LectureEight GreekHeroes—JasonandTheseusJasonHerowhoobtained
theGoldenFleece.sonofkingAeson艾逊ofIolchos爱俄尔卡斯whowa
skillbyhisbrotherPelias珀利阿斯andlostthethrone.Anoracle
hadtoldPeliasthataone-shoedmanwouldrevengeAeson.(astor
yrelatedtoHera)childhoodsecretlysentawaytoberearedbyt
hewiseCentaur人面马身Chiron喀戎,withwhomhestayedtwentyyears.
JasoncameoutofChiron''scavedeterminedtorestorethepower
tohisfather.TheCentaursGoldenFleecethefleeceofthewing
edramChrysomallos克律索马罗斯,whichcanflyaswellastalk.WhenA
thamas''s阿塔玛斯secondwifeIno伊诺plottedagainstthechildrenofh
isfirstwifeNephele涅斐勒,HermesprovidedtheRamsothatPhrixu
s佛里克索斯andhissisterHelle赫勒couldsafelyleavethekingdom.He
lle,however,fellintotheseawhichwasnamedHellespont达达尼尔海峡的
古希腊名afterheranddrowned,butherbrothercametoColchis科尔基斯.
Onhisarrival,PhrixussacrificedtheRamtoZeus(orPoseidon)
.HehungtheGoldenFleecereservedfromthesacrificeonano
akinagrovesacredtoAres,whereitwasguardedbyadragon.
JasonandArgonauts阿尔戈英雄Jasonwantedtogetbacktheroyalpower
KingPelias’requirement:bringbacktheGoldenFleecehemade
anoaththathewoulddoashepromised,invokingZeusashiswit
ness.ARGONAUTS:afterthenameoftheirship,theArgo,includi
ngHeracles,Philoctetes,Peleus珀琉斯,Orpheus.Philoctetes菲罗克忒忒斯
HeraclesworetheshirtofNessusandbuilthisfuneralpyre,no
onewouldlightitforhimexceptforPhiloctetes.Philoctetes
isgivenHeracles''bowandpoisonedarrows.oneofthemanyelig
ibleGreekswhocompetedforthehandofHelenwasrequiredtop
articipateintheconflicttoreclaimherforMenelausintheTro
janWarFulfillingthreetasksJasonarrivedinColchistoclaim
thefleeceashisown.KingAeetesofColchispromisedtogive
ittohimonlyifhecouldperformthreecertaintasks.Medea’s
helpHerapersuadedAphroditetoconvincehersonErostomakeAe
etes''sdaughter,Medea,fallinlovewithJason.Medea’ssufferin
gFinallydecidedtohelpJasonFirsttaskFirst,plowafieldw
ithfire-breathingoxen,theKhalkotauroi,thathehadtoyoke给牛上
轭himself.Medeaprovidedanointment药膏thatprotectedhimfrom
theoxen''sflames.Secondtasksowedtheteethofadragonint
oafield.Theteethsproutedintoanarmyofwarriors.Medeah
adpreviouslywarnedJasonofthisandtoldhimhowtodefeatthi
sfoe.Beforetheyattackedhim,hethrewarockintothecrowd.
Unabletodiscoverwheretherockhadcomefrom,thesoldiersa
ttackedanddefeatedoneanother.LasttaskHislasttaskwasto
overcometheSleeplessDragonwhichguardedtheGoldenFleece.
Jasonsprayedthedragonwithapotion,givenbyMedea.Thedrag
onfellasleep,andJasonwasabletoseizetheGoldenFleece.
