第四章大学英语四级考试写作题型

第四章大学英语四级考试写作题型

根据教育部颁布的大学英语教学大纲的要求，大学英语四级考试的命题形式有以下几种：首尾句作文、提纲作文、图表作文、命题作文、书信体作文等。



第一节首尾句作文

首尾句作文是根据段首（尾）句续写短文。段首句作文也称主题句作文，因为作文题中所给的段首句往往是段落主题句。其特点是以题目为中心，一般情况下将文章分为三个段落，每段首句即为该段的主题句（topicsentences）。考生要按主题句的要求组织材料，提出论据，用一些辅助句（supportingsentences）来支持或说明主题句，写英文段首句作文要注意：所写的内容要紧扣主题，辅助句应围绕段首句续写。保证段内每个句子的内容与段首句紧密展开各个段落，如：例证、因果、定义、比较对比、程序等。要注意句与句之间，特别是段首句与辅助句之间的自然衔接。另外，所给的段首句有时是一个完整的句子，有时不是一个完整的句子，只是句子的一部分，这就要求考生一定要审好题。找出其中表示中心思想的关键词，围绕这些关键词去扩展、描述或说明。

［例1］Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionaboutWomenintheModernWorldinthreeparagraphs.Youaregiventhefirstsentenceofeachparagraphandarerequiredtodeveloptheideaincompletingtheparagraph;yourpartofthecompositionshouldbeabout100words,notincludingthewordsgiven.Remembertowriteclearly.



［范文］



WomenintheModernWorld

Womenareplayinganincreasinglyimportantroleinsociety.Successfulwomenwhoaregovernmentofficials,writers,scientists,doctorsandteacherscanbefoundeverywhere.Itistruethatmanyjobsthatonceweredominatedbymencanbedonewellbywomen.

Withthechangesintheirsocialrole,womenspositioninthefamilyhasbeenimprovedaswell.Thehusbandisnolongertheonlybreadmakerinthefamilyandthewifenolongerlivesonothers.Theysharecomfortsandhardshipswitheachother.

Inspiteofthesechanges,theliberationofwomenhasnotbeencompletelyrealized.Womenstillfacemanydifficultiesandobstaclesduetotraditionalrolesandlimitedeconomicstrength.Womenstillhavealongwaytogointheirstruggleforcompleteequalitywithmen.

第一段首句是讲妇女在社会上的作用，因而续写的内容紧紧围绕妇女的社会作用，比如，妇女可以是政府机关的工作人员、科学家、教师等；第二句的段首句是关于妇女在家庭中的地位也提高了，续写的内容也是有关夫妻患难与共；第三句的段首句是讲妇女解放仍然任重而道远，续写的部分提出了妇女所面临的问题，整个续写的部分紧扣段首句。





［例２］Directions:WriteacompositionaboutWhatWouldHappenIfThereWereNopowerinthreeparagraphs,youaregiventhefirstsentenceorpartofthefirstsentenceofeachparagraph:

1Eversinceearlythiscentury,electricityhasbecomeanessentialpartofourmodernlife.

2Iftherewerenoelectricpower,...

3Therefore,...



［范文］



WhatWouldHappenIfThereWereNoPower

Eversinceearlythiscentury,electricityhasbecomeanessentialpartofourmodernlife.Ithasplayedadecisiveroleinthemodernworld.Everybodyadmitsthatdevelopmentofourcivilizationdependsonelectricity.

Iftherewerenoelectricitypower,ourmodernworldwouldbeintrouble.Forinstance,allthewheelwouldstopbecausewithoutthepowerthemachinewouldceaseworking.Andalltheelectricalequipmentlifewouldbeimpossibleandinagreatmasswithoutelectricity.

Therefore,weshouldmakebetteruseofelectivepower.Ontheotherhand,weshouldeducatepeopletoeconomizeonelectricityandnottowasteenergyresources.Atthesametimewemustdoourbesttoexploitmoreelectricresourcestomeettherequirementsofhumanbeings.

第一段的段首句是讲电已经成为人们现代生活中必不可少的部分，因而接下来的续写部分应强调它的重要性。第二段的段首句提出如果没有电的假设，下面列出没有电将会出现的麻烦。最后一段指出我们应该节约用电，开拓更多的电力资源。

第二节提纲作文

提纲作文是要求考生根据所给出的作文题目和提纲（一般为中文提纲）进行写作。中文提纲大多是以三个单句的形式出现的。写提纲作文，首先要做的就是审题，并要仔细分析题目中所列举的提纲。审完题后应该根据提纲拟出三个英文的主题句，再在这些主题句的基础上扩展成文。在扩展的过程中一定要做到条理清楚，开门见山。

［例1］Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicGoodHealthaccordingthefollowingoutline.Yourcompositionislessthan120words.Rememberthatthecontentsoftheoutlineshouldallbeincludedinyourcomposition.

