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Free?Electrons.?Kernel,?drivers?and?embedded?Linux?development,?consulting,?training?and?support.?http//free-electrons.com
Linux?PCI?drivers
Linux
PCI?drivers
Michael?Opdenacker
Free?Electrons
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PCI_Slots_Digon3.JPG
??Copyright?2004-2009,?Free?Electrons.
Creative?Commons?BY-SA?3.0?license
Latest?update:?Jul?13,?2010,?
Document?sources,?updates?and?translations:
http://free-electrons.com/docs/pci-drivers
Corrections,?suggestions,?contributions?and?translations?are?welcome!
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Free?Electrons.?Kernel,?drivers?and?embedded?Linux?development,?consulting,?training?and?support.?http//free-electrons.com
Linux?PCI?drivers
Understanding?PCI
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PCI?bus?family
PCI
32?bit?bus,?33?or?66?MHz
MiniPCI
Smaller?slot?in?laptops
CardBus
External?card?slot?in?laptops
PIX?Extended?(PCI-X)
Wider?slot?than?PCI,?64?bit,?but?
can?accept?a?standard?PCI?card
PCI?Express?(PCIe?or?PCI-E)
Current?generation?of?PCI.?Serial?
instead?of?parallel.
PCI?Express?Mini?Card
Replaces?MiniPCI?in?recent?
laptops
Express?Card
Replaces?CardBus?in?recent?
laptops
The?following?buses?belong?to?the?PCI?family:
These?technologies?are?compatible?and?can?be?handled?by?the?same?kernel?drivers.
The?kernel?doesn''t?need?to?know?which?exact?slot?and?bus?variant?is?used.
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PCI?device?types
Main?types?of?devices?found?on?the?PCI?bus
Network?cards?(wired?or?wireless)
SCSI?adapters
Bus?controllers:?USB,?PCMCIA,?I2C,?FireWire,?IDE
Graphics?and?video?cards
Sound?cards
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PCI?features
For?device?driver?developers
Device?resources?(I/O?addresses,?IRQ?lines)?automatically?
assigned?at?boot?time,?either?by?the?BIOS?or?by?Linux?itself?(if?
configured).
The?device?driver?just?has?to?read?the?corresponding?
configurations?somewhere?in?the?system?address?space.
Endianism:?PCI?device?configuration?information?is?Little?Endian.?
Remember?that?in?your?drivers
(conversion?taken?care?of?by?some?kernel?functions).
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PCI?device?list?(1)
lscpi
00:00.0?Host?bridge:?Intel?Corporation?Mobile?945GM/PM/GMS,?943/940GML?and?945GT?Express?Memory?Controller?Hub?(rev?03)
00:02.0?VGA?compatible?controller:?Intel?Corporation?Mobile?945GM/GMS,?943/940GML?Express?Integrated?Graphics?Controller?(rev?03)
00:02.1?Display?controller:?Intel?Corporation?Mobile?945GM/GMS/GME,?943/940GML?Express?Integrated?Graphics?Controller?(rev?03)
00:1b.0?Audio?device:?Intel?Corporation?82801G?(ICH7?Family)?High?Definition?Audio?Controller?(rev?01)
00:1c.0?PCI?bridge:?Intel?Corporation?82801G?(ICH7?Family)?PCI?Express?Port?1?(rev?01)
00:1c.1?PCI?bridge:?Intel?Corporation?82801G?(ICH7?Family)?PCI?Express?Port?2?(rev?01)
00:1c.2?PCI?bridge:?Intel?Corporation?82801G?(ICH7?Family)?PCI?Express?Port?3?(rev?01)
00:1d.0?USB?Controller?[...]
