英美文学各章学习重点——应用部分
英国文学Theoldperiods 450——1066 Themedievalperiods 1066——mid-14thcentury Therenaissanceperiods 14thcentury——mid-17thcentury Theneoclassicalperiods 1660——1789(thereturnoftheStuartstotheEnglishtopublishmentofLyricalBallads) Theromanticperiods 1789——1832(publishmentofLyricalBalladstoSirWalterScott’sdeath) Thevictorianperiods 1836——1901 Themodernperiods thesecondhalfofthe19thcentury——theearlyofthe20thcentury 美国文学Theromanticperiods theendofthe18thcentury——theoutbreakoftheCivilWar(WashingtonIrving’sTheSketchtoWhitman’sLeavesofGrass) Therealisticperiods 1865——1914 Themodernperiods Thetwentiethcentury Civilwar:1861——1865
WorldWarⅠ:1914——1918
WorldWarⅡ:1931——1945
英国文学—Theoldandmedievalperiods
1．Beowuf这部作品Romance是这个时期最流行的文学形式；Chaucer第一个引进“英雄偶句”诗体。
Beowulf（贝奥武甫(八世纪初的一篇古英语史诗;该史诗中的主角)）,atypicalexampleofoldEnglishpoetry,isregardedtodayasthenationalepic(民族史诗)oftheAnglo-Saxons.Literaryposition:Thepoemwasoriginallyinanoralform,itiswrittendowninthe10thcentury.Thematicallythepoempresentsavividpictureofhowtheprimitivepeoplewageheroicstrugglesagainstthehostileforcesofthenaturalworldunderawiseandmightyleader.Romance(骑士抒情诗)，apopularliteraryforminthemedievalperiod)usesnarrativeverseorprosetosingknightlyadventuresorotherheroicdeeds,whosemotifs（主题,主旨）ofthequestisfortruth,beautyandkindness.Chaucer(乔叟):whosemasterpieceisTheCanterburyTales《坎特伯雷故事集》.ThefamouscharacterofhisworksistheWifeofBath.Chauceremployedtheheroiccoupletverseform(英雄双韵诗形式)withtrueeaseandcharmforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofEnglishliterature.HeisthefatherofEnglishpoetry.
英国文学—Therenaissanceperiods
1.《仙后》一部寓言(allegory),人物象征意义与主题.
TheFaerieisanallegory.
TheRed-crosseKnightstandsforSt.George,thepatronsaintofEngland,andhealsorepresentHoliness.
AlovelyLadie,virginUna,symbolizesthethruthorthetruefaithofreligion.
AmilkewhitelambereprentstheGod.
DragonandinfernallfeendrefertheSatan
Thethemeisnot“Armsandtheman,”butsomethingmoreromantic—“fiecewarresandfaithfulloves”.
2.斯宾塞的诗歌特点
Thefivemainquailitesofspenser’spoetryare:
1)aperfectmelody;
2)araresenseofbeauty;
3)asplendidimagination;
4)aloftypurityandseriousness;
5)adedicatedidealism.
3.《浮士德》的主题
Dr.FaustusisaplaybasedontheGermanlegendofamagicianaspiringforknowledgeandfinallymeetinghistragicendasaresultofsellinghissoultotheDevil.Theplay’sdominantmoralishumanthanreligious.Itcelebratesthehumanpassionforknowledge,powerandhappiness;italsorevealsman’sfrustrationinrealizingthehighaspirationinahostilemoralorder.Andtheconfinementtotimeisthecruelestfactofman’scondition.
4.《威尼丝商人》的故事及主题
Theplayhasadoubleplot:
1)Bassanio——Portia
2)Antonio——Shylock
ThetraditionalthemeoftheplayistopraisethefriendshipbetweemAntonioandBassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreatebeaulity,witandloyalty,andtoexposetheinsatiablegreedandbrutalityoftheJew.Tody,manypeopletendtoregardtheplayasasatireofthechristians’hypocrisyandtheirfalsestandardsoffrindshipandlove,theircunningwayofpursuingworldliness(俗心,俗气)andtheirunreasoningprejudiceagainstJews.
5．Milton的三部作品
ParadiseLost,ParadiseRegained,SamsonAgonistes.