Outline:

1健康的重要性

2保持健康的方法

3我的做法



［范文］



GoodHealth

Goodhealthisveryimportanttoeveryone.Withit,wecanstudyhard,wecanserveourcountry,wecandoeverythingaswelike.Withoutgoodhealth,everybodyknowsthatwewillfailtodothings.Wecan’tworkefficiently,wemaystayinhospital,wellbecomeaburdenofourfamily.

Inmyopinion,therearetwowaysforustokeepfit.First,wemusteatabalanceddiet.Thatistosay,wemusteatnotonlyeggs,fishandmeat,butalsosomevegetablesandfruiteveryday.Besideseatingproperly,drinkingcleanwaterisalsoimportant.Nevergetaddictedtodrinkingthesoftdrink.Second,exercisingisavitalpartofourdailylife.Wecandosomerunninginthemorningandplayfootballintheafternoon.

Asauniversitystudent,Ipaymuchattentiontophysicalexercises.Idosomeswimminginsummerandsomeskatinginwinter.Ioftenplaybadmintonandtennis.Iamalsocarefulwithmydiet.Inaway,keepinghealthyisnotveryhardifyoujusttakeitseriously.

文章开门见山就点出了主题：Goodhealthisveryimportanttoeveryone。然后作者很巧妙地用了with和without这两个介词从正反两个方面举出了具体的事例来支持自己的观点。另外，with和without这两个词常用于议论文中，用“正证法”和“反证法”来对各论点或观点进行论述。第二段的开头句紧扣提纲，概括地提出保持健康有两种方法，并且通过first,second这样的指示词,使所列举的事实条理化。最后一段告诉读者自己的做法，也紧扣了提纲。

［例2］Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicCompetition.Yourcompositionshouldbelessthan120words.Rememberthatthecontentsoftheoutlineshouldallbeincludedinyourcomposition.

Outline:

1Theimportanceofcompetition

2Thefunctionofcompetition

3Myownpractices



［范文］



Competition

Competitionmakespeopleactiveandcreative.Itisverynecessarytocompeteifhumansocietywantstoadvance.Withoutit,wewouldbecomelazyandnobodywouldtakeanyresponsibility.“Threemonks,therewillbenodrinkingwater.”ThisChineseproverbvividlydescribeswhyChinasproductivitywassolowbeforeMr.Dengcameintopower.Atthattime,wehadthesocalledplannedeconomy.Therewasnocompetitionatall.Sofarmersdidntworkhard.Workersdidntworkhard.Chinawasontheedgeofcollapse.

Competitioncanstimulatepeopletotrytheirbesttodothings.Forexample,in100meterrace,eachsportsmanrunsasquicklyaspossible,tryingtowinthechampion,thesamethingshappeninoursocietyandinourdailylife.Ifacompanywantstosurpass,itmustcompetewiththem.Itmustraiseitsefficiency.Allthecompaniesdoingthiswillnodoubtbenefitthewholesocietyandthewholehumanbeings.Beingastudent,Imustcompetewithotherstudentsinourstudies.ImuststudyhardinallthefieldssothatIcanbeausefulmanwhenIenterthesocietyaftergraduation.

文章一开头就提出了竞争的重要性。接下来，作者用了两个事例更进一步说明了主题。最后谈到了自己的做法。







［例3］

Directions:ForthisPart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicLosingandGainingweightaccordingtothefollowing.Yourcompositionshouldbelessthan120words.Rememberthatthecontentsoftheoutlineshouldallbeincludedinyourcomposition.

Outline:

Thecomparisonofone’sbodytoacar:thesimilaritiesanddifferencesofone’sbodyandone’scar.

1Thewaysforgainingweightandlosingweight.

2Myownpractices.



［范文］





LosingandGainingweight

Theprocessofgainingorlosingweightcanbeexplainedbycomparingyourcar.First,yourcarcan’trunifthereisnopetrolordieseloil.Becauseitneedsenergy.Thesamethinghappenstoyourbody.Yourbodyalsoneedsenergy,thefoodyoueatcanbeconvertedintoenergy,withwhichyoucanrun,youcantalk,youcandoeverything.Second,ifyoueattoomuchyouwillgainweight.Weknowacarwithtooheavyloadcantrunquicklyandsafely.Maybeitwillbreakdown.Forthesamereason,ifyouaretoofat,itisalsoveryinconvenientanddangerous.Youmightgetheartdisease,diabetes,andhypertensionandsoon.Ifsuchthingshappen,doctorwouldaskyoutoloseweight.

Youeattoomuchandyoudonttakeexercise,youllgainweight.Soifyouwanttoloseweightyouhavetodotheopposite.Youwillbeonadiet.Youwillgooutanddosomeexercises,suchas,running,swimming,andplayingfootball,etc.Soon,youllbebackingoodconditionandgoodshapeagain.

