
viewersofphotographstowardtheaggressivecomponentin“taking”apicture.Accordingly,
theidealofaphotographerasobserverisattractingbecauseitimplicitlydeniesthatpicture-
takingisanaggressiveact.Theissue,ofcourse,isnotsoclear-cut.Whatphotographersdo
cannotbecharacterizedassimplypredatoryorassimply,andessentially,benevolent.Asa
consequence,oneidealofpicture-takingortheotherisalwaysbeingrediscoveredand
championed.
Animportantresultofthecoexistenceofthesetwoidealsisarecurrentambivalence
towardphotography’smeans.Whateveraretheclaimsthatphotographymightmaketobea
formofpersonalexpressionjustlikepainting,itsoriginalityiscloselylinkedtothepowerof
amachine.Thesteadygrowthofthesepowershasmadepossibletheextraordinary
informativenessandimaginativeformalbeautyofmanyphotographs,likeHaroldEdgerton’s
high-speedphotographsofabullethittingitstargetoroftheswirlsandeddiesofatennis
stroke.Butascamerasbecomemoresophisticated,moreautomated,somephotographers
aretemptedtodisarmthemselvesortosuggestthattheyarenotreallyarmed,preferringto
submitthemselvestothelimitimposedbypre-moderncameratechnologybecauseacruder,
lesshigh-poweredmachineisthoughttogivemoreinterestingoremotiveresults,toleave
moreroomforcreativeaccident.Forexample,ithasbeenvirtuallyapointofhonorformany
photographers,includingWalkerEvansandCartierBresson,torefusetousemodern
equipment.Thesephotographershavecometodoubtthevalueofthecameraasan
instrumentof“fastseeing”.CartierBresson,infact,claimsthatthemoderncameramaysee
toofast.
Thisambivalencetowardphotographicmeansdeterminestrendsintaste.Thecultofthe
future(offasterandfasterseeing)alternatesovertimewiththewishtoreturntoapurer
pastwhenimageshadahandmadequality.Thislongingforsomeprimitivestateofthe
photographicenterpriseiscurrentlywidespreadandunderliesthepresent-dayenthusiasmfor
daguerreotypesandtheworkofforgottennineteenth-centuryprovincialphotographers.
Photographersandviewersofphotographs,itseems,needperiodicallytoresisttheirown
knowingness.(451words)
Notes:cropvt.播种,修剪(树木),收割。countforlittle无关紧要。predatory掠夺成性的。championn.冠
军;vt.支持。benevolent好心肠的,行善的。ambivalence矛盾心理。make(+不定式)似乎要:Hemakesto
begin.(他似乎要开始了。)swirlsandeddies漩涡。cult狂热崇拜。daguerreotypes(初期的)银板照相法。
36.Thetwodirectlyoppositeidealsofphotographydifferprimarilyinthe
[A]emphasisthateachplacesontheemotionalimpactofthefinishedproduct.
[B]degreeoftechnicalknowledgethateachrequiresofthephotographer.
[C]wayinwhicheachdefinestheroleofthephotographer.
[D]extentofthepowerthateachrequiresofthephotographer’sequipment.
9
(Ⅰ)
37.Accordingtoparagraph2,theinterestamongphotographersineachofthephotography’s
twoidealscanbedescribedas
[A]steadilygrowing.
[B]cyclicallyrecurring.
[C]continuouslyaltering.
[D]spontaneouslyoccurring.
38.ThetextstatesallofthefollowingaboutphotographsEXCEPT:
[A]Theycandisplayacroppedreality.
[B]Theycanconveyinformation.
[C]Theycandepictthephotographer’stemperament.
[D]Theycanchangetheviewer’ssensibilities.
39.TheauthormentionstheworkofHaroldEdgertoninordertoprovideanexampleof
[A]therelationshipbetweenphotographicoriginalityandtechnology.
[B]howthecontentofphotographshaschangedfromthenineteenthcenturytothe
twentieth.
[C]thepopularityofhigh-speedphotographyinthetwentiethcentury.
[D]howacontrolledambivalencetowardphotography’smeanscanproduceoutstanding
pictures.
40.Theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith
[A]describinghowphotographers’individualtemperamentsarereflectedintheirwork.
[B]establishingnewtechnicalstandardsforcontemporaryphotography.
[C]analyzingtheinfluenceofphotographicidealsonpicture-taking.
[D]explaininghowthetechnicallimitationsaffectphotographers’work.
PartB
Directions:
Inthefollowingarticle,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41—45,choose
themostsuitableonefromthelistA—Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Thereare
twoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWER
SHEET1.(10points)
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionof
primitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffire,althoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenhe
acquiredtheuseofthelatter.
