LM1085
3ALowDropoutPositiveRegulators
GeneralDescription
TheLM1085isaseriesoflowdropoutpositivevoltage
regulatorswithamaximumdropoutof1.5Vat3Aofload
current.Ithasthesamepin-outasNationalSemiconductor’s
industrystandardLM317.
TheLM1085isavailableinanadjustableversion,whichcan
settheoutputvoltagewithonlytwoexternalresistors.Itis
alsoavailableinthreefixedvoltages:3.3V,5.0Vand12.0V.
Thefixedversionsintegratetheadjustresistors.
TheLM1085circuitincludesazenertrimmedbandgapref-
erence,currentlimitingandthermalshutdown.
TheLM1085seriesisavailableinTO-220andTO-263pack-
ages.RefertotheLM1084forthe5Aversion,andthe
LM1086forthe1.5Aversion.
Features
nAvailablein3.3V,5.0V,12VandAdjustableVersions
nCurrentLimitingandThermalProtection
nOutputCurrent3A
nLineRegulation0.015%(typical)
nLoadRegulation0.1%(typical)
Applications
nHighEfficiencyLinearRegulators
nBatteryCharger
nPostRegulationforSwitchingSupplies
nConstantCurrentRegulator
nMicroprocessorSupply
ConnectionDiagrams
TO-220
10094702
TopView
TO-263
10094704
TopView
BasicFunctionalDiagram,
AdjustableVersion
10094765
ApplicationCircuit
10094752
1.2Vto15VAdjustableRegulator
June2005
LM1085
3A
Low
Dropout
Positive
Regulators
?2005NationalSemiconductorCorporationDS100947www.national.com
OrderingInformation
PackageTemperatureRangePartNumberTransportMediaNSCDrawing
3-leadTO-263?40?Cto+125?CLM1085IS-ADJRails
TS3B
LM1085ISX-ADJTapeandReel
LM1085IS-12Rails
LM1085ISX-12TapeandReel
LM1085IS-3.3Rails
LM1085ISX-3.3TapeandReel
LM1085IS-5.0Rails
LM1085ISX-5.0TapeandReel
3-leadTO-220?40?Cto+125?CLM1085IT-ADJRails
T03B
LM1085IT-12Rails
LM1085IT-3.3Rails
LM1085IT-5.0Rails
SimplifiedSchematic
10094734
LM1085
www.national.com2
AbsoluteMaximumRatings(Note1)
IfMilitary/Aerospacespecifieddevicesarerequired,
pleasecontacttheNationalSemiconductorSalesOffice/
Distributorsforavailabilityandspecifications.
MaximumInputtoOutputVoltageDifferential
LM1085-ADJ29V
LM1085-1218V
LM1085-3.327V
LM1085-5.025V
PowerDissipation(Note2)InternallyLimited
JunctionTemperature(T
J
)(Note3)150?C
StorageTemperatureRange-65?Cto150?C
LeadTemperature260?C,to10sec
ESDTolerance(Note4)2000V
OperatingRatings(Note1)
JunctionTemperatureRange(T
J
)(Note3)
ControlSection?40?Cto125?C
OutputSection?40?Cto150?C
ElectricalCharacteristics
TypicalsandlimitsappearinginnormaltypeapplyforT
J
=25?C.LimitsappearinginBoldfacetypeapplyovertheentirejunc-
tiontemperaturerangeforoperation.