AsfarasIamconcerned,Igetupandgotobedearly,doplentyofexerciseseveryday,andpayspecialattentiontothefoodIeataswell.Idonteattoomuchmeat.Instead,mydietconsistsofvegetables,fruits,eggs,fish,andbeans.BydoingthisIcankeepfit.

作者在这篇文章中先用比较对比法比较了人与车之间的相似之处：车需要汽油，人需要食物；车载的重物过多跑不快，人长得太胖既行动不便也存有隐患，因而过于肥胖的人就需要减肥。第一段的最后一句话起了承上启下的作用。接下来作者谈了如何减肥，最后很自然地过渡到作者自己的做法。





第三节关键词作文

关键词作文是根据作文题目以及所给出的关键词写短文。关键词的数目由几个到十几个不等。写这种题型的作文，要特别注意关键词的作用。关键词是短文内容发展的“路标”，在作文思路和写作内容上起着决定乾坤的作用。因此，写出的文章要把所给的这些关键词都用上，可以一句中用上几个词，也可以几句中用上一个词，只要能做到恰到好处即可。而且，要学会根据所给关键词的语义群分段。如果所给的关键词可以分为三组，那么，短文就可以写成三段。如果给出的关键词是两组，短文就可以写为两段。再者，要把给出的关键词用在刀刃上，即各段的主题句以及结尾的主题句都应该有关键词。

［例1］Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteapassageon“TheAdvantagesofTravel”basedonthewordsandphrasesgiven:advantageswidenourknowledge,makefriends,knowledgeorgeography,beautifulscenery,differentlifestyle,customsandcultures,variousfoods,practiceaforeignlanguage,worthspendingthetime.



［范文］



TheAdvantagesofTravel

Wheneveracollegestudentisasked“Whatareyougoingtodothissummervacation?”themostprobableanswermightbe“Iamgoingtohaveatrip.”Itseemsthatcollegestudentsarefondoftravelingverymuch.Why?Becausetravelhasnumerousadvantages.

Firstofall,travelcanwidenourknowledgeofgeography,theknowledgeofdifferentcustoms,culturesandlifestylesofdifferentplacesandcountries.Secondly,wecanmakefriendsandpracticeaforeignlanguagethroughtraveling.Finally,travelisthebestwayofspendingtime.Wecanenjoyeatingvariouslocalfoodsandseeingbeautifulscenery.

Inaword,wecanbenefitfromtravelinmorethanoneway.Itisworthspendingthetime.

作者在第一段中就用上了关键词travel和advantage，并很巧妙地利用Becausetravelhasnumerousadvantages这样的承上启下的句子来引出下文关于旅游的种种好处。最后又把关键词用在了文章的结尾处，强化了主题，不失为画龙点睛之笔。

［例2］Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteapassageon“TheHelpfulFeaturesofTextbooks”basedonthefollowingwordsgiven:textbooks,school,levels,kids,purpose,learn,therefore,features,information,contentsts,page,understand,divide,sections,finally,alphabetical,mast,help,quickly,efficiently.



［范文］



TheHelpfulFeaturesofTextbooks

Textbooksarebooksthatstudentsuseinschools.Studentsatalllevelsandinallkindsofschoolsusetextbooks.Theyhavecertainfeaturesincommon—featuresthatcanhelpstudentsfindandunderstandtheinformationinthem.

Alltextbookshavetablesofcontentsatthebeginning.Thetablesofcontentslistthechaptertitles,thepartsofthechapters,andthepagenumbersoftheparts.Thesesectionsaredividedagainintosmallerpartswithheadingsandsubheadings.Finally,mosttextbookshaveanindexatthebackofthebook.Theindexlistsallthetopicsinthebookinalphabeticalorder,andgivestheirpagenumbers.

Thesearethefeaturesofmosttextbooks,whichhelpstudentsfindandunderstandtheinformationintextbooksquicklyandefficiently.

文章一开头用定义法给教材下了个定义。接下来具体说明教材的主要特征。最后一段与第一段相呼应，并重复和强调了几个关键词中的关键词，比如textbooks，information等。

第四节图表作文

图表作文要求考生用文字材料把图表中所提供的信息准确、完整地表达出来。在写作图表作文时，首先要仔细观察并分析图表，以及题中所给出的有关信息，比如，作文题，英文提纲、英文提示、英语关键词等。在分析图表时，要抓住与主题有关的信息，要发现数据呈现的规律，要充分利用图表中的图形、数据等去说明主题。但是注意不要过多地引用数据，以免造成滥用数据的后果。另外，在写作图表作文时可以套用一些常用词汇或表达方式，这将有助于你写出较为地道的图表作文。例如：

①Ascanbeseenfromthetable(graph,form)that...

②Fromtheabovetableitcanbeseen(concluded)that...

③Acarefulstudyofthetableshowsthat...

④Thenumber(percentage)is3timesasmuchasthatin2000.