英国文学—Theneoclassicalperiods
1．Bunyan的《天路历程》是一部寓言(allegory)，其主题及《名利场》的寓意
ThePilgrim’sProgressisthemostsuccessfulreligiousallegoryintheEnglishlanguage.ItspurposistourgepeopletoabidebyChristiandoctrinesandseeksalvationthroughconstantstrugglewiththeirownweaknessandallkindsofsocialevils.Itspredominantmetaphor—lifeasajourney—issimpleandfamiliar.TheobjectsthatChristianmeetsarehomelyandcommonplace,andthescencepresentedatypicalEnglishones,butthroughouttheallegoryaspiritualsignifianceisaddedtothecommonplacedetails.
TheVanityFairsymbolizeshumanworld,for“Allthatcomethisvanity.”Everythingandanythinginthisworldis“vanity”,havingnovalueandnomeaning.TheVanityFair,a“marcketsellingnothingness”ofallsorts,isadirtyplaceoriginallybuiltupbydevils,but,thistown“lay”inthewaytotheCelestialCity,meaningpilgrimshadtoresistthetempatationstherewaythrough.So,thedepictionofthe“Fair”insellingthingsworldlyandinattractingpeoplebad,representsJohnBunyan’srejectionoftheworldlyseekingsandpiouslongingforthepureandcharming“CelestialCity”hisChristianideal.
2．鲁宾逊的意义
Robinsonisherearealhero:atypicaleighteenth-centuryEnlishmiddle-classman,withagreatcapacityforwork,inexhaustibleenergy,courage,patienceandpersistenceinovercomingobstacles,instugglingagainstthehostilenaturalenvironment.Heistheveryprototypeoftheempirebuilder,thepioneercolonist.
3．Gulliver’sTravel的四个部分
Thebookcontainsfourparts.
Thefirstpart——Lilliput
Thesecondpart——Brobdingnag
Thethirdpart——flyingIsland
Thefourthpart——Houyhnhnmland,Yahoo
Asawhole,thebookisoneofthemosteffcetiveanddevastatingcriticismsandsatiresofallaspectsinthenEnglishandEuropeanlife—socially,politically,religiously,philosophically,scientifically,andmorally.
4．Fielding的贡献
Fieldinghasbeenregardedbysomeas“FatheroftheEnglishNovel”.
Hewasfirsttosetout,bothintheoryandpractice,towritespecificallya“comicepicinprose,”thefirsttogivethemodernnovelitsstructureandsyle.Beforehim,therelatingofastoryinanovelwaseithertheEpisolaryformorthepicaresqueform,butfieldingadopted“thethird-personnarration,”inwhichtheauthorbecomethe“all-knowingGod”.
英国文学—Theromanticperiods
1．Blake青春之歌与经验之歌的比较
TheSongofInnocenceisalovelyvolumeofpoems,presentingahappyandinnocentworld,thoughnotwithoutitsevilsandsuffering.
HisSongsofExperiecncepaintsadifferentworld,aworldofmisery,poverty,disease,warandrepressionwithmelancholytone.
Thetwo“ChimneySweeper”poemsaregoodexamplestorevealtherelationbetweenaneconomiccircumstance,i.e.theexploitationofchildlabor,andanideologicalcircumstance,i.e.theroleplayedbyreligioninmakingcompianttoexploitation.ThepoemfromtheSongsofInnocenceindicatestheconditionswhichmakereligionaconsolation,aprospect(景色,前景of“illusoryhappiness;”thepoemfromtheSongsoftheExperiencerevealsthetruenatureofreligionwhichhelpsbringmiserytothepoorchild.
2．拜伦式英雄
Buyron’schiefcontributionishiscreationofthe“Byronichero,”aproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.Withimmensesuperiorityinhispassionsandpowers,thisByronicherowouldcarryonhisshoulderstheburdensofrightingallthewrongsinacorruptsociety,andwouldrisesingle-handedlyagainstanykindoftyrannicalruleseitheringovernment,inreligion,orinmoralprincipleswithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustilbeenergies.
3．KEATS的希腊古瓮颂的主题
OdeonangrecianUrnshowsthecontrastbetweenthepermanenceofartandthetranscienceofhumanpassion.