00:1e.0?PCI?bridge:?Intel?Corporation?82801?Mobile?PCI?Bridge?(rev?e1)
00:1f.0?ISA?bridge:?Intel?Corporation?82801GBM?(ICH7-M)?LPC?Interface?Bridge?(rev?01)
00:1f.1?IDE?interface:?Intel?Corporation?82801G?(ICH7?Family)?IDE?Controller?(rev?01)
00:1f.3?SMBus:?Intel?Corporation?82801G?(ICH7?Family)?SMBus?Controller?(rev?01)
02:01.0?CardBus?bridge:?Ricoh?Co?Ltd?RL5c476?II?(rev?b4)
02:01.1?FireWire?(IEEE?1394):?Ricoh?Co?Ltd?R5C552?IEEE?1394?Controller?(rev?09)
02:01.2?SD?Host?controller:?Ricoh?Co?Ltd?R5C822?SD/SDIO/MMC/MS/MSPro?Host?Adapter?(rev?18)
09:00.0?Ethernet?controller:?Broadcom?Corporation?NetXtreme?BCM5752?Gigabit?Ethernet?PCI?Express?(rev?02)
0c:00.0?Network?controller:?Intel?Corporation?PRO/Wireless?4965?AG?or?AGN?Network?Connection?(rev?61)
lspci?-tv
-[0000:00]-+-00.0??Intel?Corporation?Mobile?945GM/PM/GMS,?943/940GML?and?945GT?Express?Memory?Controller?Hub
???????????+-02.0??Intel?Corporation?Mobile?945GM/GMS,?943/940GML?Express?Integrated?Graphics?Controller
???????????+-02.1??Intel?Corporation?Mobile?945GM/GMS/GME,?943/940GML?Express?Integrated?Graphics?Controller
???????????+-1b.0??Intel?Corporation?82801G?(ICH7?Family)?High?Definition?Audio?Controller
???????????+-1c.0-[0000:0b]--
???????????+-1c.1-[0000:0c]----00.0??Intel?Corporation?PRO/Wireless?4965?AG?or?AGN?Network?Connection
???????????+-1c.2-[0000:09]----00.0??Broadcom?Corporation?NetXtreme?BCM5752?Gigabit?Ethernet?PCI?Express
???????????+-1d.0??Intel?Corporation?82801G?(ICH7?Family)?USB?UHCI?Controller?#1?[...]
???????????+-1e.0-[0000:02-06]--+-01.0??Ricoh?Co?Ltd?RL5c476?II
???????????|????????????????????+-01.1??Ricoh?Co?Ltd?R5C552?IEEE?1394?Controller
???????????|????????????????????\-01.2??Ricoh?Co?Ltd?R5C822?SD/SDIO/MMC/MS/MSPro?Host?Adapter
???????????+-1f.0??Intel?Corporation?82801GBM?(ICH7-M)?LPC?Interface?Bridge
???????????+-1f.1??Intel?Corporation?82801G?(ICH7?Family)?IDE?Controller
???????????\-1f.3??Intel?Corporation?82801G?(ICH7?Family)?SMBus?Controller
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PCI?device?list?(2)
lspci?enumerates?all?PCI?devices
02:01.0?CardBus?bridge:?Ricoh?Co?Ltd?RL5c476?II?(rev?b4)
02:01.1?FireWire?(IEEE?1394):?Ricoh?Co?Ltd?R5C552?IEEE?1394?Controller
02:01.2?SD?Host?controller:?Ricoh?Co?Ltd?R5C822?SD/SDIO/MMC/MS/MSPro
Function?number
PCI?device?number
PCI?bus?number
lscpi?-t?shows?the?bus?device?tree
-[0000:00]-+-00.0??Intel?Corporation?Mobile?945GM/PM/GMS,?943/940GML?and?945GT?Express?Memory?Controller?Hub
???????????+-02.0??Intel?Corporation?Mobile?945GM/GMS,?943/940GML?Express?Integrated?Graphics?Controller
???????????+-02.1??Intel?Corporation?Mobile?945GM/GMS/GME,?943/940GML?Express?Integrated?Graphics?Controller
???????????+-1b.0??Intel?Corporation?82801G?(ICH7?Family)?High?Definition?Audio?Controller
???????????+-1c.0-[0000:0b]--
???????????+-1c.1-[0000:0c]----00.0??Intel?Corporation?PRO/Wireless?4965?AG?or?AGN?Network?Connection
???????????+-1c.2-[0000:09]----00.0??Broadcom?Corporation?NetXtreme?BCM5752?Gigabit?Ethernet?PCI?Express
???????????+-1d.0??Intel?Corporation?82801G?(ICH7?Family)?USB?UHCI?Controller?#1?[...]