⑤Ithasdecreased(fell,dropped)abouttwice,comparedwith(ascomparedwith,asagainst)thatof2000.

⑥In2001,itincreased(wentup,rose)from5to15percentofthetotal(to15percent,by15percent).

［例1］Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionofnolessthan100wordsonChangesinPeople’sDiet.Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandyourcompositionmustbebasedontheinformationgiveninthetable.Writethreeparagraphsto:

1.Statethechangesinpeople’sdiet（饮食）inthepastfiveyears

2.Givepossiblereasonsforthechanges

3.Drawyourownconclusion

Youshouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible.



Kinds 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 Grain 49% 47% 46.5% 45% 45% Milk 10% 11% 11% 12% 13% Meat 17% 20% 22.5% 23% 21% FruitandVegetable 24% 22% 20% 20% 21% Total 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

［范文］



ChangesinPeople’sDiet

Ascanbeseeninthetable,therehavebeengreatchangesinpeople’sdietinthepastfiveyears.GrainusedtobetheChinesemainfood,butnowitisplayingalessimportantroleinpeoplesdiet,whiletheconsumptionofsomehighenergyfoods,suchasmilkandmeat,hasincreasedsteadily.

Whatcausedthesechanges?Ithinkthereasonsareasfollows:First,theopenpolicybringsthepeopleopportunitiestoearnalotofmoney.Second,peoplenowadayspaymoreattentiontothestructureoftheirdiet.Theyareseekingthemostreasonabledietstructure,whichwilldogoodtotheirhealth.

Fromtheabove,wecanseethat,withthedevelopmentofthecountry,theleveloftheChinesepeople’slifehaschangedinthepastfiveyears.I’msuretherewillbegreaterchangesinthefuture.

文中第一句话就明确告诉读者这篇作文是一篇图表作文。接下来根据图表分析了在过去的五年中人们的饮食结构都发生了哪些变化，最后预测将来人们的生活水平还会发生更大的变化。尽管在这张图表中有很多数据，但作者并没有过多地引用这些数据，而是通过数据把要说明的问题点了出来。

［例2］Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositionofnolessthan100wordsonIncomeSourcesbetweenChineseandAmericanStudents.Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandyourcompositionmustbebasedontheinformationgiveninthetable.Writethreeparagraphsto:

1.DescribethedifferencesoftheincomesourcesbetweenChineseandAmericanstudents.

2.Analyzepossiblereasonsforthesedifferences.

3.Predicatefuturetendency.



SourceofincomePercentageofTotalIncome Parents Part-timejob FellowshiporScholarship Americanstudents 50% 35% 15% Chinesestudents 90% 5% 5%



［范文］

IncomeSourcesBetweenChineseStudentsandAmericanStudents

IncomesourcesofChinesestudentsarequitedifferentfromthoseofAmericanstudents.InChina,studentsget90%oftheirmoneyfromtheirparentswhileinAmerica,only50%ofstudents`moneyisprovidedbyparents.Inaddition,Chinesestudentsearnonly5%oftheirmoneyfromparttimejobsand5%fromfellowshiporscholarshipwhileincomefromthesetworesourcesforAmericanstudentstakesup35%and15%respectivelyoftheirtotalincome.

Ithinkthereareprobablythreereasonsfortheirdifferences.First,becauseoftheinfluenceofdifferentsocialandfamilyvalues,ChinesestudentshaveformedthehabitofaskingformoneyfromtheirparentswhileAmericanstudentshavedevelopedmoresenseofbeingfinanciallyindependent.Second,mostChineseparentsdevotetoomuchcaretotheirchildrenandtheywouldrathersaveuptoaffordtheirchildrenseducationratherthanencouragethemtotakeparttimejobs.ButinAmerica,manyparentspaymoreattentiontodevelopingthestudentsabilityofselfreliance,sotheyencouragetheirchildrentofindparttimejobtoearnsomemoneybythemselves.Third,sinceAmericaismoredevelopedthanChina,itisrelativelyeasyforstudentstofindparttimejobs.InChina,suchopportunitiesareratherrare.

IbelievewiththedevelopmentofChina,moreandmoreChinesestudentswillrealizeandpaymoreattentiontothenecessityofselfdependence.Inaddition,moreandmoreopportunitieswillbeprovidedforthemtotakeparttimejobs.Somorestudentswillgooutoftheivorytowertobroadentheirknowledgeandtobecomethemasteroftheirownlives.