4．奥丝丁的三种婚姻观
StoriesofloveandmarriageprovidethemajorthemeinallJaneAusten’snovels,inwhichfemalechatactersarealwaysplayinganactivepart.Intheirpursuitofamarriage,theyateusuallycategorizeintothreetypesaccordingtotheirdifferentattitudes:thosewhowouldmarryformaterialwealthandsocialposition,thosewhowouldmarryjustforbeautyandpassion,andthosewhowouldmarryfortruelovewithaconsiderationofthepartner’spersonalmeritaswelladhiseconomicalandsocialstatus.
5.《傲慢与偏见》的故事及主题
PrideandPrejudicemainlytellsofthelovestorybetweenarich,proundyoungmanDarcyandthebeautifulandintelligentElizaethBennet.Noneofthedaughterscaninherittheestateofthefamilyforithasbeenentaileduponthenearestmaleheir,WillianCollins,CollinsintendstomarryandhedecidestoshooseElizabethasawayofmakingamendsforinheritingthefamily’sestate.Collinsisapreposterous(荒谬的suitor,andElizabethrejectstheproposal.AnotheryoungmancalledDarcyproposesher,butshehasprejudiceagainsthimbecauseshethinksthathehasnothingbutpride.Aftermanytwistsandturns,theyarehappilyunited.ThisbooktellsusagreatdealaboutattitudetowardmarriageinAusten’stime.
Storiesofloveandmarriageprovidethemajorthemesinallhernovels,JaneAustentriestosaythatitiswrongtomarryjustformoneyorforbeauty,butitisalsowrongtomarrywithoutit.asitissaidinthebookthatitisatruthuniversallyacknowledgedthatasingemaninpossessionofagoodfoutunemustbeinwantofawife.
英国文学—Thevictorianperiods
1．Dickens小说的3种角色类型及创作生涯。
Thebest-depictedcharacterofthenovelistcanbeclassifiedintothreetypes:
1)theinnocent,pesecuted(受迫害,helplesschildcharactersuchasOliverTwist,LittleNell,DavidCopperfield,andLittleDorrit;
2)thehorribleandgrotesquecharactersuchadFagin,BillSikesandQulip;
3)thehumourousandcomicfigureslikeMr.Micawber,SamWeller,andMrs.Gamp.
Thebesthecandoseemstotrytoretainanoptimismwithwishfulthinking,asinhisealyworks,ortoexpressahelplessindignant(愤怒的,愤慨的protest（主张,断言,抗议,asinhislaternovel.
Oliver人物的背景
Thenovelisfamousforitsvividdescriptionsoftheworkhouseandlifeoftheunderworldinthenineteenth-centuryLondon.Theauthor’sintimateknowledgeofpeopleofthelowestorderandofthecityitselfapparentlycomesfromhisjournalisticyears.HerethenovelalsopresentsOliverTwistasDickens’sfirstchildheroandFaginthefirstgretesquefigure.
2.简爱这个人物及社会意义
JaneEyre,anorphanchildwithafieryspiritandalongingtobeloved,apoor,plain,littlegovernesswhodarestolovehermaster,amansupirortoherinmanyways,andevenisbraveenoughtodeclaretothemanherloveforhim,cutsacompletelynewwomanimage.Sherepresentsthosemiddle-classworkingwomenwhoarestrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbacicrightsandequalityasahumanbeing.
3．《呼啸山庄》介绍的故事梗概及写作特点。
WutheringHeihgtsisthestoryabouttwofamiliesandanintrudingstranger.
TheEarnsshawfamily—Mr.Earshaw,hiswife,theirsonHindleyandtheirdaugterCatherine.
TheLintonfamily—Mr.Linton,hiswife,theirsonEdarandtheirdaughterIsabella.
Anintrudingstranger—Healthcliff,
ThesoryistoldmainlybyNelly,Catherine’soldnurse,toMr.Lockwodd,atemporarytenantatGramge.ThelattertoogivesanaccountofwhatheseesatWutheringHeignts.AndpartofthestoryistoldthroughIsabella’sletterstoNelly.Whilethecentralinterestismaintained,thesequenceofitsdevelopmentisconstantlydisorderedofbyflashbacks.Thismakesthestoryallthemoreenticing(引诱的,迷人的)andgenuine.
