EarlyorLaterDayCare
TheBritishpsychoanalystJohnBowlbymaintainsthatseparationfromtheparentsduringthesensitive"attachment"periodfrombirthtothreemayscarachild''spersonalityandpredisposetoemotionalproblemsinlaterlife.SomepeoplehavedrawntheconclusionfromBowlby''sworkthatchildrenshouldnotbesubjectedtodaycarebeforetheageofthreebecauseoftheparentalseparationitentails,andmanypeopledobelievethis.Buttherearealsoargumentsagainstsuchastrongconclusion.
Firstly,anthropologistspointoutthattheinsulatedloveaffairbetweenchildrenandparentsfoundinmodernsocietiesdoesnotusuallyexistintraditionalsocieties.Forexample,insometribalsocieties,suchastheNgoni,thefatherandmotherofachilddidnotreartheirinfantalone-farfromit.Secondly,commonsensetellsusthatdaycarewouldnotbesowidespreadtodayifparents,care-takersfoundchildrenhadproblemswithit.Statisticalstudiesofthiskindhavenotyetbeencarriedout,andtheyhaveuniformlyreportedthatdaycarehadaneutralorslightlypositiveeffectonchildren''sdevelopment.Butteststhathavehadtobeusedtomeasurethisdevelopmentarenotwidelyenoughacceptedtosettletheissue.
ButBowlby''sanalysisraisesthepossibilitythatearlydaycarehasdelayedeffects.Thepossibilitythatsuchcaremightleadto,say,morementalillnessorcrime15or20yearslatercanonlybeexploredbytheuseofstatistics.Whateverthelong-termeffects,parentssometimesfindtheimmediateeffectsdifficulttodealwith.Childrenunderthreearelikelytoprotestatleavingtheirparentsandshowunhappiness.Attheageofthreeorthreeandahalfalmostallchildrenfindthetransitiontonurseryeasy,andthisisundoubtedlywhymoreandmoreparentsmakeuseofchildcareatthistime.Thematter,then,isfarfromclear-cut,thoughexperienceandavailableevidenceindicatethatearlycareisreasonableforinfants.
练习：
1.WhichofthefollowingstatementswouldBowlbysupport?
C)Thefirstthreeyearsofone''slifeisextremelyimportanttothelaterdevelopmentofpersonality.
2.WhichofthefollowingisderivablefromBowlby''swork?
A)mothersshouldnotsendtheirchildrentodaycarecentersuntiltheyarethreeyearsorolder.
3.Itissuggestedthatmodernsocietiesdifferfromtraditionalsocietiesinthat
A)theparents-childrelationshipismoreexclusiveinmodernsocieties.
4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTanargumentagainstBowlby''stheory?
D)Parentsfindtheimmediateeffectsofearlydaycaredifficulttodealwith.
5.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthewriter''sattitudetowardsearlydaycare?
C)Theissueiscontroversialanditssettlementcallsfortheuseofstatistics.
|
|