???????????+-1e.0-[0000:02-06]--+-01.0??Ricoh?Co?Ltd?RL5c476?II
???????????|????????????????????+-01.1??Ricoh?Co?Ltd?R5C552?IEEE?1394?Controller
???????????|????????????????????\-01.2??Ricoh?Co?Ltd?R5C822?SD/SDIO/MMC/MS/MSPro?Host?Adapter
PCI?domain?
PCI?bus?0
PCI?bridgePCI?bus?2
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PCI?device?list?(3)
This?tree?structure?reflects?the?structure?in?/sys:
/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1e.0/0000:02:01.2
Bus?0Bus?2PCI?bridge
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PCI?device?configuration?(1)
Each?PCI?device?has?a?256?byte?address?space?containing?
configuration?registers.
Device?configuration?can?be?displayed?with?lspci?-x:
0c:00.0?Network?controller:?Intel?Corporation?PRO/Wireless?
4965?AG?or?AGN?Network?Connection?(rev?61)
00:?86?80?29?42?06?04?10?00?61?00?80?02?10?00?00?00
10:?04?e0?df?ef?00?00?00?00?00?00?00?00?00?00?00?00
20:?00?00?00?00?00?00?00?00?00?00?00?00?86?80?21?11
30:?00?00?00?00?c8?00?00?00?00?00?00?00?05?01?00?00?
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PCI?device?configuration?(2)
Standard?information?found?in?PCI?configurations:
Offset?0:?Vendor?Id
Offset?2:?Device?Id
Offset?10:?Class?Id?(network,?display,?bridge...)
Offsets?16?to?39:?Base?Address?Registers?(BAR)?0?to?5
Offset?44:?Subvendor?Id
Offset?46:?Subdevice?Id
Offsets?64?and?up:?up?to?the?device?manufacturer
Kernel?sources:?these?offsets?are?defined?in?
include/linux/pci_regs.h
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Linux?PCI?drivers
Implementing?Linux?drivers
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Registering?supported?devices
From?drivers/net/ne2k-pci.c?(Linux?2.6.27):
static?struct?pci_device_id?ne2k_pci_tbl[]?=?{
????????{?0x10ec,?0x8029,?PCI_ANY_ID,?PCI_ANY_ID,?0,?0,?CH_RealTek_RTL_8029?},
????????{?0x1050,?0x0940,?PCI_ANY_ID,?PCI_ANY_ID,?0,?0,?CH_Winbond_89C940?},
????????{?0x11f6,?0x1401,?PCI_ANY_ID,?PCI_ANY_ID,?0,?0,?CH_Compex_RL2000?},
????????{?0x8e2e,?0x3000,?PCI_ANY_ID,?PCI_ANY_ID,?0,?0,?CH_KTI_ET32P2?},
????????{?0x4a14,?0x5000,?PCI_ANY_ID,?PCI_ANY_ID,?0,?0,?CH_NetVin_NV5000SC?},
????????{?0x1106,?0x0926,?PCI_ANY_ID,?PCI_ANY_ID,?0,?0,?CH_Via_86C926?},
????????{?0x10bd,?0x0e34,?PCI_ANY_ID,?PCI_ANY_ID,?0,?0,?CH_SureCom_NE34?},
????????{?0x1050,?0x5a5a,?PCI_ANY_ID,?PCI_ANY_ID,?0,?0,?CH_Winbond_W89C940F?},
????????{?0x12c3,?0x0058,?PCI_ANY_ID,?PCI_ANY_ID,?0,?0,?CH_Holtek_HT80232?},
????????{?0x12c3,?0x5598,?PCI_ANY_ID,?PCI_ANY_ID,?0,?0,?CH_Holtek_HT80229?},
????????{?0x8c4a,?0x1980,?PCI_ANY_ID,?PCI_ANY_ID,?0,?0,?CH_Winbond_89C940_8c4a?},
????????{?0,?}
};
MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(pci,?ne2k_pci_tbl);
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Registering?a?driver?(1)
Declaring?driver?hooks?and?supported?devices?table:
static?struct?pci_driver?ne2k_driver?=?{
????????.name???????????=?DRV_NAME,
????????.probe??????????=?ne2k_pci_init_one,
????????.remove?????????=?__devexit_p(ne2k_pci_remove_one),
????????.id_table???????=?ne2k_pci_tbl,
#ifdef?CONFIG_PM
????????.suspend????????=?ne2k_pci_suspend,
????????.resume?????????=?ne2k_pci_resume,
#endif?/?CONFIG_PM?/
};
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Registering?a?driver?(2)
static?int?__init?ne2k_pci_init(void)
{
????????return?pci_register_driver(&ne2k_driver);
}
static?void?__exit?ne2k_pci_cleanup(void)
{
????????pci_unregister_driver?(&ne2k_driver);
}
The?hooks?and?supported?devices?are?loaded?at?module?loading?