SymbolParameterConditions
Min
(Note6)
Typ
(Note5)
Max
(Note6)
Units
V
REF
ReferenceVoltageLM1085-ADJ
I
OUT
=10mA,V
IN
?V
OUT
=3V
10mA≤I
OUT
≤I
FULLLOAD
,1.5V≤(V
IN
?V
OUT
)≤15V
(Note7)
1.238
1.225
1.250
1.250
1.262
1.270
V
V
V
OUT
OutputVoltage
(Note7)
LM1085-3.3
I
OUT
=0mA,V
IN
=5V
0≤I
OUT
≤I
FULLLOAD
,4.8V≤V
IN
≤15V
3.270
3.235
3.300
3.300
3.330
3.365
V
V
LM1085-5.0
I
OUT
=0mA,V
IN
=8V
0≤I
OUT
≤I
FULLLOAD
,6.5V≤V
IN
≤20V
4.950
4.900
5.000
5.000
5.050
5.100
V
V
LM1085-12
I
OUT
=0mA,V
IN
=15V
0≤I
OUT
≤I
FULLLOAD
,13.5V≤V
IN
≤25V
11.880
11.760
12.000
12.000
12.120
12.240
V
V
?V
OUT
LineRegulation
(Note8)
LM1085-ADJ
I
OUT
=10mA,1.5V≤(V
IN
-V
OUT
)≤15V
0.015
0.035
0.2
0.2
%
%
LM1085-3.3
I
OUT
=0mA,4.8V≤V
IN
≤15V
0.5
1.0
6
6
mV
mV
LM1085-5.0
I
OUT
=0mA,6.5V≤V
IN
≤20V
0.5
1.0
10
10
mV
mV
LM1085-12
I
OUT
=0mA,13.5V≤V
IN
≤25V
1.0
2.0
25
25
mV
mV
?V
OUT
LoadRegulation
(Note8)
LM1085-ADJ
(V
IN
-V
OUT
)=3V,10mA≤I
OUT
≤I
FULLLOAD
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
%
%
LM1085-3.3
V
IN
=5V,0≤I
OUT
≤I
FULLLOAD
3
7
15
20
mV
mV
LM1085-5.0
V
IN
=8V,0≤I
OUT
≤I
FULLLOAD
5
10
20
35
mV
mV
LM1085-12
V
IN
=15V,0≤I
OUT
≤I
FULLLOAD
12
24
36
72
mV
mV
DropoutVoltage
(Note9)
LM1085-ADJ,3.3,5,12
?V
REF
,?V
OUT
=1%,I
OUT
=3A1.31.5V
LM1085
www.national.com3
ElectricalCharacteristics(Continued)
TypicalsandlimitsappearinginnormaltypeapplyforT
J
=25?C.LimitsappearinginBoldfacetypeapplyovertheentirejunc-
tiontemperaturerangeforoperation.
SymbolParameterConditions
Min
(Note6)
Typ
(Note5)
Max
(Note6)
Units
I
LIMIT
CurrentLimitLM1085-ADJ
V
IN
?V
OUT
=5V
V
IN
?V
OUT
=25V
3.2
0.2
5.5
0.5
A
A
LM1085-3.3
V
IN
=8V3.25.5A
LM1085-5.0
V
IN
=10V3.25.5A
LM1085-12
V
IN
=17V3.25.5A
MinimumLoad
Current(Note10)
LM1085-ADJ
V
IN
?V
OUT
=25V5.010.0mA
QuiescentCurrentLM1085-3.3
V
IN
≤18V5.010.0mA
LM1085-5.0
V
IN
≤20V5.010.0mA
LM1085-12
V
IN
≤25V5.010.0mA
ThermalRegulationT
A
=25?C,30msPulse.0040.02%/W
RippleRejectionf
RIPPLE
=120Hz,C
OUT
=25μFTantalum,I
OUT
=3A
6075dBLM1085-ADJ,C
ADJ
=25μF,(V
IN
?V
O
)=3V
LM1085-3.3,V
IN
=6.3V6072dB
LM1085-5.0,V
IN
=8V6068dB
LM1085-12V
IN
=15V5460dB
AdjustPinCurrentLM108555120μA
AdjustPinCurrent
Change
10mA≤I
OUT
≤I
FULLLOAD
,1.5V≤V
IN
?V
OUT
≤25V
0.25μA
Temperature
Stability
0.5%
LongTermStabilityT
A
=125?C,1000Hrs0.31.0%
RMSOutputNoise
(%ofV
OUT
)
10Hz≤f≤10kHz0.003%
ThermalResistance
Junction-to-Case
3-LeadTO-263:ControlSection/OutputSection
3-LeadTO-220:ControlSection/OutputSection
0.7/3.0
0.7/3.0
?C/W
?C/W
Note1:AbsoluteMaximumRatingsindicatelimitsbeyondwhichdamagetothedevicemayoccur.OperatingRatingsindicateconditionsforwhichthedeviceis
intendedtobefunctional,butspecificperformanceisnotguaranteed.Forguaranteedspecificationsandthetestconditions,seetheElectricalCharacteristics.