MedeakilledherownbrotherJasonsailedawaywithMedea.Medea
hadtodistractherfather,whochasedthemkillingherbrother
Apsyrtus阿普绪耳托斯throwingpiecesofhisbodyintotheseaMakinghe
rfatherstopandgatherherbrother’sbodyReturnjourney----me
etingSirensTheSirenslivedonthreesmall,rockyislandssang
beautifulsongsthatenticedsailorstocometothem,resulting
inthecrashingoftheirshipintotheislands.Chiron:without
theaidofOrpheus,theArgonautswouldneverbeabletopassth
eSirens.Orpheus’musicwasmorebeautifulandlouder,drowning
outtheSirens''bewitchingsongs.MedeakilledPelias,Jason’sun
cleMedea,goodatsorcery巫术,claimedtoPelias''daughtersthats
hecouldmaketheirfatheryoungerchoppinghimupintopieces
boilingthepiecesinacauldronofwaterandmagicalherbs.as
heep,whichleaptoutofthecauldronasalamb.Thegirlsslice
danddicedtheirfatherandputhiminthecauldron.Medeadid
notaddthemagicalherbs,andPeliaswasdead.Pelias''sondrov
eJasonandMedeaintoexileforthemurder,andthecouplesettl
edinCorinth.JasongottiredofMedeaJasonandMedeasettledi
nCorinth科林斯,wheretheyaresaidtohavelivedhappilyforteny
ears.ButthenJason,havinggrowntiredofbeingmarriedtoafo
reignsorceress女巫,feltreadyforayoungerandmorerepresentati
vewife.HefoundherinGlauce格劳刻,daughterofKingCreon克瑞翁of
Corinth.RevengeofMedeaButthissortofhumiliationandbetray
alwasmorethanMedeacouldbear,andconsequentlysheprevented
thenewmarriagebycausingthedeathofbothprincessandking.
DeathofJason''sbridePretendingthatshehadacceptedherhus
band''sdecision,MedeasenttoGlauce,asaweddingpresent,ab
ridalrobesteepedinpoison,andwhenthegirlputiton,sheca
ughtfire.Creonthen,triedtorescuedhisdaughter,butdied
intheattempt.DeathofJasonandhischildrenForonleavingC
orinthafterthemurderofCreonandGlauce,Medeaalsokilledhe
rsonswithJason,fearingthattheywouldbemurderedorenslave
dasaresultoftheirmother''sactions.TheDeathofJasonBeca
usehebrokehisvowtoloveMedeaforever,Jasonlosthisfavor
withHeraanddiedlonelyandunhappy.Hewasasleepunderthes
tern船尾oftherottingArgowhenitfellonhim,killinghiminsta
ntly.Themannerofhisdeathwasduetothedeitiescursinghim
forbreakinghispromisetoMedea.Theseus忒修斯Theseuswasaleg
endarykingofAthens,sonofAethra埃特拉,fatheredbyAegeus埃勾斯
(insomeversions,andPoseidon,withbothofwhomAethralayin
onenight.)AegeusreturnedtoAthensWhenAethrabecamepregnant
,AegeusdecidedtoreturntoAthens.Beforeleaving,heburied
hissandalsandswordunderahugerockandtoldherthatwhenth
eirsongrewup,heshouldmovetherock,ifhewereheroenough,
andtakethetokensforhimselfasevidenceofhisroyalparenta
ge.GrowingupWhenTheseusgrewupandbecameabraveyoungman
,hemovedtherockandrecoveredhisfather''sarms.Hismother
thentoldhimthetruthabouthisfather''sidentityandthathem
usttaketheweaponsbacktothekingandclaimhisbirthright.
