Unit1
1.MesopotamiaisaregionintheMiddleEastlyingbetweentheEuphratesandTigris
2.ThemostancientcivilizationsintheMesopotamiaregionweretheSumerian,theBabylonianandtheAssyrian.
3.TheMesopotamianpeopledevelopedthesexagesimalsystem,whichisstillusedfortheclockallaroundtheworld.
4.ThemostarchitecturalconstructionintheMesopotamiantimewascalledtheZiggurat.
5.ThewritingsysteminventedbytheMesopotamianpeoplewascalledcuneiform.
6.TheCodeofHammurabiisoneofthegreatestearlyexamplesofjudicialliterature.
7.ItwasinancientEgyptthattwooftheSevenWondersoftheWorldwerefound:thepyramidatGizaandthelighthouseatAlexandria.
8.ThewritingsystemadoptedbytheEgyptiansiscalledhieroglyphs.
9.EgyptiansdevisedacalendaronthebasisoftheirobservationsoftheSunandthestars.
10.Egyptdevelopedoneofthefirstreligionstohaveaconceptoftheafterlife.
Astronomy–(adj.)astronomicalhostile–(n.)hostility
Dentist–(n.)dentistryrecognize–(adj.)recognizable
ThekingsofancientEgyptgovernedthelandthroughanelaboratebureaucraticadministration.
Asurplusofexportsoverimportswillboostemployment.
Unit2
TheclassicalperiodofGreececorrespondstomostofthe5thand4thcenturiesBC,fromthefallofthelastAtheniantyrantin510BCtothedeathofAlexandertheGreatin323BC.
Themostfamouscity-statesinancientGreecewereAthensandSparta.
ThecityofAthensfirstintroducedtotheworldtheconceptofdemocracywhichisstillworshippedbymanymoderncountriesinthewest
PeopleintheClassicalGreeceadoptedarationalapproachtoexploringandexplainingtheworldasreflectedinClassicalArt,PhilosophyandLiterature.
ThegreatestphilosophersintheClassicalGreecewereSocrates,PlatoandAristotle.
Hippocrateswascalled“thefatherofmodernmedicine”.
ThedramasofSophocles,Aeschylus,Euripides,andthecomediesofAristophanesarestillconsideredamongthemasterpiecesofwesternculture.
TheartofClassicalGreecebeganthetrendtowardsamorenaturalistic(realistic)depictionoftheworld,andfocusedonman.
UndertheleadershipofPhilipⅡ,theMacedoniansinvadedGreece,andPhilipⅡbecamethekingin359BC.
Alexander’ssuccessonthebattlefieldwassolegendarythathewasgiventheepithet“theGreat”.
Tyrant–(n.)tyranny
KarlMarxleftbehindhimagreatrevolutionarytheoryforus.
Themostimportantlessonwehavelearned,amongagreatmanyothers,isthatwemustbeclearaboutthosequestions.
Theworkfills(in)agapwhichhashithertoexistedinourarchaeologicalliterature.
Victoryagainstemergeasadd…to
Unit4
RomeislocatedalongthebanksoftheTiberriver.
CivilizationshavegrownandprosperedinRomeforthousandsofyears,whichiswhyRomeisnicknamed“theEternalCity”.
RomebegunasasmallcityontheItalianPeninsula.In509BC,Rome’scitizensexpelledtheirrulerandRomebecameaRepublicfromthenon.
ThetwoclassesofcitizensinRomanRepublicwerepatriciansandplebeians.
Rome’smilitarysuccesswaslargelybasedonitswell-organizedandhighlydisciplinedarmy.
In45BC,JuliusCaesarbegantoruleRomeasdictatorforlife.
Aperiodofpeaceandprosperitybetween27BCand180ADisknownasPaxRomana.
Romancitizensentertainedthemselveswithpublicperformancessuchaschariotracesandgladiatorfights.
By392,Christianitywassowidespreadthatitbecametheofficialreligionoftheempire.
Intheyearof395,theRomanEmpirewasformallydividedintotheEasternRomanEmpireandtheWesternRomanEmpire.
Legislative–(n.)legislationobserve–(n.)obsevant
IfweallgetbehindMr.Smith,wecaneasilyelecthimtothatoffice.