作者在这篇图表作文中很好地利用了图表以及题目中所给的提示，文章结构完整，意思表达清楚，较好地完成了一篇图表作文所应该表达的内容。





第五节命题作文

命题作文要求就所给的作文题目进行写作。与其他作文相比，命题作文具有较大的自主性。因为同样的一个题目可以从不同的角度、用不同的文体来进行写作。例如“MyTeacher”这个题目可以写成一篇记叙文，也可以写成一篇描写文。不管用什么文体，也不管从哪个方面来写，只要写出的文章切题、流畅、条理清楚、语言正确就是一篇好文章。然而，这种较大的自主性也会使考生感到困难。因为在有限的30分钟之内，要形成提纲，并写成短文并不是件易事。这就要求考生在写命题作文时首先一定要审好题，要仔细分析题意，搞清楚题目所涉及的范围，确定文章的中心思想，切忌跑题。再者，要选择正确的文体。最后，要围绕文章的中心思想，将写作素材进行分析、归类并写好写作提纲，包括：引言句、主题句和结尾句。

［例1］FakeCommodities

Marketsalloverthecountryareswampedwithfakeandpoorcommodities.Thishasharmedgreatlythestatesinterestsandpeopleshealth.Forexample,falsepoisonmadeinafactorynotonlycantkillmice,butalsogivesthemimmunityandmakesthemhealthier.

Thecauseofthisserioussituationisthatsomeenterprisesonlywanttogetbenefit.Whatsmore,somelocalgovernments,forthepurposeoflocalprotection,dontinvestigatesuchactivities,onthecontrary,theyevensupportthem.Thejudicialorgansdontpunishtheoffendersstrictly.

Weholdthatthewholesocietyshouldpaygreaterattentiontotheseillegalactivities,andtheseillegalactivitiesshouldbepunishedaccordingtothelaw.Theleadersinchargeshouldtakeeffectivemeasurestostoptheseharmfulactivities.Consumersshouldlearntoprotecttheirowninterests,andnottobuyfakecommodities.Inthisway,wecanatlastwipeoutfakecommoditiesandleavenoroomforthem.

作者把这个题目写成了一篇说明文。一开始先指出了假冒伪劣产品的危害。接下来分析了这一情况产生的原因，最后呼吁全社会都来关注这个问题。

［例2］HasteMakesWaste

ThereisanoldChinesesaying,“Hastemakeswaste.”Itwastrueinthepast,anditisstilltrueinmanycasestoday.

Usually,ifyouactfaster,youcanreachyourgoalsearlier.Butitisntalwaysthecase.Ifyouemphasizeonlyonspeedbutignorethequalityofyourwork,youwillgettheoppositeresult.Supposeyouarepreparingforyourfinalexamination.Youhavesomanythingstodothatyoudonthaveenoughrest.Youhavetoreadandwritecontinuously.Theresultisthatyourbrainislessandlessefficient,andthesituationgoesfrombadtoworse.Allyoureffortsbecomefruitless.Onthecontrary,ifyourpreparationfollowsacarefullyworkedoutplan，yourworkwillbeeffective.Consequentlyyouwilltakepartintheexaminationconfidently.

Whateveryoudo,pleaserememberthesaying—Hastemakeswaste.Ifyoucanproperlyunderstanditsmeaning,you’llbenefitalotfromit.

作者在文章的开头通过重复作文的题目巧妙地点了题，接下来用具体的事例来说明这一众所周知的道理。





第六节书信体作文

书信是一种应用非常广泛的应用文形式之一。英文书信的种类很多，但可以把它们归为两大类，一类是私人书信（personalletters），另一类是事务书信（businessletters），例如：申请信、求职信、推荐信、证明信、感谢信等。英文书信的书写有一定的格式。一封完整的书信应包括寄信人的地址和日期；收信人的姓名和地址；称呼、正文、结尾和签名。

一、书信的格式

英文书信的格式与汉语不尽相同，具体表现在信封的写法和英文信的结构两方面。

1．信封的写法

在信封正面左上方写下发信人姓名、地址，在信封中间偏右一点，写下收信人的姓名、地址。姓名单独占一行，地址和名称按从小到大的顺序。一般信封的写法有两种形式，第一种为并列式（blockform），即每行开头要平齐，例如：