Note2:Powerdissipationiskeptinasaferangebycurrentlimitingcircuitry.RefertoOverloadRecoveryinApplicationNotes.
Note3:ThemaximumpowerdissipationisafunctionofT
J(max)
,θ
JA
,andT
A
.Themaximumallowablepowerdissipationatanyambienttemperatureis
P
D
=(T
J(max)
–T
A
)/θ
JA
.AllnumbersapplyforpackagessoldereddirectlyintoaPCboard.RefertoThermalConsiderationsintheApplicationNotes.
Note4:Fortestingpurposes,ESDwasappliedusinghumanbodymodel,1.5k?inserieswith100pF.
Note5:TypicalValuesrepresentthemostlikelyparametricnorm.
Note6:Alllimitsareguaranteedbytestingorstatisticalanalysis.
Note7:I
FULLLOAD
isdefinedinthecurrentlimitcurves.TheI
FULLLOAD
Curvedefinesthecurrentlimitasafunctionofinput-to-outputvoltage.Notethat30Wpower
dissipationfortheLM1085isonlyachievableoveralimitedrangeofinput-to-outputvoltage.
Note8:Loadandlineregulationaremeasuredatconstantjunctiontemperature,andareguaranteeduptothemaximumpowerdissipationof30W.Power
dissipationisdeterminedbytheinput/outputdifferentialandtheoutputcurrent.Guaranteedmaximumpowerdissipationwillnotbeavailableoverthefullinput/output
range.
Note9:Dropoutvoltageisspecifiedoverthefulloutputcurrentrangeofthedevice.
Note10:Theminimumoutputcurrentrequiredtomaintainregulation.
LM1085
www.national.com4
TypicalPerformanceCharacteristics
DropoutVoltagevs.OutputCurrentShort-CircuitCurrentvs.Input/OutputDifference
1009476310094768
PercentChangeinOutputVoltagevs.TemperatureAdjustPinCurrentvs.Temperature
1009479910094798
MaximumPowerDissipationvs.TemperatureRippleRejectionvs.Frequency(LM1085-Adj.)
10094770
10094743
LM1085
www.national.com5
TypicalPerformanceCharacteristics(Continued)
RippleRejectionvs.OutputCurrent(LM1085-Adj.)LineTransientResponse
1009474410094772
LoadTransientResponse
10094771
LM1085
www.national.com6
ApplicationNote
GENERAL
Figure1showsabasicfunctionaldiagramfortheLM1085-
Adj(excludingprotectioncircuitry).Thetopologyisbasically
thatoftheLM317exceptforthepasstransistor.Insteadofa
DarlingtionNPNwithitstwodiodevoltagedrop,theLM1085
usesasingleNPN.Thisresultsinalowerdropoutvoltage.
Thestructureofthepasstransistorisalsoknownasaquasi
LDO.TheadvantageaquasiLDOoveraPNPLDOisits
inherentlylowerquiescentcurrent.TheLM1085isguaran-
teedtoprovideaminimumdropoutvoltage1.5Vovertem-
perature,atfullload.
OUTPUTVOLTAGE
TheLM1085adjustableversiondevelopsat1.25Vreference
voltage,(V
REF
),betweentheoutputandtheadjustterminal.
Asshowninfigure2,thisvoltageisappliedacrossresistor
R1togenerateaconstantcurrentI1.Thisconstantcurrent
thenflowsthroughR2.TheresultingvoltagedropacrossR2
addstothereferencevoltagetosetsthedesiredoutput
voltage.
ThecurrentI
ADJ
fromtheadjustmentterminalintroducesan
outputerror.Butsinceitissmall(120uAmax),itbecomes
negligiblewhenR1isinthe100?range.
Forfixedvoltagedevices,R1andR2areintegratedinside
thedevices.
STABILITYCONSIDERATION
Stabilityconsiderationprimarilyconcernthephaseresponse
ofthefeedbackloop.Inorderforstableoperation,theloop
mustmaintainnegativefeedback.TheLM1085requiresa
certainamountseriesresistancewithcapacitiveloads.This
seriesresistanceintroducesazerowithinthelooptoin-
creasephasemarginandthusincreasestability.Theequiva-
lentseriesresistance(ESR)ofsolidtantalumoraluminum
electrolyticcapacitorsisusedtoprovidetheappropriatezero
(approximately500kHz).