4．Eliot和夏洛特笔下妇女的特点比较
Charlotepayattentiontothosemiddle-classworkingwomenwhoarestrugglingforrecognitionoftheirbasicrightsandequalityasahumanbeing,suchasJaneEyreinJaneEyre.
GeorgeEliotshowsaparticularconcernforthedestinyofWomen,especiallythosewithgreatintelligence,potentialandsocialaspirations,suchasDorotheainMiddlemarch.
5.《苔丝》故事和社会意义
ThenovelisoneofthebestandmostpopularworkbyHardy.ItisafieceattackonthehypocriticalmoralityofthebourgeoissocietyandthecapitalistinvasionintothecountryanddestructionoftheEnglishpeasantrytowardstheendofthecentury.Tess,asapurewomanbroughtupwiththetraditionalideaofwomanlyvirtue,isacusedanddestroyedbybothAlecandAngel,agentsofthethedestructiveforceofthesociety.Andthemisery,thepovertyandtheheartfeltpainshesuffersandherfinaltragedygiverisetoamostbittercryofprotestanddenunciation(谴责,告发ofsociety.Ofcourse,naturalistictendencyisalsostronginthenovel.Inaway,TessseemstobeledtoherfinaldestructionstepbystepbyFate.Coincidenceaddsone“wrong”toanotheruntilsheiscaughtupinadead-end.
英国文学—Theperiods
1．现代时期的特征及主题
ModernismroseoutofSkepticimanddisillusionofcapitalism.
TheFrenchsymbolismheralded(预示；预报)modernism.AftertheFirstWorldWar,allkindsofliterarytrendsofmodernismappeared:expressionism,surrealism,fuurism,Dadaism,imagismandstreamofconsiousness.Towardsthe1920s,thesetrendsconvergedintoamightlytorrentofmodernismmovement.
Modernismis,inmanyaspects,isreactionagainstrealism,anditrejectsrationalism.
Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthethetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearedisordered,alienatedandillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandman,andmanandhimself.
2.萧伯纳的戏剧特点
Asarealisticdramatist,hetookmodernsocialissuesashissujects.Mostofhisplaysareconcernedwithpolitical,economic,moral,orreligiousproblem,andthus,canbetermedasproblemplays.Hisplayshaveonepassiononly,i.e.indignation,oneagainstallthesocialevils;
Incharacterization,twodevicesofhisareworthyofnote:hisvividdepictionofonecharacterattheexpenseofanother;andsharactersbeingrepresentativeofideasofviews;
Muchofhisdramaisconstructedaroundtheinversionofconventionaltheatricalsituation.
Shaw’splaysdonotworkbyplots.Itisthevitalityofthelong,unbrokentalkthattakeprimacyovermerestory.
3.TheManofProperty的人物关系及主题
ThenovelcentersitselfontheSoames-Irene-Bosinneytriangle.SoamesForsyte,atypicalForsyte,representstheessenceoftheprinciplethattheaccumulationofwealthisthesoleaimoflife,forheconsiderseverythingintermsofone’sproperty.Irene,hisyoungandbeautifulwife,onthecontrary,lovesartandcherishesnobleidealsoflife.BecauseSoamesneverpaysattentiontoher,shewasnothappy,Inordertopleasehiswife,SoamesasksBosinnery,ayoungarchitect,tobuildacountryhouseforthem.Duringthedesigningandbuildingthehouse,IreneandBosinneyfallinloveeachother.RumorsariseandSoameswantshisrevenge,intheend,BosinneydiedinacaraccidentandIreneleftSoames.
ThethemeofthisnovelisthatofthepredominantpossessiveinstinctoftheForsyteanditseffectsuponthepersonalrelationshipsofthefamilywiththeunderlyingassumptionthathumanrelationshipsofthecontemporaryEnglishsocietyaremerelyanextension(延长,扩充,范围ofpropertyrelationships.
4.Yeats的创作生涯的三个阶段
Asayoungmaninthelastdecadesofthe1century,Yeatsbeganhaspoeticcareerintheromantictradition.ThemajorthemesareusuallyCelticlegends,localfolktales,orstoriesoftheheroicageinIrishhistory.Theoverallstyleofhisearlypoetryisverydelicatewithnaturalimagery,dream-likeatmosphereandmusicalbeauty.