41)Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignals,buteventhe
highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords,evenwiththemostintensive
01
(Ⅰ)
professionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthe
masteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligent,wemustsupposethathe
graduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhe
discoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkthatinthis
respectpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallof
hiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgone,orwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.42)
Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirst
wasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturemadepossiblean
immenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbe
successfullypracticed.43)
44)
Theseinventionsanddiscoveries—fire,speech,weaponsdomesticanimals,agriculture,
andwriting—madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000B.C.
untilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasno
technicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecome
accustomedtohistechnique,andtodevelopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriate
toit.Therewas,ofcourse,animmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.Atfirstithad
beenconfinedtotheNile,theEuphrates,theTigris,andtheIndus,butattheendofthe
periodinquestionitcoveredmuchthegreatestpartoftheinhabitableglobe.Idonotmeanto
suggestthattherewasnotechnicalprogressduringthetime.45)(512
words)
Notes:ape猿。pastoralnomad田园式的游牧部落的人。theEuphrates幼发拉底河。theTigris底格里斯河。
theIndus印度河。inquestion所谈的(在名词后作后置定语)。
[A]Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedto
thinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopment
ofman.
[B]Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswriting,which,likespokenlanguage,
developedoutofpictures,butassoonasithadreachedacertainstage,itwaspossible
tokeeprecordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhenthe
informationwasgiven.
[C]Withthedevelopmentofcivilization,primitivepeoplewholivedincavesatthattime
badlyneededalanguage,whichwouldhelpthemtocommunicatewithoneanother.
[D]Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.
[E]Infact,therewasprogress—therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimportance,
namely,gunpowderandthemariner’scompass—butneitherofthesecanbecomparedin
theirrevolutionarypowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture.
[F]Thesewere,atfirst,onlythoseinwhichnaturefertilizedthesoilaftereachharvest.
11
(Ⅰ)
Agriculturemetwithviolentresistancefromthepastoralnomads,buttheagricultural
wayoflifeprevailedintheendbecauseofthephysicalcomfortsitprovided.
[G]Butindustrywasastepinhumanprogresstowhichsubsequentlytherewasnothing
comparableuntilourownmachineage.
PartC
Directions:
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.
YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
Ourdailyexistenceisdividedintotwophases,asdistinctasdayandnight.Wecall
themworkandplay.Weworkmanyhoursadayandweallowthenecessaryminimumfor
suchactivitiesaseatingandshopping.46)Therestwespendinvariousactivitieswhichare
knownasrecreations,anelegantwordwhichdisguisesthefactthatweusuallydonoteven
playinourhoursofleisure,butspendtheminvariousformsofpassiveenjoymentor
entertainment.
Weneedtomake,therefore,ahard-and-fastdistinctionnotonlybetweenworkandplay
but,equally,betweenactiveplayandpassiveentertainment.47)Itis,Isuppose,the
declineofactiveplay—ofamateursport—andtheenormousgrowthofpurelyreceptive
entertainmentwhichhavegivenrisetoasociologicalinterestintheproblem.Ifthegreater
partofthepopulation,insteadofindulginginsport,spendtheirhoursofleisure“viewing”
televisionprograms,therewillinevitablybeadeclineinhealthandphysique.Inaddition,
wehaveyettotracethementalandmoralconsequencesofprolongeddietofsentimentalor
sensationalspectaclesonthescreen.48)Thereis,ifweareoptimistic,thepossibilitythat
thedietistoothinandunnourishingtohavemuchpermanenteffectonanybody.Ninefilms
outoftenseemtoleaveabsolutelynoimpressiononthemindorimaginationofthosewho
haveseenthem.
49)Itisonlywhenentertainmentisactive,participatedin,practiced,thatitcan
properlybecalledplay,andassuchitisanaturaluseofleisure.Inthatsenseplaystandsin
contrasttowork,andisusuallyregardedasanactivitythatalternateswithwork.
Workitselfisnotasingleconcept.Wesayquitegenerallythatweworkinorderto
makealiving.Someofusworkphysically,tillingtheland,mindingthemachines,digging
thecoal;othersworkmentally,keepingaccounts,inventingmachines,teachingand
preaching,managingandgoverning.50)Theredoesnotseemtobeanyfactorcommontoall
thesediverseoccupations,exceptthattheyconsumeourtime,andleaveuslittleleisure.
