Unit4
Ⅰ
IntheUK,agovernmentcannotstandforlongerthanfiveyearsexceptinexceptionalcircumstances.
Anyonewhoiseligibletovotewith500poundsasdepositcanstandasanMP.Atleast5%ofthevote
EachmainpartyisgivensometimeonnationalTVto“sell”theirpolicies.Thetimeisnotgivenfreeandhastobepaidbytheparty.Thetimeisgivenfreeandtheamountoftimeisproportionaltothepercentageofthevotewhichthepartyreceivedatthepreviouselection.
TheamountspentinnationalcampaignisnotlimitedotherthanthatonTV.
Secrecyisnotimportantpartofthevotingprocess.
TherearetwomajornationalpartiesintheUKaccordingtothetext.Three
LiberalDemocraticPartyisthenewestofthemajornationalparties.TheLaborParty
Childrenfromtheupper-middle–classusuallyhaveabettereducationthanthosefromtheworkingormiddle-class.
Themajorityofthemiddle-classpeopletodayhaveworkingclassparentsorgrandparents.
OneofthedistinctivefeaturesabouttheBritishclass-systemisthatithasalsoretainedahereditaryaristocracy.
ThemajorityoftheBritain’srecentimmigrantshavemainlycomefromNorthAsiaandCaribbeancountries.SouthAsia
Mostimmigrantsearnalivingbyopeningrestaurantsorbecomingmusicians.Mostsimplygetjobsstartsmallbusinessesandliveprivatelives.
Theimmigrantshaveproblemsofunemployment,under-representationinpoliticsandunfairtreatmentbypoliceandbythejusticesystem.
OnMarch2,2010,theBritishgovernmentpublisheditsHouseholdEnergyManagementStrategy.
OnDecember27,2009theUNClimateChangeConferencewasheldinCopenhagen.2009年12.7-12.18
AccordingtotheKyotoProtocol,thegovernmenthasagreedthattheUKwillmeettoughtargetstoreducecarbonemissionsincrementallybetweennowand2020.
Ⅱ
Whichgroupofpeoplecannotvoteinthegeneralelection？
B.LordsintheHouseofLords.上议院议员，大多是世袭贵族，在上议院中已有被封的席位，所以不能参加选举
Bywhomisa“voteofnoconfidence”decided?
A.TheHouseofCommons.
WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouttheelectoralcampaigns?
A.Bigpartiescanbuytimetobroadcasttheirpoliciesonthetelevision.
HowmanyseatsintheHouseofCommonsshouldapartyholdatleastinordertowintheelection?
B.326
WhichofthefollowingdescriptionabouttheConservativePartyisNOTtrue?
Ithasbeeninpowerforanunusuallylongperiodoftime.
Itpreferspoliciesthatprotectindividual’srights
Itreceivesalotofthefundingfrombigcompanies.
Itisknownasapartyofhightaxationlevels.Low
WhichperiodoftimeinBritishhistorywasdescribedas“privateaffluenceandpublicsqualor”?一部分人富裕起来了，而大部分百姓的生活却贫民化了
C.The1980s
WhoistheleaderoftheLaborPartyatpresent?
C.GordonBrown戈登布朗
WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutlifepeers?
B.TheycannotsitintheHouseofLords
WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaboutclasssystemintheUK?
Classdivisionisonlydecidedbypeople’sincome.Class-divisionisnotsimplyeconomic.
WhichofthefollowingisNOTcharacteristicofthehereditaryaristocracyintheUK?
C.TheyaretherichestpeopleintheUK.ManyoftheveryrichintheUKarebusinessmenandentrepreneurs.
WhichofthefollowingisNOTaneffectofimmigrationontheBritishsociety?
B.Classtensionhasincreased.
WhichofthefollowingisNOTatruedescriptionofthesituationethnicminoritiesintheUK?
A.TheyarewellrepresentedintheBritishgovernment.
WhichofthefollowingisNOTincludedinHouseholdEnergyManagementStrategy?
C.Everyhouseholdwillhaveproducedtheirelectricityfromrenewableenergyresources.
Ⅲ
WhocanstandforelectionasanMPintheUK?Whyaresmallpartiesandindependentcandidatespowerlessintheelectioncampaignfortheformationofagovernment?
Eligibleforvote,500pounds.