Thefirsttwodecadesofthe20thcenturywereaperiodoftransitiontoYeats,duringwhichhisattitudetowardspolitics,lifeandpoetryhadexperiencedagreatchange.Yeatsturnedfromthetraditionalpoetrytoamodernistone.Hebegantowritewithrealisticandconcretethemesonavarietyofsubjects,exploringtheprofoundandcomplicatedhumanproblems,suchaslife,love,politics,andreligion.Hisstyleisbothsimpleandrich,colloquialandformal,withaqualityofmetaphysicalwitandsymbolicvision.
Yeatsreachedthelaststageofhispoeticcreationwhenhewasoverfifty.Heyearnedtomoveawayfromthesensual(肉欲的,色情的,世俗的)worldofgrowthandchange,andtoenterthetimeless,eternalworldofartandintellect.Hisconcernhasturnedtothegreatsubjectsofdichotomy(两分,二分法),suchas,youthandage,loveandwar,vigorandwisdom,bodyandsoul,andlifeandart.Inthislastperiod,Yeatshasdevelopedatough,complexandsymbolicalstyle.
5．《荒园》的主题及意义
TheWasteLandis433lineslongandisdividedintofivesections.
Section1,TheBurialoftheDead
Section2,AGameofChess
Section3,TheFireSermon
Section4,DeathbyWater
Section5,WhattheThunderSaid
TheWasteLandisapoemconcernedwiththespiritualbreakupofamoderncivilizationinwhichhumanlifehaslostitsmeaning,significanceandpurpose.Thepoemshasdevelopedawholesetofhistorical,culturalandreligiousthemes;butitisoftenregardedasbeingprimarilyareflectionofthe20th-centurypeople’sdisillusionmentandfrustrationinasterileandfutilesociety.
6．Lawrance作品的特点
Inhiswritings,Lawrencehasexpressedastrongreactionagainstthemechanicalcivilization.Itisthisagonized(烦恼的,极度痛苦的)concernaboutthedehumanizingeffectofmechanicalcivilizationonthesensualtenderness(亲切,敏感ofhumannaturethathauntsLawrence’swriting.
Lawrencewasoneofthefirstnoveliststointroducethemesofpsychologyintohisworks.Hebelievedthatthehealthywayoftheindividual’spsychologicaldevelopmentlayintheprimacy(首位ofthelifeimpulse,orinanotherterm,thesexualimpulse.
Lawrence’sartistictendencyismainlyrealism,whichcombinesdramaticsceneswithanauthoritativecommentary.Andtherealisticfeatureismostobviouslyseeninitsdetailedportraiture.
Irony,humourandwitarethecharateristicfeatureofmanyofthestories.
7．Ulysses的人物、故事及意义
Ulussesgivesanaccountofman’slifeduringonedayinDublin.Thethreemajorcharactersare:LeopoldBloom,anIrishJew,hiswife,MarionTweedlyBloom,andStephenDedalus,theProtagonistinAPortraitoftheArtistasaYoungMan.Thewholenovelisdividedinto18eposidesincorrespondencewiththe18hoursoftheday.
Joyce’sUlyssespresentsarealisticPictureofthemodernwastelandinwhichmodernmenareportrayedasvulgarandtrivialcreatureswithsplitingpersonalities,disllusionedideals,sordidmindsandbrokenfamilies,whoaresearchinginvainforharmonioushumanrelationshipsandspiritualsustenanceinadecayingworld.
美国文学—Theromanticperiods
1．爱默生的超经验主义思想和他的自然观
EmersonianTranscendentalismisactuallyaphilosophicalschoolwhichabsorbedsomeideologicalconcernsofAmericanPuritanismandEuropeanRomanticism,withitsfocusontheintuitionknowledgeofhumanbeingstograsptheabsoluteintheuniverseandthedivinityofman.
Inhisessays,Emersonputforwardhisphilosophyoftheover-soul,theimportanceoftheIndividual,andNature.
Hebasedhisreligiononanintuitivebeliefinanultimate(最后的,最终的,根本的)unity,whichhecalledthe“over-soul”,andbelievedthatthereshouldbeanemotionalcommunicationbetweenanindividualsoulantheuniversal“over-soul”.
