CognitiveTherapyThoughtsdriveemotionRestoringrationality/realism
HighlyeffectiveAnacquiredskillAvoidingthe3M’s…Magnifyin
g(exaggerating)PermanentandPervasive(over-generalizing)All-
or-nothingthinkingMinimizing(underplaying)TunnelvisionDismi
ssalofpositiveornegativeMakingup(fabricating)Personalizat
ionorblameEmotionalreasoningGetReal!Ismyconclusiontied
toreality?Ismyconclusionrational?AmIignoringsomethingim
portant?WhatimportantevidencedoIstillneedtotakeintocon
sideration?WhatamImagnifying?WhatamIminimizing?AmIigno
ringanythingthatisgoingwell?AmIignoringanythingthatis
notgoingwell?Whatisthebigpicture?ExtremelyHappyPeople
(DienerandSeligman,2002)Everyoneexperiencesnegativeemotion
sDifferentcognitiveinterpretations(pessimistsvs.optimists)
Self-fulfillingpropheciesSpiralingdownorupAyres,J.&Hopf
,T.(1992).Visualization:ReducingSpeechAnxietyandEnhancin
gPerformance.CommunicationReports,5,1-10.Bandura,A.(199
9).PerceivedSelf-EfficacyinCognitiveDevelopmentandFunctio
ning.EducationalPsychologist,28(2),117-148.Benson,H.(19
97).TimelessHealing.Scribner.Burns,D.(1999).FeelingGoo
d:TheNewMoodTherapy.Avon.Langer,E.(1989).Mindfulness.
Addison-Wesley.Leahy,R.L.(2003).CognitiveTherapyTechniq
ues:APractitioner’sGuide.GuilfordPublication.White,S.S.
&Locke,E.A.(2000).ProblemswiththePygmalionEffectandS
omeProposedSolutions.LeadershipQuarterly,11,389-415.Rose
nthal,R.,andJacobson,L.(1968).PygmalionintheClassroom.N
ewYork:RinehartandWinston.Selgiman,M.(1998).LearnedOp
timism:HowtoChangeYourMindandYourLife.FreePress.Bibl
iographyandRecommendationsBeliefsasSelf-FulfillingProphec
iesRogerBannisterOutlineBeliefsshaperealityHowitworksOp
timizingoptimismRaisingourbeliefsWearewhatwethink.All
thatweareariseswithourthoughts.Withourthoughts,wemake
ourworld.TheBuddhaPygmalionPyg
malionPygmalionintheclassroom(RobertRosenthal)Inthework
placeJamieson(1987)“Treatamanasaheisandhewillremain
asheis.Treatamanashecanandshouldbeandheshallbecom
eashecanandshouldbe.” JohannWolfgangvonGoetheTheP
oweroftheSituationMilgram’sObediencetoAuthorityZimbardo’s
PrisonExperimentThe(Positive)PoweroftheSituationmenabo
ve75weekin“1959”resortmentalandbiologicalagedecreasesL
anger(1989)testingeyesightImproveswithroleLanger(1979)Po
sitivePrimingBargh(1999)Dijksterhuis&VanKnippenberg(1998)
Creatingapositiveenvironmentpictures(people,places,etc)p
leasantobjects(memorabilia,flowers,etc)quotesbooks,films,
musicpositiveresearchTheSelf-HelpMovement“Whateveryourmin
dcanconceiveandbelieveitcanachieve” NapoleonH
ill“Whetheryouthinkyoucanorcan’t—youareright” HenryFo
rdTheSelf-HelpMovement“Havegreathopesanddaretogoallou
tforthem.Havegreatdreamsanddaretolivethem.Havetremend
ousexpectationsandbelieveinthem.” NormanVincentPeal
eAlbertBanduraonSelfEfficacy“Beliefsinpersonalefficacya
ffectlifechoices,levelofmotivation,qualityoffunctioning,
resiliencetoadversityandvulnerabilitytostressanddepressio
n.”“Peoplewhoregardthemselvesashighlyefficaciousact,thi
nk,andfeeldifferentlyfromthosewhoperceivethemselvesasin
efficacious.Theyproducetheirownfuture,ratherthansimplyf
oretellit.”CultivatedovertimeCurry(1997)oncollegeathlete
sNathanielBrandenonSelf-Esteem“Thelevelofourself-esteem
hasprofoundconsequencesforeveryaspectofourexistence:how
weoperateintheworkplace,howwedealwithpeople,howhighwe
arelikelytorise,howmuchwearelikelytoachieve—and,inth
epersonalrealm,withwhomwearelikelytofallinlove,howwe
interactwithourspouse,children,andfriends,whatlevelofp
ersonalhappinessweattain.”“Selfconceptisdestiny.”ThePlac
eboEffectBeliefsasSelf-fulfillingPropheciesBeliefsExpect
ationsPerformanceMotivationConsistencyInterpretationObjectiv
eSubjective“Ifailedmywaytosuccess”ThomasEdisonO
ptimismandPessimism(Seligman)InterpretationstylePermanent/t
emporaryPervasive/specificSuccessMental/physicalhealthimmune
systemresiliencehappinesslongevityItcanbelearned!Optimiz
ingOptimismWhataboutunrealisticbeliefs?OptimizingOptimism
Whataboutunrealisticbeliefs?TheStockdaleParadoxPositiveth
inkingisnotenough“Falseoptimismsoonerorlatermeansdisill
usionment,angerandhopelessness.” AbrahamMaslowThe“Se
cret”ofSuccessOptimism,passion,hardwork.“Thereisnosub
stituteforhardwork.” ThomasEdison“Iamagreat
believerinluck,andIfindthattheharderIwork,theluckier
Iget.” ThomasJeffersonWhatAboutHappinessandSelf-E
steem?Dohighexpectationsleadtodisappointment?Self-esteem=s
uccess/pretensions WilliamJamesCopingversusAvoidanceSe
lfperceptiontheory(Bem,1967)realizingthepainofactualfai
luremoresuccessOnBecomingAnOptimistJustdoit!(action)Im
aginethat…(visualization)Cognitivetherapy(rationalthinking)TakingAction(Bandura)HardWorkCopingSuccessSelf-EfficacyTodareistoloseone’sfootingmomentarily.Nottodareistoloseoneself. SorenKierkegaardImaginingSuccessThemindassimulator(Kosslyn,1994)Focusonjourneyanddestination(Taylor,2005)InvolvedifferentsensesEvokeemotions |
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