TheAluminumelectrolyticarelessexpensivethantantal-
ums,buttheirESRvariesexponentiallyatcoldtempera-
tures;thereforerequiringcloseexaminationwhenchoosing
thedesiredtransientresponseovertemperature.Tantalums
areaconvenientchoicebecausetheirESRvarieslessthan
2:1overtemperature.
Therecommendedload/decouplingcapacitanceisa10uF
tantalumora50uFaluminum.Thesevalueswillassure
stabilityforthemajorityofapplications.
Theadjustableversionsallowsanadditionalcapacitortobe
usedattheADJpintoincreaseripplerejection.Ifthisisdone
theoutputcapacitorshouldbeincreasedto22uFfortantal-
umsorto150uFforaluminum.
Capacitorsotherthantantalumoraluminumcanbeusedat
theadjustpinandtheinputpin.A10uFcapacitorisa
reasonablevalueattheinput.SeeRippleRejectionsection
regardingthevaluefortheadjustpincapacitor.
Itisdesirabletohavelargeoutputcapacitanceforapplica-
tionsthatentaillargechangesinloadcurrent(microproces-
sorsforexample).Thehigherthecapacitance,thelargerthe
availablechargeperdemand.Itisalsodesirabletoprovide
lowESRtoreducethechangeinoutputvoltage:
?V=?IxESR
Itiscommonpracticetouseseveraltantalumandceramic
capacitorsinparalleltoreducethischangeintheoutput
voltagebyreducingtheoverallESR.
Outputcapacitancecanbeincreasedindefinitelytoimprove
transientresponseandstability.
RIPPLEREJECTION
Ripplerejectionisafunctionoftheopenloopgainwithinthe
feed-backloop(refertoFigure1andFigure2).TheLM1085
exhibits75dBofripplerejection(typ.).Whenadjustedfor
voltageshigherthanV
REF
,theripplerejectiondecreasesas
functionofadjustmentgain:(1+R1/R2)orV
O
/V
REF
.There-
forea5Vadjustmentdecreasesripplerejectionbyafactorof
four(?12dB);Outputrippleincreasesasadjustmentvoltage
increases.
However,theadjustableversionallowsthisdegradationof
ripplerejectiontobecompensated.Theadjustterminalcan
bebypassedtogroundwithacapacitor(C
ADJ
).Theimped-
anceoftheC
ADJ
shouldbeequaltoorlessthanR1atthe
desiredripplefrequency.Thisbypasscapacitorprevents
ripplefrombeingamplifiedastheoutputvoltageisin-
creased.
1/(2πf
RIPPLE
C
ADJ
)≤R
1
LOADREGULATION
TheLM1085regulatesthevoltagethatappearsbetweenits
outputandgroundpins,orbetweenitsoutputandadjust
pins.Insomecases,lineresistancescanintroduceerrorsto
thevoltageacrosstheload.Toobtainthebestloadregula-
tion,afewprecautionsareneeded.
10094765
FIGURE1.BasicFunctionalDiagramfortheLM1085,
excludingProtectioncircuitry
10094717
FIGURE2.BasicAdjustableRegulator
LM1085
www.national.com7
ApplicationNote(Continued)
Figure3showsatypicalapplicationusingafixedoutput
regulator.Rt1andRt2arethelineresistances.V
LOAD
isless
thantheV
OUT
bythesumofthevoltagedropsalongtheline
resistances.Inthiscase,theloadregulationseenatthe
R
LOAD
wouldbedegradedfromthedatasheetspecification.
Toimprovethis,theloadshouldbetieddirectlytotheoutput
terminalonthepositivesideanddirectlytiedtotheground
terminalonthenegativeside.