ArrivingatAthensarrivingatAthens,notrevealhistrueidenti
tyimmediately.Aegeus''swifeMedearecognizedTheseusimmediate
lyasAegeus''sonandworriedthatTheseuswouldbechosenashei
rtoAegeus''kingdominsteadofhersonMedus.Shetriedtoarra
ngetohaveTheseuskilledbyaskinghimtocapturetheMarathoni
anBull,anemblemofCretanpower.Aegeusrecognizedhissonre
turnedvictorioustoAthensandsacrificedtheBullMedeatried
topoisonhim.Atthelastsecond,Aegeusrecognizedthesandals
,shield,andsword,andknockedthepoisonedwinecupfromThese
us''hand.fatherandsonwerereunited,andMedeawasexiledKi
llingtheMinotaur人身牛头WarbetweenCreteandAthensCretewass
uccessful.KingMinos迈诺斯demandedpresentfromAtheniansatseve
n-yearintervals,sevenAthenianboysandsevenAtheniangirlswe
retobesenttoCretetobedevouredbytheMinotaur,ahalf-ma
n,half-bullmonsterthatlivedintheLabyrinthOnthethirdocc
asion,Theseusvolunteeredtoslaythemonster.tooktheplaceo
foneoftheyouthsandsetoffwithablacksail,promisingtoh
isfather,Aegeus,thatifsuccessfulhewouldreturnwithawhit
esail.PrincessAriadneKingMinos''daughterAriadne阿里阿德涅,out
ofloveforTheseus,gavehimaballofstringsohecouldfindh
iswayout.TheseuspromisedthatifhereturnedfromtheLabyrin
thhewouldtakeAriadnewithhim.FulfillingthetaskTheseuso
verpoweredtheMinotaurwithhisstrengthandthenslitthebeast
''sthroatwithhissword.TheseususedthestringtoescapetheL
abyrinthandmanagedtoescapewithalloftheyoungAtheniansan
dAriadne.AbandoningAriadneOnthereturnjourneyTheseusab
andonedAriadneontheislandofNaxosinhisdream,Dionysuswa
rnedhimAriadenehadchosentobehiswifeHavetoleaveAriadne
tohimCurseofAriadneandthedeathofAegeusThenextday
Ariadnecursedhimtoforgettochangetheblacksailtowhite.
Seeingtheblacksail,Aegeuscommittedsuicidebythrowinghimse
lfintothesea(hencenamedAegean).Theseus’loveFirst:Ariad
neSecond:Hippolyta希波吕忒,queenoftheAmazons,fatheredHippoly
tus希波吕托斯Phaedra,Ariadne’ssisterHippolytus,ahunter,dislike
dAphroditePunishment:makePhaedralovehimRejectedbyHippol
ytus,Phaedrakilledherself,leavingaletter:rapedbyHippolyt
usHippolytuswassentinexileandgotkilledalongthecoastT
heseus’bestfriend:Pirithous庇里托俄斯Theseus''sbestfriendwasPi
rithous,princeoftheLapiths拉庇泰族.Pirithoushadheardstories
ofTheseus''scourageandstrengthinbattlebutwantedproof,h
estoleTheseus''sherdofcattleTheseussetoutinpursuit.th
epairmettodobattle,butweresoimpressedwitheachothert
heytookanoathoffriendship.Adventures:theabductionofHel
enThetwofriendspledgedthemselvestomarrydaughtersofZeus.
TheseuschoseHelentheykidnappedherintendedtokeepherunt
ilshewasoldenoughtomarryleftHelenwithTheseus''motherw
hereshewasrescuedbyherbrothersPirithouschosePersephoneA
dventures:encounterwithHadestravelledtotheunderworldHades
pretendedtoofferthemhospitalityandsetafeastthepairsa
tdownonastonesnakescoiledaroundtheirfeetandheldthem
thereorthestoneitselfgrewandattacheditselftotheirthig
hs.Heracles:captureCerberusfreedTheseusfromthestoneUn
abletoliberatePirithousbecausetheearthshooktoogreatac
rimeforwantingthewifeofoneofthegreatgodsashisownbri
de.IgnobledeathHelenwassavedImpossibletoresumehisthron
eandrestoreorderandpeacetoAthens.WenttotheislandofSc
yrus斯库罗斯岛,wherethekingpushedhimoffthecliff.Halfma
n,halfhorseLikethesatyrs,notoriousforbeingoverlyindulgentdrinkersgiventoviolencewhenintoxicatedFollowersofDionysusSavagecreaturesbornofIxionandNephele(thecloudmadeintheimageofHera)CentaursChironChironwasintelligent,civilizedandkind.Hewasknownforhisknowledgeandskillwithmedicine.SiredbyCronuswhenhehadtakentheformofahorseandimpregnatedanymphMythsintheOlympiantraditionattributedChiron''suniquelypeacefulcharacterandintelligencetoteachingbyApolloandArtemisinhisyoungerdays.Agreathealer,astrologer,andrespectedoracle,Chironwashighlyreveredasateacherandtutor.Teacherofgreatheroes(Perseus,Jason,Theseus,etc.) |
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