time.
The?probe()?hook?gets?called?by?the?PCI?generic?code
when?a?matching?device?is?found.
Very?similar?to?USB?device?drivers!
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Marking?driver?hooks?(1)
__init:?module?init?function.
Code?discarded?after?driver?initialization.
__exit:?module?exit?function.
Ignored?for?statically?compiled?drivers.
__devinit:?probe?function?and?all?initialization?functions
Normal?function?if?CONFIG_HOTPLUG?is?set.?Identical?to?__init?
otherwise.
__devinitconst:?for?the?device?id?table
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Marking?driver?hooks?(2)
__devexit:?functions?called?at?remove?time.
Same?case?as?in?__devinit
All?references?to?__devinit?function?addresses?should?be?
declared?with?__devexit_p(fun).?This?replaces?the?
function?address?by?NULL?if?this?code?is?discarded.
Example:?same?driver:
static?struct?pci_driver?ne2k_driver?=?{
????????.name???????????=?DRV_NAME,
????????.probe??????????=?ne2k_pci_init_one,
????????.remove?????????=?
__devexit_p(ne2k_pci_remove_one),
????????.id_table???????=?ne2k_pci_tbl,
...
};
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Device?initialization?steps
Enable?the?device
Request?I/O?port?and?I/O?memory?resources
Set?the?DMA?mask?size
(for?both?coherent?and?streaming?DMA)
Allocate?and?initialize?shared?control?data?
(pci_allocate_coherent())
Initialize?device?registers?(if?needed)
Register?IRQ?handler?(request_irq())
Register?to?other?subsystems?(network,?video,?disk,?etc.)
Enable?DMA/processing?engines.
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Enabling?the?device
Before?touching?any?device?registers,?the?driver?should?first?
execute?pci_enable_device().?This?will:
Wake?up?the?device?if?it?was?in?suspended?state
Allocate?I/O?and?memory?regions?of?the?device
(if?not?already?done?by?the?BIOS)
Assign?an?IRQ?to?the?device
(if?not?already?done?by?the?BIOS)
pci_enable_device()?can?fail.?Check?the?return?value!
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pci_enable_device?example
From?drivers/net/ne2k-pci.c?(Linux?2.6.27):
static?int?__devinit?ne2k_pci_init_one
????(struct?pci_dev?pdev,
?????const?struct?pci_device_id?ent)
{
...
i?=?pci_enable_device?(pdev);
????????if?(i)
????????????????return?i;
????????...
}
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Enabling?the?device?(2)
Enable?DMA?by?calling?pci_set_master().?This?will:
Enable?DMA?by?setting?the?bus?master?bit?in?the?
PCI_COMMAND?register.?The?device?will?then?be?able?to?act?
as?a?master?on?the?address?bus.
Fix?the?latency?timer?value?if?it''s?set?to?something?bogus?by?
the?BIOS.