BecausethevotingpolicyofUKconstituentsare"Winnertakeall",onlycandidatesfrombigpartieshavetheabilitytoattractenoughvotestobechosen.Thisdiscouragescandidatesfromsmallerpartiestowinenoughsupport,theywillhaveveryscarcechanceofwinningseatsinthecongress.Andsincepoliticaldecisionmakinginthecongresshasverystrictpartyline,independentorpowerlesscandidateswillnothavestrongsupportofpartytobackhimup,thushewillhavenosayinsubstantialdecisionmaking.Asaresultofthis,voterswouldratherchoosetovoteforthecandidatefromabigpartythatwillmakesensethanindependentcandidatewhocanrepresentthemwellbuthasnoinfluenceindecisionmaking.(政治学原理上的）
3WhatarethreebigpartiesintheUK?Whataresomeofthesimilaritiesanddissimilaritiesbetweenthethreeparties?
Thelaborparty,conservativepartyandliberaldemocrat.
Thelaborpartybelievesthatthesocietyshouldberelativelymoreequalsotheyaremorefocusedontheredistributionfunctionofthegovernment.Theyalsoseethegovernmentasabodytoprovidearangeofpublicservicetoall.Sotheyadoptthepolicyofhightaxandhighlevelofwellfaresystem"fromcradletothegrave".Theyalsonationalizedmanyenterprises,makingtheUKintoamixedeconomywithbothprivateenterpriseandbigstate-ownedsectors.Tothecontrary,theConservativepartybelievesintheindividualinitiativeandmarketforceagainstthefailureofgovernment.Theytendtoprotectthefreechoiceofindividualsandfavourpoliciesthataretotheinterestofbusinesslikelowtax.Theyprivatizedmanynationalizedstateownedbusinessesandemphasizedonefficiency.Butthedifferenceofthetwopartiesisjustrelativetoonedegreeandtheytwoenjoyverybroadcommonground.TheLiberalDemocratsstandsomewhereinthemiddleoftheideology.Itisseenasmorepragmaticandflexibleinthebalanceofindividualandsociety,thusreceivingvotesfromthoseoflaboranddemocrats.ItadvocatedforthechangeofBritishconstitutionalarrangementstobemoredemocraticandcountable.
WhataresomeoftherecentpoliticaltrendsintheUK?Arethesetrendsmoredemocratic?Whatistheauthor’sopinion?
Movetothe“right”,awayfromthe“public”andtowardthe“private”,awayfromthe“social”andtowardthe“individual”.
Notallofthemaredemocratic.（很难说是民主还是非民主，是从重视平等转移到重视效率，如果说民主只是严格限制于政治领域的基本权力，那可以说增加了民主，它增加了个人政治上自主选择的空间，打破了工会的利益集团垄断。如果把民主界定为包括社会上机会的平等，实质权力的实行，可能也算是更加民主，问题问的不好，估计不会考，问了就模糊地答吧。。。Author站在比较中立的立场，肯定了增加了效率的好处同时也提出了平等失衡的问题。）
HowarepeopleintheUKdividedintodifferentclasses?Whataresomeofthemainfeaturesinthedivision?IstheclasssystemsimilartothatoftheUnitedStates?
Theclassesaredividedaccordingtotheincome,profession,educationandsoon.Sincethedivisionofclassisaboutthelifechanceofpeopleofdifferentlevels,thepeopleindifferentclasseshavedifferentchancestoacquirehigherstatus.Manualworkersandofficeworkersusuallydefinethemasdifferentclassesdespitethefactthatsomemanualworkersmayearnmorethanofficeworkers.Thereexistsaculturaldifferencebetweendifferentclasses,theyreaddifferentnewspapersandhavedifferententertainment.Andhighermiddleclasschildrentendtohavebettereducationwhichensuresthemadistinguishedcareerpath.Theelitecircleisformedinthisway.
WhatdistinguishesBritishclassfromthoseofAmericaistheremaininghereditaryaristocracy.Therewasathinscatterofaristocraticchildrenwhoinherittitlesattendingprivateschools.TheymaybecomemembersoftheHouseofLordandarelikelytoexertbiggerinfluenceinthesociety.Still,thosewhoholdmostofthenation’swealtharenotthembutbusinessmenandentrepreneurs.
Whataresomeofthepositiveeffectsofnon-whiteimmigrantsinBritishsocietyaccordingtotheauthor?WhatisthegeneralsituationofracialrelationsintheUK?
Positiveeffects：
Theimmigrantsbringtheirculturewiththem,whichincreasethevarietyandinterestsofwithinBritishculture.Eg.foodandcuisine
Britishmusichasbeeninvigoratedbythenewcomers,newformofpopmusic.Themostrespectedwritersarefromtheimmigrants.
Generalsituation:
Worse-offeconomicallyspeakingthanthewhitepopulationasawhole.Morelikelytobeunemployed.Under-re[resentedinpoliticstoo.RunningmanycandidatesforelectionbuthasneversucceededingettinganMPelected.
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