Emersonisaffirmatively(肯定的)aboutman’sintuitiveknowledge,withwhichamancantrusthimdelftodecidewhatisrightandtoactaccordingly.Theidealindividualshouldbeself-reliantman.
Emerson’snatureisemblematic(标记的)ofthespiritualworld,alivewithGod’soverwhelmingpresence;hence,itexercises(运用,练习)ahealthy(有益于健康的)andrestorative(有助于复元的)influenceonhumanmind.NaturemediatesbetweenmanandGod,anditsvoiceleadstohighertruth.“Natureisthevehicleofthought”,and“particularnaturalfactsaresymbolsifparticularspiritualfacts”,.Inanword“Natureisthesymbolofspirit”
2．《年轻小伙子古德曼?布朗》中的寓言和象征
Allegorically,theprotaginistbecomesanEverymannamedBrown,a“young”man,whowillbeaged(成熟)inonenightbyadventurethatmakeveryoneinthisworldafallenidol(偶像,崇拜物,幻象.
Hawthornediscussessinandevil,inthe“youngGoodmanBrown,”hestesouttoprovethateveryonepossessessomeevilsecret.
★《红字》故事梗概、社会意义及象征意义
TheScarletLettertellsasimplebutverymovinstoryinwhichfourpeoplelivinginaPuritancommunityareinvolvedinandaffectedbythesinofadulteryindifferentways.
TheScarletLetter.Inthisparticularnovel,Howthornedoesnotintendtotellalovestorynorastoryofsin,butfocuseshisattentiononthemoral,emotional,andpsychologicaleffectsorsonsequenceofthesinonthepeopleingeneralandthosemaincharactersinparticular,soastoshowusthetensionbetweensocietyandindividuals.
ByusingPearlasathematicsymbol,Howthorneemphasizestheconsequencethesinofadulteryhasbroughttotheconmmunityandpeoplelivinginthatcommunity.
3．《草叶集》的结构、主题和语言特色
Firstofall,Whitman’spoeticstyleismarkedbyusethepoetic“I”.Usuallytherelationshipwhitmanisdramatizingistriangularone:“I”thepoet,thesubjectinthepoem,and“you”thereader.Insuchamannner,Whitmaninvitesustoparticipateintheprocessofsympathetic(共鸣的)identification(同一,等同).
Secondly,Whitmanradicallyinnovativeintermofformofhispoetry,whichisfreeverse,thatispoetrywithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.
Alooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticalstuctureisfrequentlyfavored.
Linesandsentencesofdifferentlengthsareleftlyingsidebysicejustasthingare,undisturbedandseparate.
Therearefewcompoundsentencestodrawobejctsandexperienceintoasystemofhierarchy.
Thirdly,Parallelism(对句法)andphoneticrecurrence(复回,重现)atthebeginninofthelinescontributetothemusicalityofhispoems.
Inthisgiantwork,openness,freedom,andindividuslismareallthatconcernedhim,heshowsconcernfornotonlythewholehard-wokingpeopleandtheburgeoninglifeofcities,butalsothepursuitofloveandhapiness.Someofhispoemsarepoliticalycommitted.
Whitman’spoetyisrelativelysimpleandeverrathercrude,andhislangugeistendencytouseoralEnglish.
4．《白鲸》的象征意义
Melvilleisamasterofallegoryandsymbolism.
Differentpeopleontheboardtheshiparerepresentationofdifferentideasanddifferentsocialandethnicgroups.
ThePeauodisthemicrocosmofhumansocietyandthevoyagebecomesasearchfortruth.
Thewhitewhale,MobyDick,symbolizesnatureforMelville,andforAhab,thewhalerepresentsonlyevil,aswellasforreaderandIshmael,themarrator,MobyDickisstillmystery,anultimatemysteryoftheuniverse,inscrutable(不能预测的andambivalent(矛盾的,andthevoyageofthemindwillforeverremainarearchofthetruth.
