工业革命定义之争_舒小昀

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舒小昀

=41>一百多年来,史学界和经济学界对工业革命进行了深入研究,但究竟什么是工

业革命往往人言人殊b学者们就历史上是否存在工业革命争论不休,即使承认工业革命是

一场经济大变革的学者,也开展了渐进论和突变论的争论b罗斯托a门德尔斯a德弗里斯等

学者提出了起飞a原工业化a勤劳革命等概念b国内外学者把工业革命定义的研究分为社会

变革学派a工业组织学派a宏观经济学派a技术学派a能源学派和消费学派,博采众长者亦有

之,这些研究从不同侧面抓住工业革命的特征b这些成为后来工业革命研究的起点b

=1oM>工业革命英国定义

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(作者舒小昀,南京大学历史系副教授;邮编:210093)

(责任编辑:张旭鹏)

(责任校对:李桂芝)

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DavidCannadine,/ThePresentandthePastintheEnglishIndustrialRevolution1880)19800,inJulianHoppitandE.A.

Wrigley,eds.,TheIndustrialRevolutioninBritain,Vol.II,p.30.

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1989M?,?473:b

D.E.C.Eversley,/TheHomeMarketandEconomicGrowthinEngland,1750)17800,inJulianHoppitandE.A.

Wrigley,eds.,TheIndustrialRevolutioninBritain,Vol.II,p.341.

erty.Thefourth,theshockofeastwardconquestofCrusader,thecorrosiveofmerchandisee-

conomyandtheresistancestruggleofserfs,werethethreemainreasonsofthebreakdownof

theserfdom.Thefifth,thereasonoftheduplicationofserfdomintheeastandsouthpartsof

Germanycouldbeexplainedasthelandlordwasverystrongandtheagriculturalproductionwas

verybackwardintheEastEurope,andthedevelopmentofeconomyintheWestEuropewas

veryrapid.

TheDisputesontheDefinitionsoftheIndustrialRevolution//ShuXiaoyun

ThetopicoftheIndustrialRevolutioninBritainhasbeenstillahotpointtodiscussno

matterineconomiccircleorinhistoricalcircle,eventhoughtheresearchhascontinuedformore

thanahundredyears.Thebasicquestion,suchaswhatisIndustrialRevolution,hasnotbeen

settledagreement.EvenamongthescholarswhoarguedthattheIndustrialRevolutionwasa

greateconomictransformation,therealsohasbeenthedisputebetweenthegradualismanddis-

continuityregardingthenatureofthehistoricalevent.Thescholars,forinstanceW.W.Ros-

tow,F.Mendels,JandeVries,haveputforwardtheconceptsliketake-off,proto-indus-

trialization,industriousrevolution,etc.AstowardstothedefinitionoftheIndustrialRevolu-

tion,researchersincludingdomesticandabroad,havedistinguishedastheschoolofsocial

changes,theschoolofindustrialorganization,theschoolofmacro-economics,theschoolof

energyandtheschoolofconsumption.Somescholarscombinedthepointsofdifferentschools.

Alloftheseresearchesunderlinethecharacteristicsfromdifferentperspectives.Theywillbe

thestartingpointsforfurtherstudiesonthetopic.

TheOutliningGlobalHistoryfromDonaldR.Wright//LiuXincheng

Asanewapproachtounderstandingthehumanpast,globalhistoryhasbeendrawing

moreandmoreattention.Despitethepublicationofanumberofintroductoryessaysatthis

stage,Chinaistypicallylackinginagoodinitiationofglobalhistorytheoryandresearch

methodology.UsingAmericanglobalhistorianDonaldR.Wright.sIntellectualAutobiography

asthematerialofacasestudy,thispaperoutlinesthebackgroundoftheemergenceofglobal

historyanditssituationofteachingandresearchingnowintheU.S..

160HISTORIOGRAPHYQUARTERLYNo.3,2006