Evidencebasedonthereportsofothersratherthanthepersonalknowledgeofawitnessisgenerallynotadmissibleastestimony.
Itisashowthatappealstoyoungandoldalike.
Bringhometo
Prophecy-（n.）prophetdedicate–(n.)dedication
Ilookdownupon/onthemanwhoventshisangeronhisfamilyafterhavingabaddayatwork.
Thecourtdeterminedthatthemanwasguiltyofdrunkendriving.
Beconcernedwithbringabout
Fuse–(n.)fusiondescend–(n.)descent
IgaveMaryanappleinexchangeformyfavoritebanana.
Takecontroloffallintopassitontosb.disposeof
Unit8
TheRenaissanceisthe“rebirth”ofEurope,aperiodwhenScholarsbecamemoreinterestedinstudyingtheworldaroundthem,whenartbecamemorelifelike,andwhenEuropeansbegantoexplorenewlands.ArabscholarspreservedthewritingsoftheancientGreeksintheirlibraries.WhentradesmenfromcitiesinnorthernItalycameintocontactwithArabians,theyexchangedideasaswellasgoods.ManyChristianscholarsmovedtoItalyfromGreeceafterByzantineEmpirefelltotheTurksin1453.
TheRenaissanceinfluencedpainting,sculpture,andarchitecture.Paintingbecamemorerealisticandfocusedlessoftenonreligioustopics.Richfamiliesbecamepatronsbycommissioninggreatarts.ArtistsadvancedtheRenaissancestyleofshowingnatureanddepictingthefeelingofpeople.
ManyRenaissancescholarswereinspiredbytheclassics,theworksoftheancientGreeksandRomans.RomanemperorsandChristianpriestskeptorderinEuropeformorethanamillennium,butthescholarsfoundaspiritintheancienttextsthatvaluedinnovation.
Peoplewhostudiedtheclassicswereknownashumanists.HumanistsrecreatedancientGreekandRomanstylesinart,literatureandarchitecture.Humanistsbelievedthaycouldunderstandpeopleandtheworldbetterthroughanunderstandingoftheclassics.Thehumanistsemphasizedtheimportanceofsecular,ornon-religiousvalues,whichoftenputthematoddswiththechurch.
JohannGutenbergwasaGermangoldsmithwhoinventedprintingpress,amachinethatallowedhimmass-producewrittenmaterial.Gutenbergdidnotmakeanymoneyforhisinventionbecausepatentsdidnotexist,soanyonecouldbuildaprintingpresswithoutcompensatingGutenbergforhisinspiration.
Gutenberghadnotreallyinventedanything.Hisgeniuswastocombineorimproveelementsthatalreadyexisted.BlockprintinghadbeeninventedbytheChinesemorethanfivecenturiesbeforetheprintingpress,butGutenbergusedseparate,moveableblocksforeachcharacterinsteadofasinglewood-carvedblockforanentirepage.TheEgyptiansandChinesecreatedinkfromsootoffiresandmixeditwithsap.Latercivilizationsusedplantmaterialtogenerateink,particularlythedarkblueindigoplant.Gutenbergimprovedonthisbyusingoil-basedink
Gutenberg’sprintingpresswassuccessfuldespitetheobjectionsofsomegovernmentandreligiousleaders,whofearedtheinventionwouldspreadsubversiveideas/influences.By1500,Gutenberg’sinspirationspawnedprintingpressthroughoutEuropean.
TheRenaissancebeganintradingcitiesinthenorthernpartoftheItalianpeninsula,Genoa,Venice,PisaandFlorencewerecentersofpowerandwealththatbecamethecenter/cradleoftheRenaissance.Veniceisacityofislandonthenortheasternedgeofpeninsula.TheprimaryindustryinVeniceandGenoaduringtheRenaissancewasshipbuilding.FlorenceandPisaprosperedbecauseofthewoolindustry.
WealthymerchantsintheItaliancitiesbecamepatronsofthearts.Theyhiredartiststofilltheirhomeswithbeautifulpaintingsandsculptures.Theypurchasedrarebooksandpaidscholarstoteach.Themoneyandencouragementofthepatrons,togetherwiththatofthechurch,madethemasterpiecesofRenaissanceartpossible.