美国文学—Theperiods
1．现实主义与自然主义的倾向在美国19世纪小说中的反映。
AmericanRealismcameasarectionagianstthelieofromanticismandsentimentalism.Itturnedfromanemphasisonthestrangetowardafaithfulrendering(表现,描写)oftheordinary,asliceoflifeasitiareallylived.Itexpressestheconcernofcommonplaceandthelow,anditoffersanobjectiveratherthananidealisticviewofhumannatureandhumanexperience.Realistfindsthedramaandthetensionbeneaththeordinarysurfaceoflife.Arealistwriterismoreobjectivethansubjective,moredescriptivethansymbolic.Realistslookedfortruthineverydaytruths.TherepresenttationsofrealistwereHowell,MarkTwainandHenryJames.
Americannaturalismwasanewandharsherrealism,Naturalisthadbeenshapedbythewar,bythesocialupheavalsthatunderminedthecomfortingfaithofanearlierage,andbythedisturbingteachingofDaiwinism.America’sliterarynaturalistdismissedthevalidityofcomfortingmoraltruth.Theyattemptedtoachieveextremeobjectivityandfrankness,presentingcharatersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhodeterminedbytheirenviormentandheredity.Inpresentingtheextremesoflife,thenaturalistssometimesdisplayedanaffinitytothesensationalismofearlyromanticism,butunliketheirromanticpredessors,thenaturalistsemphasizedthatworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thatliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandenvironment,thatthedistinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.TherepresentationofnaturalistwasDeiser.
★三个现实主义小说家的比较:Howell,MarkTwainandHenryJames.
Thoughthethreeprominentwriterswrotemoreorlessatthesametime,theydifferedintheirunderstandingofthe“truth.”
WhileMarkTeainandHowellsseemedtohavepaidmoreattentiontothe“life”oftheAmericans,HenryJameshadapprentlylaidagreateremphasisonthe“innerworld”ofman.
ThroughTwainandHowellsbothsharedthesameconcerninpresentingthetruthoftheAmericansocielty,theyhadeachofthedifferentemphssis.Howellsfocusedhisdiscussionontherisingmiddleclassandthewaytheylive,whiletwainpreferredtohavehisownreigionandpeopleattheforefrontofhisstory.
2．哈克的性格分析及其社会的意义
AdenturesofHuckleberryFinnisbestknownforMarkTwain’swonderfulcharacterizationof“Huck,”atypicalAmericanBoywhomitscreatordescribedasboy“asoundheartandadeformedconscience,”andreamrkabletortheraft’sjourneydowntheMississippi,whichTwainusedbothreslisticallyandsymbolicallytoshapehisbookintoanorganicwhole.ThroughtheeyesofHuck,theinnocentandreluctantrebel,weseethepre-CivilWarAmericansocialfullyexposeandatthesametimewearedeeplyimpressedbyMarktwain’sthematiccontrastsbetweeninnocenceandexpericence,natureandculture,wildernessandcivilization.
★马克吐温的写作特点
MarkTwainisknownasalocalcolorist,whopreferredtopresentsociallifethroughportraitsthelocacharatersofhisregions,includingpeoplelivinginthatarea,thelandscape,theotherpeculiaritieslikethecustoms,dialects,costumesandsoon.
AnotherfactthatmadeMarktwainuniqueishismagicpowerwithlanguage,hisuseofvernacular.Hiswordsarecolloquial,concreteanddirectineffect,andhissentencestructurearesimple,evenungrammatical,whichistypicalofthespokenlanguage.AndTwainskillfullyusedthecolloquialismtocasthisprotagonistsintheireverydanylife.
MarkTwain’humorisremarkable,too.itisfuntoreadTwaintobeginwith,formostofhisworktendtobefunny,containingsomepraticaljokes,comicdetails,wittyremarks,etc.,andsomeofthemareactuallytalltales.
3．《苔瑟米勒》的主题和主要人物分析
DaisyMillerhasbecometheAmericanGirlinEurope,acelebrated(著名的)culturaltypewhoembodiesthespiritoftheNewWorld.However,innocence,thekeynoteofhercharacter,turnouttobeanadmiringbutadangerousqualityandherdefianceofsocialtaboosintheOldWorldfinallybringshertoadisasterintheclashbetweemoftwodifferentculture.InhisbookJame’ssympathyforDaisycouldbeeasilyfeltwhenwethinkofatenderflowercrushedbytheharshwinterinRome.