(356words)
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(Ⅰ)
SectionⅢWriting
PartA
51.Directions:
ReadthefollowingChinesetextandwriteanabstractofitin80—100Englishwordson
ANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
帮助孩子重新振作
孩子得不到帮助,后果可能很严重。根据一次全国性调查,父母离婚或分居的小孩在接下
来的3年内比别的小孩更有可能出现健康问题。父母离婚的小孩留级率或停学率可能是别的
小孩的两倍,需要咨询的概率很可能比别的小孩多3倍。
仅仅靠时间无法愈合这类精神创伤,这些孩子需要成年人的帮助。下面提供3项策略,是
我在为这类有问题的家庭提供咨询时总结出来的:
一、尽早将真相告诉小孩。我们提出了以下几个办法:
亲自向孩子透露令人沮丧的消息。当孩子意识到自己和他所熟悉并信任的某个人共同分
享真相时,他能正确面对几乎任何事。如果有可能,离婚的父母双方在孩子听到他们离婚的消
息时都应在场。
如果家庭压力与一个意外事故有关,要说清楚事故的原委。否则,有些孩子会产生无端的
负罪感。
如果有较大的突发事件,要小心地解释家庭生活可能会发生的变化。对孩子来说,了解任
何事实比不明就里强。
二、鼓励孩子将自己的情绪讲出来,但如果孩子还没准备好,也别强迫他们。小孩子和成
年人一样,也需要谈谈自己的缺憾。你可以用下面几个方法帮他们敞开心扉:
发生悲剧时,首先跟孩子聊聊你自己的感受和烦恼,以便使孩子更容易表达出他们的感
受。然后问些能引导进一步讨论的问题。
跟孩子谈话要挑选适当的时机和场合。
如果你无法用言语表达痛苦或担忧,可以考虑给你的孩子写一封信。让孩子理解你的内
心感受很重要,这样他们才能更好地理解他们自己的感受。
三、着眼于未来。我在伊利诺伊州的几个朋友改建了住房。改建工程完成一个星期后,
一场大火毁灭了房子,全家人差点儿葬身火海。
过后,父母和孩子们坐下来谈话。“一切都过去了,”母亲说,“以后的生活绝不会跟以前一
样,一定会再好起来的。”经过一年的努力,全家人搬进了新居,新房子就建在原先房子的所在
地。他们的财产比以前少多了,但是他们感情上变坚强了,决心在生活上翻开新的一页。
当危机袭来时,不健康的家庭会分崩离析,健康的家庭会向前看,重新构建,他们通常会遵
照下面的3条基本原则:
做父母的得先治愈自己的创伤。如果父母中的一方或父母双方带头的话,孩子就比较容
易从一次较大的家庭挫折中重新振作起来。衣阿华州立大学的一些研究人员在研究中西部
450个家庭的青少年受家庭经济困难的影响时发现,家庭经济问题对十几岁少年的影响比其
父母对家庭经济问题的反应要小。
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(Ⅰ)
把注意力重新放到家庭的价值上。不要哀叹因为你的配偶丢掉了他或她的工作你就再也
不能享受某些活动了,不要喋喋不休地谈论毁于一场洪水或火灾的家庭录影集。
让小孩子参与对某些事情的决策,让他们感到自己在做贡献。一年春天,一个有几个小孩
的朋友意识到,她那有病的、上了年纪的祖母再也无法自理,将不得不搬到他们那栋3个卧室
的简陋房子里。父母立即和7岁的儿子、两岁的女儿讨论这个问题。“我们都必须尽力帮助
她。”母亲说,“曾祖母需要一个自己的房间。”她对7岁的儿子说:“你妹妹还在睡婴儿床,所以
曾祖母只有睡你的床了。”
这男孩将不得不睡在客厅的沙发床上。“太好了!”男孩说,他为能参与这一重要的家庭决
定而感到高兴,“我要让她住我的房间。”老太太搬进来后,孩子们似乎能感受到她的需求,无论
什么时候,只要她在场,他们甚至会停止惯常的争吵。
2007年,在做了14年的单身母亲后,我再婚了。这件事并没有给我那3个已成年的儿子
带来很大的压力,但这毕竟是一个很大的调整。我耐心地等待着他们对这一重大变化完全适
应的迹象。
一天晚上,儿子们晚饭后要一起出去,他们一一跟我吻别道晚安。当他们走近我的丈夫马
蒂时,我料想他们要和平时一样依次跟他握手。然而,先是迈克尔,然后是汤姆和蒂姆,走到马
蒂跟前,第一次和他拥抱。那个简单动作表明他们完全接受了这个继父和我们新的家庭组合。
我自豪地笑了,他们做得很好。他们能处理好他们未来人生道路上的任何问题。为人父母,最
感到知足的莫过于此。(1552字)
注:重新振作bounceback。
PartB
52.Directions:
Writeanessayof160—200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressay,
youshould
1)describethecartoonbriefly,
2)interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythecartoon,and
3)giveyourpointofview.
YoushouldwriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)
礼貌与公德何在?
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