If?the?device?can?use?the?PCI?Memory-Write-Invalidate?
transaction?(writing?entire?cache?lines),?you?can?also?call?
pci_set_mwi():
This?enables?the?PCI_COMMAND?bit?for?Memory-Write-
Invalidate
This?also?ensures?that?the?cache?line?size?register?is?set?
correctly.
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Accessing?configuration?registers?(1)
Needed?to?access?I/O?memory?and?port?information
#include?
Reading:
int?pci_read_config_byte(struct?pci_dev?dev,
?int?where,?u8?val);
int?pci_read_config_word(struct?pci_dev?dev,
?int?where,?u16?val);
int?pci_read_config_dword(struct?pci_dev?dev,
?int?where,?u32?val);
Example:?drivers/net/cassini.c
pci_read_config_word(cp->pdev,?PCI_STATUS,?&cfg);
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Accessing?configuration?registers?(2)
Writing:
int?pci_write_config_byte(struct?pci_dev?dev,
??int?where,?u8?val);
int?pci_write_config_word(struct?pci_dev?dev,
??int?where,?u16?val);
int?pci_write_config_dword(struct?pci_dev?dev,
??int?where,?u32?val);
Example:?drivers/net/s2io.c
/?Clear?"detected?parity?error"?bit?
pci_write_config_word(sp->pdev,?PCI_STATUS,?0x8000);
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Accessing?I/O?registers?and?memory?(1)
Each?PCI?device?can?have?up?to?6?I/O?or?memory?regions,
described?in?BAR0?to?BAR5.
Access?the?base?address?of?the?I/O?region:
#include?
long?iobase?=?pci_resource_start?(pdev,?bar);
Access?the?I/O?region?size:
long?iosize?=?pci_resource_len?(pdev,?bar);
Reserve?the?I/O?region:
request_region(iobase,?iosize,?“my?driver”);
or?simpler:
pci_request_region(pdev,?bar,?“my?driver”);
or?even?simpler?(regions?for?all?BARs):
pci_request_regions(pdev,?“my?driver”);
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Accessing?I/O?registers?and?memory?(2)
From?drivers/net/ne2k-pci.c?(Linux?2.6.27):
ioaddr?=?pci_resource_start?(pdev,?0);
irq?=?pdev->irq;
if?(!ioaddr?||?((pci_resource_flags?(pdev,?0)?&?IORESOURCE_IO)?==?0))?
{
????????dev_err(&pdev->dev,?"no?I/O?resource?at?PCI?BAR?#0\n");
????????return?-ENODEV;
}
if?(request_region?(ioaddr,?NE_IO_EXTENT,?DRV_NAME)?==?NULL)?{
????????dev_err(&pdev->dev,?"I/O?resource?0x%x?@?0x%lx?busy\n",
????????????????NE_IO_EXTENT,?ioaddr);
????????return?-EBUSY;
}
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Setting?the?DMA?mask?size?(1)
Use?pci_dma_set_mask()?to?declare?any?device?with?more?(or?
less)?than?32-bit?bus?master?capability
In?particular,?must?be?done?by?drivers?for?PCI-X?and?PCIe?
compliant?devices,?which?use?64?bit?DMA.
If?the?device?can?directly?address?"consistent?memory"?in?System?
RAM?above?4G?physical?address,?register?this?by?calling?
pci_set_consistent_dma_mask().
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Setting?the?DMA?mask?size?(2)
Example?(drivers/net/wireless/ipw2200.c?in?Linux?2.6.27):
err?=?pci_set_dma_mask(pdev,?DMA_32BIT_MASK);
if?(!err)
err?=?pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pdev,?DMA_32BIT_MASK);
if?(err)?{
printk(KERN_WARNING?DRV_NAME?":?No?suitable?DMA?available.\n");
goto?out_pci_disable_device;
}
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Allocate?consistent?DMA?buffers
Now?that?the?DMA?mask?size?has?been?allocated...
You?can?allocate?your?cache?consistent?buffers
if?you?plan?to?use?such?buffers.