Allot–(n.)allotmentinspiration–(done)inspired
Manypeoplearelookingtothenowgovernmenttoreduceunemployment.
Theycouldnotsettleonwheretospendtheholiday.
Manyparentswanttheirdaughterstomarryintoagoodfamily.
ThewretchedpeasantwhohasjustdiedisbetteroffthanIam.
Unit9
ComparedwiththeartoftheMiddleAges,Renaissanceartismorelifelike.
Perspectiveistheartofmakingsomeobjectsorpeopleinapicturelookfurtherawaythanothers.
ThemesofpaintingsintheRenaissancetimechangedfromcelestialrealmtoanappreciationofallaspectsofnatureandman.
GiottowasoneofthefirstartiststopaintinthenewRenaissancestyle.
Arenaissancemanisapersonwhoistalentedinmanyfields,LeonardodaVinciandMichelangeloaretypicalexamplesoftheRenaissanceman.
ThreeofthemostfamouspaintingsbyLeonardodaVinciwereTheVirginoftheRocks,MonaLisaandThelastsupper.
MichelangelowasfamousforpaintingtheceilingoftheSistineChapel.
PieterBruegelasaDutchpainterwhowasgoodatshowingpeasantlifeinhispaintings.
Betray–(n.)betrayalsculpture–(n.)sculptor
Influence–(adj.)influentialsufficient–(v.)suffice
You’dbetternotbuildyourhopesupon/oncastlesintheair.
Unit10
TheReformationwasa16thcenturyreligiousmovementledbyMartinLuther.Thebeginningofthemovementwasmarkedbythenailingofhis95ThesesonthedoorofthechurchattheUniversityofWittenberg.
TheReformationaimedatopposingtheabsoluteauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandreplacingitwiththeabsoluteauthorityoftheBible.
Thedemandsofthereformistsincludedthatofsimplifyingrituals,abolishingheavytaxesleviedontheircountrymenandabolishingtheindulgences.
MartinLutherwasaGermanpriestwhomadeopenprotestsagainstabsolutepowerofRomanCatholicChurchandtranslatedtheBiblefromLatintothevernacular.
WhenthePoperefusedtorecognizeHenryⅧ’smarriagewithAnneBoleyn,BritishParliament,in1534,passedActofSupremacywhichmarkedtheformalbreakoftheBritishwiththepapalauthorities.
ActofSuccessionrecognizedthelegalityofthedivorceandsecuredtheCrowntoAnne’schildren.
AsaresultofTheEnglishReformation,AnglicanChurchwasestablished,andthekingbecametheheadofthechurch.
TheCouncilofTrentreaffirmedthattheChurchhadthesolerighttointerprettheBible.
AsaresultoftheReformation,differentdenominationsofChristianChurchbegantoappear,andProtestantismcameintobeing.
TheinfluenceofReformationcouldbefeltinalmosteverysocialaspect.Inspirit,absoluteobediencebecameoutmodedandthespiritofquestanddebatewasusheredinbythereformist.
Authority–(adj.)authoritativedeny–(n.)denial
Individual–(n.)individualitysimple–(v.)simplify
ThepoliticianmadeaverypoorshowinginParliamentduringthedebateontheNationalLaborAct.
Ifyoumessup,you’reonyourown.
Taxismustconformtotherigorousstandardslaiddownbythepolice.
Engageinbusinessaffairsinpractice
Unit11
Thetwopoliticalresponsestothereligiouswarsinthe17thcenturywereabsolutismandlimitedmonarchy.TheformerwasbestrepresentedbyLouisⅩⅣanthelatterwasrepresentedbyEngland.
Copernicusputforwardhistheorythatthesunisthecenteroftheuniverse.
Kepler’slawsformedthebasisofallmodernplanetaryastronomyandledtotheNewton’sdiscoveryofthelawsofgravitation.
Galileowasthefirsttoapplythetelescopetothestudyoftheskies.
Inoptics,Newtondiscoveredthatwhitelightiscomposedofallthecolorsofthespectrum.