Whentheadjustableregulatorisused(Figure4),thebest
performanceisobtainedwiththepositivesideoftheresistor
R1tieddirectlytotheoutputterminaloftheregulatorrather
thanneartheload.Thiseliminateslinedropsfromappearing
effectivelyinserieswiththereferenceanddegradingregu-
lation.Forexample,a5Vregulatorwith0.05?resistance
betweentheregulatorandloadwillhavealoadregulation
duetolineresistanceof0.05?xI
L
.IfR1(=125?)is
connectedneartheloadtheeffectivelineresistancewillbe
0.05?(1+R2/R1)orinthiscase,itis4timesworse.In
addition,thegroundsideoftheresistorR2canbereturned
nearthegroundoftheloadtoprovideremotegroundsens-
ingandimproveloadregulation.
PROTECTIONDIODES
Undernormaloperation,theLM1085regulatordoesnot
needanyprotectiondiode.Withtheadjustabledevice,the
internalresistancebetweentheadjustmentandoutputter-
minalslimitsthecurrent.Nodiodeisneededtodivertthe
currentaroundtheregulatorevenwithacapacitoronthe
adjustmentterminal.Theadjustpincantakeatransient
signalof±25Vwithrespecttotheoutputvoltagewithout
damagingthedevice.
Whenanoutputcapacitorisconnectedtoaregulatorand
theinputisshorted,theoutputcapacitorwilldischargeinto
theoutputoftheregulator.Thedischargecurrentdepends
onthevalueofthecapacitor,theoutputvoltageofthe
regulator,andrateofdecreaseofV
IN
.IntheLM1085regu-
lator,theinternaldiodebetweentheoutputandinputpins
canwithstandmicrosecondsurgecurrentsof10Ato20A.
Withanextremelylargeoutputcapacitor(≥1000μf),and
withinputinstantaneouslyshortedtoground,theregulator
couldbedamaged.Inthiscase,anexternaldiodeisrecom-
mendedbetweentheoutputandinputpinstoprotectthe
regulator,showninFigure5.
OVERLOADRECOVERY
Overloadrecoveryreferstoregulator’sabilitytorecoverfrom
ashortcircuitedoutput.Akeyfactorintherecoveryprocess
isthecurrentlimitingusedtoprotecttheoutputfromdrawing
toomuchpower.Thecurrentlimitingcircuitreducesthe
outputcurrentastheinputtooutputdifferentialincreases.
Refertoshortcircuitcurveinthecurvesection.
Duringnormalstart-up,theinputtooutputdifferentialis
smallsincetheoutputfollowstheinput.But,iftheoutputis
shorted,thentherecoveryinvolvesalargeinputtooutput
differential.Sometimesduringthisconditionthecurrentlim-
itingcircuitisslowinrecovering.Ifthelimitedcurrentistoo
lowtodevelopavoltageattheoutput,thevoltagewill
stabilizeatalowerlevel.Undertheseconditionsitmaybe
necessarytorecyclethepoweroftheregulatorinorderto
getthesmallerdifferentialvoltageandthusadequatestart
upconditions.Refertocurvesectionfortheshortcircuit
currentvs.inputdifferentialvoltage.
THERMALCONSIDERATIONS
ICsheatsupwheninoperation,andpowerconsumptionis
onefactorinhowhotitgets.Theotherfactorishowwellthe
heatisdissipated.Heatdissipationispredictablebyknowing
thethermalresistancebetweentheICandambient(θ
JA
).
Thermalresistancehasunitsoftemperatureperpower(C/
W).Thehigherthethermalresistance,thehottertheIC.
TheLM1085specifiesthethermalresistanceforeachpack-
ageasjunctiontocase(θ
JC
).Inordertogetthetotal
resistancetoambient(θ
JA
),twootherthermalresistance
10094718
FIGURE3.TypicalApplicationusingFixedOutput
Regulator
10094719
FIGURE4.BestLoadRegulationusingAdjustable
OutputRegulator
10094715
FIGURE5.RegulatorwithProtectionDiode
LM1085
www.national.com8
ApplicationNote(Continued)
mustbeadded,oneforcasetoheat-sink(θ
CH
)andonefor
heatsinktoambient(θ
HA
).Thejunctiontemperaturecanbe
predictedasfollows:
T
J
=T
A
+P
D
(θ
JC
+θ
CH
+θ
HA
)=T
A
+P
D
θ
JA
T
J
isjunctiontemperature,T
A
isambienttemperature,and
P
D
isthepowerconsumptionofthedevice.Devicepower
consumptioniscalculatedasfollows:
I
IN
=I
L
+I
G
P
D
=(V
IN
?V
OUT
)I
L
+V
IN
I
G
Figure6showsthevoltagesandcurrentswhicharepresent
inthecircuit.