See?our?DMA?presentation
and?Documentation/DMA-API.txt?for?details.
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Initialize?device?registers
If?needed?by?the?device
Set?some?“capability”?fields
Do?some?vendor?specific?initialization?or?reset
Example:?clear?pending?interrupts.
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Register?interrupt?handlers
Need?to?call?request_irq()?with?the?IRQF_SHARED?flag,?
because?all?PCI?IRQ?lines?can?be?shared.
Registration?also?enables?interrupts,?so?at?this?point
Make?sure?that?the?device?is?fully?initialized?and?ready?to?
service?interrupts.
Make?sure?that?the?device?doesn''t?have?any?pending?
interrupt?before?calling?request_irq().
Where?you?actually?call?request_irq()?can?actually?
depend?on?the?type?of?device?and?the?subsystem?it?could?be?
part?of?(network,?video,?storage...).
Your?driver?will?then?have?to?register?to?this?subsystem.
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PCI?device?shutdown?(1)
In?the?remove()?function,?you?typically?have?to?undo
what?you?did?at?device?initialization?(probe()?function):
Disable?the?generation?of?new?interrupts.
If?you?don''t,?the?system?will?get?spurious?interrupts,?and?will?
eventually?disable?the?IRQ?line.?Bad?for?other?devices?on?this?
line!
Release?the?IRQ
Stop?all?DMA?activity.
Needed?to?be?done?after?IRQs?are?disabled
(could?start?new?DMAs)
Release?DMA?buffers:?streaming?first?and?then?consistent?
ones.
31
Free?Electrons.?Kernel,?drivers?and?embedded?Linux?development,?consulting,?training?and?support.?http//free-electrons.com
PCI?device?shutdown
Unregister?from?other?subsystems
Unmap?I/O?memory?and?ports?with?io_unmap().
Disable?the?device?with?pci_disable_device().
Unregister?I/O?memory?and?ports.
If?you?don''t,?you?won''t?be?able?to?reload?the?driver.
32
Free?Electrons.?Kernel,?drivers?and?embedded?Linux?development,?consulting,?training?and?support.?http//free-electrons.com
Useful?resources
Documentation/PCI/pci.txt?in?the?kernel?sources
An?excellent?guide?to?writing?PCI?drivers,?which?helped
us?to?write?these?slides.
Book:?Essential?Linux?device?drivers?(Prentice?Hall)
A?very?good?and?recent?book!
http://free-electrons.com/redirect/eldd-book.html
Book:?Linux?Device?Drivers?(O''Reilly)
Available?under?a?free?documentation?license.
http://free-electrons.com/community/kernel/ldd3/
Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect
33
Free?Electrons.?Kernel,?drivers?and?embedded?Linux?development,?consulting,?training?and?support.?http//free-electrons.com
Useful?resources?(2)
PCI?Utilities:?http://mj.ucw.cz/pciutils.html
lspci:?shows?PCI?bus?and?device?information
setpci:?allows?to?manipulate?PCI?device?configuration?
registers
PCI?vendor?and?device?id?repository:
http://pci-ids.ucw.cz/read/PC/
Free?Electrons.?Kernel,?drivers?and?embedded?Linux?development,?consulting,?training?and?support.?http//free-electrons.com
Related?documents
All?our?technical?presentations
on?http://free-electrons.com/docs
Linux?kernel
Device?drivers
Architecture?specifics
Embedded?Linux?system?development
Free?Electrons.?Kernel,?drivers?and?embedded?Linux?development,?consulting,?training?and?support.?http//free-electrons.com
How?to?help
You?can?help?us?to?improve?and?maintain?this?document...
By?sending?corrections,?suggestions,?contributions?and?
translations
By?asking?your?organization?to?order?development,?consulting?
and?training?services?performed?by?the?authors?of?these?
documents?(see?http://free-electrons.com/).
By?sharing?this?document?with?your?friends,?colleagues
and?with?the?local?Free?Software?community.
By?adding?links?on?your?website?to?our?on-line?materials,
to?increase?their?visibility?in?search?engine?results.
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