OfallNewton;sachievementsinphysics,hisdiscoveryofthelawofuniversalgravitationisthemostimportant.
SirFrancisBaconarguedthatknowledgewasbestgainedthroughcooperationamongresearchers,andthroughcarefullyrecordedexperimentsthatcouldberepeatedandverified.
Descartes’approachtothenaturalworldisusuallycalledthe“deductivemethod”.
Physics–(n.)physicist
Inspiteofthepanic,sheremainedsereneandincontrol.
Iputforwardthehandsofaclockwhenitisslow.
Warhasleftitsmarkonthecountry.
Inpercentageterms
Unit12
TheEnlightenmentwasanintellectualmovementoriginatinginFrance,whichattractedwidespreadsupportamongtherulingandintellectualclassesofEuropeandNorthAmericainthe18thcentury.ItisalsocalledtheActofReason.
IntheEnlightenment,Europeanwritersandphilosophersbegantousecriticalreasontofreemindsfromprejudice,unexaminedauthorityandoppressionbyChurchorstate.
ThefavoritewordoftheEuropeanwritersandphilosophersintheEnlightenmentwasreason.Theybelievethatbyusingit,theycouldfindlawsthatgovernedhumansociety.
IsaacNewtonandJohnLockeweretheprimarysourceofinspirationfortheEnlightenment.
InhisEssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding,JohnLockearguedthatourknowledgeisderivedfromenvironmentandreason.
TheFrenchterm“philosophes”referstointellectualsoftheEnlightenment.
IntheSpiritoftheLaws,Montesquieudistinguishedthreebasickindsofgovernments:republic,monarchyanddespotism.HebelievedthatEngland’ssystem,withitsseparateexecutive,legislativeandjudicialpowersthatservedtolimitandcontroleachother,providedthegreatestfreedomandsecurityforastate.
AdamSmithmadeaclearstatementoflaissez-faireinhisfamousworkTheWealthofNationspublishedin1776.Helaidthefoundationforwhatbecameknowninthenineteenthcenturyaseconomicliberalism.
Intellectual–(n.)intellectliberal-(n.)libertyDisturb–(n.)disturbance
Heisnowworkingonanewinventionthatwillhaveavarietyofapplicationsinindustry.
Ican’thelpbutbeimpressedwiththepracticabilityofthiseducation.
Originatefrom/in
Revolution–(adj.)revolutionarybelieve-（adj.）unbelievable
Itookthejoboutofnecessitybecausewehadnomoneyleft.
ThecelebrationwillrunfromnextMonday.
Thebossdecidedtopassoverhisslightmistakes.
Itwasashootingstarthatpropelledmeinto/toastronomyinthefirstplace.
I’vegotsomeworktodobutIshouldbethroughinanhourifyoucanwait.
It’sdifficulttobreakwitholdhabits.
Ibelievethoseprinciplesholdtrueforeveryone,everywhere.
Unit15
Thetwomajorintellectualdevelopmentsbetween1850and1870werethegrowthofscientificknowledgeandtheshiftfromRomanticismtoRealism.
Thedevelopmentofsteamenginesencouragedscientisttoworkoutitstheoreticalfoundations.
Thescientificmethod,basedonobservation,experimentandlogicalanalysis,wasbelievedtobetheonlypathtoobjectivetruth.
IntheAgeofRealism,truthwastobefoundintheconcretematerialexistenceofhumanbeings.
Realistwritersoftensoughttoavoidfloweryandsentimentallanguagebyusingcarefulobservationandaccuratedescription.
Inart,Realismischaracterizedbyadesiretodepicttheeverydaylifeofordinarypeopletoattemptatphotographicrealism,andaninterestinthenaturalenvironment.
Theory–(adj.)theoreticalobjective–(n.)objectivity
Adulterous–(n.)adulteryportray–(n.)portrayal
Hypocrisy–(adj.)hypocriticalhumanism–(adj.)humanistic
Hergesturesandmovementsweredistinguishedbyanobleandstatelygrace.
SheclaimsthatsheisrelatedtotheQueen.
Bepreoccupiedwithcomeintofashionbereservedfor
Belackingincharacterize…as..
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