LiMing



ChineseDepartment



BeijingUniversity



Beijing,P.R.China



Mrs.MarySmith

26LongStreet

London,N.W.16

GreatBritain

第二种为缩进式（indentedform），即每行开头都要向右推进两到三个字母，例如：





LiMing



ChineseDepartment



BeijingUniversity



Beijing,P.R.China

Mrs.MarySmith

26LongStreet

London,N.W.16

GreatBritain

2．信的构成

英文信一般由六部分组成。下面的实例可以说明英文信的构成，实例之后还有对英文信结构的详细说明。





发信人地址→

ChineseDepartment

BeijingUniversity

Beijing,China

1000

30thJan2004



Prof,MarySmith



26LongStreet



London,H.W.16←收信人地址



GreatBritain



DearMadam,←对收信人的称呼







信的正文













结束语→Sincerely

签名→LiMing





（1）写信人地址和发信日期

写信人地址和发信日期通常写在信纸右上方，先写地址，后写日期。日期的写法英美不尽相同，以下几种写法皆可：

Jan.30,2002Jan.30th,2002

30thJan.200230Jan,2002

（2）收信人姓名和地址

收信人姓名、地址写在左上方，低于写信人地址和发信日期一至两行，一般要在收信人姓名前加上尊称或头衔，如Mr.,Mrs.,Prof.,Director等，如：

Prof.Wang

ChineseDepartment

BeijingUniversity

（3）对收信人的称呼

对收信人的称呼自成一行，写在收信人姓中、地址下面空一行外，信纸左边顶格写，称呼一般以Dear开始。

（4）信的正文

信的正文是信的主体部分，一般在呼语下面空两行开始写，每段的第一行都要空一个字母，正文部分既要内容完整，条理清楚，又要注意必要的礼节。

（5）结束语和谦称

在信的结尾处发信人对收信人往往使用一种谦称。这部分写在正文下面一至两行处，一般在信纸中间或偏右的地方写起，首字母要大写，末尾用“，”。常用谦词有：

Yourstruly,Trulyyours,Faithfullyyours,Yoursfaithfully,Respectfullyyours,Yoursrespectfully,Yourslovingly,Yours,Yoursever等。

（6）发信人签名

信末的签名一般低于结束用语一至两行，从信纸中间偏右的地方写起。一般要签全名，除非是自己十分熟悉或亲密的人。有时，还要写上发信人的职务或头衔。

另外，有时信中还有附件，这时要在信的左下角注明Encl(enclosure)或Enc.，如：

Enc.DriveLicense附驾驶执照

如果在写完信后，又有需要补充的内容，可在左下方写P.S.(postscript)。

二、英文书信实例

1.求职申请信要写明你要申请的工作或职务，你的学历、能力或你的特长。求职申请信的写作要做到简单、明了，要用简洁的语言清楚地反映你的才能、成绩、经历。申请信主要用于申请入学、学术交流等。这类信件应写明本人的意愿、申请的理由。求职申请信的常用句型有：

①I’dliketoapplyforthejob(post,position)advertised...

②Inanswertoyouradvertisement,Iwishtoapplyfor...

③Ihavehadtheexperienceof...

④Iamveryinterestedin(keenon)...

⑤Ishallbemuchobligedifyouwillgivemeanopportunityforinterview...

⑥IamwritingtoyoutoapplyforadmissiontoyouruniversitytopursuemyPh.D.Degree.

［例1］GraduateSchoolofStanfordUniversity

StanfordUniversity



P.O.Box616



U.S.A



May12,2002

ForeignAffairsOffice

BeijingUniversity

Beijing,P.R.China



DearSirs,

IamapostgraduatestudentattheGraduateSchoolofStanfordUniversity.IfocusmystudiesonChineseculture.Upongraduation,IwouldliketocometoyouruniversityasanEnglishinstructorortutor.

IhavebeenstudyingtheChineseLanguageandcultureforthepasttwoyearsinStanford.IwouldliketocontinuemystudiesinChinaasanEnglishinstructor.Inadditiontomyextensiveeducationalbackground,Ihavecomputerandbaseballcoachingexperience,whichmayalsobeofbenefittoyouruniversity.

Enclosedisaresumeconcerningmyeducationalbackground.

Ilookforwardtoyourreply.

Sincerelyyours，

JohnSmith

［例2］

EnglishDepartment



BeijingUniversity



Beijing,China



Feb.16,2002







TheGraduateSchool

HawaiiUniversity

P.O.Box135



DearSir，

MynameisGaoYing.IwasenrolledinEnglishDepartmentofBeijingUniversityin1994.Duringmyfouryearsofstudy,Iwasatopstudent,andreceivedgoodgradesinallmycourses.Aftermygraduation,IcontinuedtostudyinAmericanliteratureandobtainedmyM.A.degreein2001.

Withaviewtofurtherstudies,IamwritingtoyoutoapplyforadmissiontoyouruniversitytopursuemyPh.D.inthefieldofworldliterature.

Thankyouverymuchforyourconsideration.Iamlookingforwardtohearingfromyou.

Sincerelyyours,

GaoYing



2.邀请信一般分为正式和非正式两种。熟悉的朋友之间可采用非正式的形式，即正文用第一人称写，称呼也可以随便一些。写邀请信时要做到语言朴实，态度热情，要说明邀请的原因、活动地点和时间。用词要清晰明了；信函内容应简短，不要使用太多描绘性语言。如果要求被邀请者答复，则要在信上注明“RSVP”（“请答复”）或“Pleasereply”。被邀请人在收到信后应立即答复。

如果接受，应先表示感谢和被邀请的喜悦心情，而且需要重复写明出席的时间和地点。如果谢绝，除了表示谢意之外，还需要表达失望或遗憾之感，然后具体说明不能履约的原因。邀请信及其回复的常用句型：

①Wewouldliketoinviteyouto...

②Howaboutcoming...