Oncethedevicespowerisdetermined,themaximumallow-
able(θ
JA(max)
)iscalculatedas:
θ
JA(max)
=T
R(max)
/P
D
=T
J(max
?T
A(max)
)/P
D
TheLM1085hasdifferenttemperaturespecificationsfortwo
differentsectionsoftheIC:thecontrolsectionandtheoutput
section.TheElectricalCharacteristicstableshowsthejunc-
tiontocasethermalresistancesforeachofthesesections,
whilethemaximumjunctiontemperatures(T
J(max)
)foreach
sectionislistedintheAbsoluteMaximumsectionofthe
datasheet.T
J(max)
is125?Cforthecontrolsection,while
T
J(max)
is150?Cfortheoutputsection.
θ
JA(max)
shouldbecalculatedseparatelyforeachsectionas
follows:
θ
JA
(max,CONTROLSECTION)=(125?C-T
A(max)
)/P
D
θ
JA
(max,OUTPUTSECTION)=(150?C-T
A(max)
)/P
D
Therequiredheatsinkisdeterminedbycalculatingitsre-
quiredthermalresistance(θ
HA(max)
).
θ
HA(max)
=θ
JA(max)
?(θ
JC
+θ
CH
)
θ
HA(max)
shouldalsobecalculatedtwiceasfollows:
θ
HA(max)
=θ
JA
(max,CONTROLSECTION)-(θ
JC
(CON-
TROLSECTION)+θ
CH
)
θ
HA(max)
=θ
JA
(max,OUTPUTSECTION)-(θ
JC
(OUTPUT
SECTION)+θ
CH
)
Ifthermalcompoundisused,θ
CH
canbeestimatedat0.2
C/W.Ifthecaseissolderedtotheheatsink,thenaθ
CH
can
beestimatedas0C/W.
After,θ
HA(max)
iscalculatedforeachsection,choosethe
lowerofthetwoθ
HA(max)
valuestodeterminetheappropriate
heatsink.
IfPCboardcopperisgoingtobeusedasaheatsink,then
Figure7canbeusedtodeterminetheappropriatearea
(size)ofcopperfoilrequired.
10094716
FIGURE6.PowerDissipationDiagram
10094764
FIGURE7.HeatsinkthermalResistancevsArea
LM1085
www.national.com9
TypicalApplications
10094767
5Vto3.3V,1.5ARegulator
10094750
Adjustable@5V
10094752
1.2Vto15VAdjustableRegulator
10094753
5VRegulatorwithShutdown
10094754
BatteryCharger
10094755
AdjustableFixedRegulator
10094756
RegulatorwithReference
10094757
HighCurrentLampDriverProtection
LM1085
www.national.com10
TypicalApplications(Continued)
10094759
BatteryBackupRegulatedSupply
10094760
RippleRejectionEnhancement
10094761
AutomaticLightcontrol
10094762
GeneratingNegativeSupplyvoltage
10094758
RemoteSensing
LM1085
www.national.com11
PhysicalDimensionsinches(millimeters)unlessotherwisenoted
3-LeadTO-263
NSPackageNumberTS3B
3-LeadTO-220
NSPackageNumberT03B
LM1085
www.national.com12
Notes
Nationaldoesnotassumeanyresponsibilityforuseofanycircuitrydescribed,nocircuitpatentlicensesareimpliedandNationalreserves
therightatanytimewithoutnoticetochangesaidcircuitryandspecifications.
Forthemostcurrentproductinformationvisitusatwww.national.com.
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CORPORATION.Asusedherein:
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inasignificantinjurytotheuser.
2.Acriticalcomponentisanycomponentofalifesupport
deviceorsystemwhosefailuretoperformcanbereasonably
expectedtocausethefailureofthelifesupportdeviceor
system,ortoaffectitssafetyoreffectiveness.
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LM1085
3A
Low
Dropout
Positive
Regulators
|
|