③I’dbeverypleased(happy,delighted)toaccept(cometo)...

④Thankyouforyour...

⑤Thankyouforyourinvitation....butunfortunately...

⑥IamsorrybutIsimplycan’tcome...

［例1］邀请信

March12,2004



DearWangHong,

WeareplanningapartytocelebrateProfessorZhangsfiftiethanniversaryofthisteachingcareerandofcoursewewantyoutocome.ItisnextSaturday,March23rd,ateightoclockintheuniversitydinnerhall.

Idohopeyoucanmakeit.Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyou.

Affectionatelyyours,

GaoMing

［例2］应邀



DearGaoMing,

IwillbedelightedtotakepartinthepartyonSaturday,the23rdofMarchateighto’clock.Howniceofyoutoaskme!

IamalsolookingforwardtoseeingyouandProfessorZhang.

Verysincerelyyours,

WangHong

［例3］谢绝信



DearGaoMing,

Itwassweetofyoutoaskmetoattendtheparty.ButnowImustregretfullywritethatIwillbeoutofthecitynextSaturday,andIthereforecantacceptyourkindinvitationforthepartyonthatday.

IfeelsorrytomissameetingwithyouandProfessorZhang.

BestwishestoyouandProfessorZhang.

Sincerelyyours,

WangHong

3.祝贺信是表示庆祝的书信。在西方风俗习惯中，遇到重大的节假日，比如新年、圣诞节、生日等以及亲朋好友之间遇到了什么喜事都应写信致以问候或赠送礼品。贺信的写作要注意主题明确，中心突出，情感真挚但切记不要言过其实，评价要恰当，要表现出真诚的喜悦和祝贺。另外，代表单位的贺信应较为正式，措词要严谨、谦恭。祝贺信常用语：

①Congratulateyouon...

②Itwasgreattohearthatyou...

③Withmywholecongratulationsandbestwishesfor...

④Luckandsuccessinthecomingyear!

⑤PleaseacceptourbestandsincerewishesfortheNewYear!

⑥Heartycongratulationsandallgoodwishesonthiswonderfuldayinyourlife!

［例1］

March12,2004



DearWangYing,

WearegladtolearnthatyouaregraduatingfromBeijingUniversityandplanningtofindajobinacomputercompanyinBeijing.

Congratulationsonthejobwelldonewhileatuniversityandgoodlucktoyouduringyournewcareer.

Iwishyousuccessinallyourundertakingsandhopeyoullenjoyyournewcareer.

Anytimeyoucomebackhome,Iwishyouwouldcometomyhome.Then,wemayrecallouroldhappydays.Isincerelyhopeyouwillfindhappinessandsuccessinyournewjob.

Sincerelyyours,

LiPing

［例2］

March16,2004



DearLiPing,

PleaseacceptmywarmcongratulationsonyourelectionaspresidentoftheStudentsUnion.Ican’tthinkofanyonewhowouldhavebeenabetterchoice.Ifeelthatitisafinetributefromyourschoolmates,andarewardyourichlydeserveforyourmanyyearsofsplendidservicetothestudentsinyourschool.

Thishonorisalsoduetoyourabilityindealingwithproblems,Isincerelyhopeyouwillenjoyyourwork.

Yourstruly,

ZhuYing

4.感谢信是为了感谢对方的关心、帮助和支持而书写的信件。在写感谢信时，正文部分主要写感谢的内容和感激的心情，可以叙述被感谢的人或事件，重点放在这一帮助所产生的效果上。所用的语言要准确、客观，情感要真挚。感谢信常用的句型：

①Thankyouverymuchfor...

②Iamextremelygratefulfor...

③Irealizethatthetasktookyouagreatdealofprecioustime.

④Thankyouverymuchforyourhospitality(kindness).

⑤ThankyouverymuchfordoingsomuchtomakemytriptoBeijinginteresting.

［例1］Room608,FriendshipHotel

March18,2002



DearSir,

IamanEnglishman,nowonatourinBeijing.ThisisthefirsttimeIaminChina.Inaturallyfeelthateverythingisinterestingandstrange.Yesterday,whenIvisitedtheGreatWall,Iwasgreatlyfascinatedinthismarvelousmiracle.Uponmyarrivalbackatthehotel,Ifoundmyhandbagwasmissing.Thereweremypassportandacamerainit.Iwasveryworried,feelingthatitwascompletelyimpossibleformetofinditagain.Ateightoclockintheevening,ayoungmanaccompaniedbyahotelattendantcametomyroomwithabaginhishand.Iatoncerecognizedthatitwasmybag.Ithankedhimheartilyforhiskindnessandofferedhimarewardof200U.S.dollars.Butherefusedtotakeevenacent.Atmyinsistence,hetoldmehisnamewhenleaving.HeisZhuYingofyourcompany.Deeplymovedbyhisselflessspirit,Iamwritingalettertocommendhisnobledeed.Pleaseconveymygratitudeforhim.

Yoursrespectfully,

JackLondon

［例2］



DearProf.Wang,

ThankstoyourletterofrecommendationtotheCEOofNetEase.Ihavebeengivenaplaceintheeditorialdepartmentatanencouragingsalary.IbeganworklastweekandIthinkthatIshallenjoyitverymuch.Mr.Wu,theCEOhadafriendlytalkwithmethismorning.Healsomentionedyourrecommendation.IassuredhimthatIwoulddomybesttoliveuptoyourrecommendation.Prof.Wang,Iwanttothankyousincerelyforyourgreatkindness.WithoutyourhelpIcouldnthavesecuredthisposition.Thankyouverymuch.Iwilldomybestnottoletyoudown.

Faithfullyyours,

LiMing



第七节：图画作文

图画作文通常是一幅漫画,要求考生仔细观察、分析图画的内容，根据其所隐含的信息写一篇短文。一般来说，图画反映某种社会现实或现象，或讽刺，或针砭时弊，或呼吁以引起公众的注意。

由于考试的内容和信息是以图画方式出现，所以这就对考生的归纳整理信息和分析总结信息的能力提出了较高的要求。因此，在平时的训练中，考生一定要多加注意。下面我们对图画作文的写作技巧加以简单说明：

一、图画作文的写作技巧

（1）仔细审题。这是任何写作的关键步骤。要求考生认真阅读短文的命题，分析图画的内容以及猜测出题者的意图。

（2）确定写作的重点和范围。根据分析的结果编排段落，确定每一段落的写作重点。按照题目要求把与主题相关的信息进行筛选、归纳和分类。

（3）拟定提纲，拟定提纲实际上就是按照命题和提示的具体要求确定文章的结构。常见的结构是：陈述事实——分析原因——得出结论或提出建议或做出评论。

二、实例分析

Directions:

(1)Studythefollowingpicturescarefullyandwritesanessayofabout200words.

(2)Youressayshouldmeetthefollowingrequirements:

①Describethepicture.

②Deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepicture.

③Giveyourcommentsorsuggestions.

Note:Thispictureiscopiedfrom21stCENTURY,Dec.6,2001withsomechange.

Therearethreefiguresinthispicture:theparentsandthechild.Clearlyenough,thechildisbeingtakentothetaskseverelybytheangrymother,whilethefatherbesideisclappinghishandsandseeminglyurgedhertopourallthecomplaintsuponthepoorchild.Takealookatthechild,whoiscryingherheartout.Andyoullimmediatelyguessthereasonwhysheisbeingtreatedlikethis.Maybeshehasdonesomethingwrong,ornotfinishedherhomework,orfailedaquiz.Sympathizingwiththechild,Idoubtaboutthiskindofwayofparent’snurturingchildren.Judgingfromthecaptions（说明文字）inthepicture,wecanseewhathappensbetweenparentsandchildrenisactuallyareflectionofwideninggenerationgap.

Thegenerationgapisnotanewtopic,whichhasbeenechoingoneverycontinentforages.Nowadays,manyparentscomplainthattheirchildrenareincreasinglydisobedientandrebellious,whereaschildrenthinktheirparentsneverunderstandthem,forcingthemtodowhattheydontwant,andthusholdtheleastrespectfortheirelders.Sowhatonearthisitthatmakesthemisunderstandinghappen?

Tomymind,therearethreereasonswhichIthinkareworthmentioning.Firstofall,parentsaretheverypersonsresponsibleforthiswideninggenerationgap.Parentstendtoregulatetheirkidsbycopyingstandardsandcriteria,whichtheythemselveswererequiredofwhentheywerethesameage.Theyarealwaysignorantofthefactthatthingsarechangingwithtimepassingby.Second,parentsalwaysexpecttoomuchfromtheirkids.Theywanttorealizetheirunfulfilledwishesthroughtheirchildrenbygivingthemalotofadditionalworktodo.Thusmanychildrenandteenagerswouldattendcountlessinterestclassessuchaspianoclass,calligraphyclass,drawingclass,etc,besidesthenormalschooling.Manyofthemdosonotoutofcuriositybutbecauseofpressure.Thethirdreasonmaygotothechildren.Theyshouldgivetheirparentsmoreunderstandingthatparentsdoeverythingnotfortheirownsake,butforthesakeofthechildrenthemselves.Iftheydontwanttodosomething,theyshouldtelltheirparentsthereasonandtrytopersuadetheirparentsintoagreeingwiththeminsteadofkeepingsilentandactingpassively.Thiswillsurelycutdownonthemisunderstandingandpromotethemutualunderstanding,consequentlybridgingthegap.

Allinall,therelationshipbetweenparentsandchildrenisintegratedandinteracts.Ifoneisbothered,theotherwillfeelit.





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大学英语四级

考试写作题型





CET4