4．狄金森诗歌的主题结构与艺术特色
Dickson’spoemsareusuallybasedonherownexperinces,hersorrowsandjoys.ButwithinherlitllelyricsDickinsonaddressedthoseissuesthatconcernthewholehumanbingswhichincludereligion,death,immortality,love,andnature.
Dickinson’spoetyisuniqueandunconventionalinitsownway.Inherpoetrythereisaparticaularstresspattern,inwhichdashesareusedasamusicaldevice(草案,图样,方法)tocreateadence(节奏,韵律)andcapitalletterasameansofemphasis.Theformofherpoetryismoreorlesslikethatofthehymnmsincommunitychurches,familiar,communal,andsometimes,irrugular.
Howeverherpoeticidiomisnotedforitslaconicbrevity,directnessandplainness.
★Dreiser是最重要的自然主义的代表人物。自然主义的特点及自然主义文学的局限。
Asagenre,naturalismemphasizedheredityandenvironmentasimportantdeterministicforcesshapeingindividualizedcharacterswhowerepresentedinspeacialanddetailedcircumstance.Inhisword,manisa“victimofforceoverwhichhehasnocontrol”,lifeis“sosad,sostrange,somysteriousandsoinexplicable.”Nowonderthecharactersinhisbooksareoftensubjecttothecontrolofthenaturalforces——especiallythoseofconvironmentandheredity.
Likeallnaturalist,Dreiserwaerestrainedfromfindingasolutiontothesocialproblemsthatappearedinhisnovelsandaccordinglyalmostallhisworkshavetragicendings.
美国文学—Theperiods
1．意象派诗歌的艺术特色
Poundendorsethegroup’sthreemainprinciple,whichinclude
Directtreatmentofpoeticsubject;
Eliminationofmerelyornamentalorsuperfluouswords;
Rhythmical(节奏的)compositioninthesequenceofthemusicalphraseratherthaninthesequenceofametronome(节拍器).
2．弗罗斯特的自然诗
RobertFrosthaslongbeenwellnownasapoetwhocanhardlybeclassfiedwiththeoldorthenew,helearnedfromthetraditionandmadethecolloquialNewEnglandSpeechintopoeticexpression.
Frost’spoeticworldisoftheruralworld,thesimplecountrylife,thepastorallandscape.
Byusingsimplespokenlanguageandconversionalrhythms(节奏,韵律),Frostachievedaneffortlessgraceinhisstyle.
Hecombinedtraiditionalverseforms—thesonnet,rhyming(押韵)couplets,blankverse—withaclearAmericanlocalspeechrhythm,thespeechofNewEnglandfarmerswithitsidiosyncratic(特殊的)dictionandsyntax(语法,有秩序的排列,句子构造).
Inverseformhewasassorted,hewroteinboththemetrical(韵律的)formsandthefreeverse,andsometimshewroteinaformthatborrowsfreelyfromthemerits(优点,价值)ofboth,inaformthatmightbecalledsemi-freeorsemi-conventional.
3．《了不起的盖茨比》的主题意义和主要人物的性格分析
Thelossofanidealandthedisillusionmentthatcomeswiththefailureareexploitedfullyinthepersonaltragedyofayoungmanwhose“incorruptibledream”is“smashedintopiecesbytherelentless(无情的)reality.”Catsbyismythicalfigurewhoseintensity(强烈,剧烈)ofdreampatake(分担,共享ofastateofmindtheembodiesAmericaitself;Gatsbyisthelastoftheromanticheroes,whoseenergyandsenseofcommitmenttakeshiminsearchofhispersonalgrail(长期以来梦寐以求的东西);Gatsby’sfaluremagnifies(夸大,夸张)toagreatextenttheendoftheAmericanDream.However,theaffirmation(肯定)ofhopeandexpectationisself-assertedinFitzgerald’sartisticmanipulation(操作,处理)ofthecentralsymbolinthenovel,thegreenlight.
4．海明威小说的艺术特色
Hemingway’sworldislimite.Hedealswithalimitedrangeofcharactersinquitesimilarcircumstancesandmeasuresthemagainstanunvaryingcode,knownas“graceunderpressure.”Thosewhosurviveintheprocessofseekingtomasterthecodewiththehonesty,thediscipline,andtherestraintareHemingwaycodeheros.
Seeinglysimpleandnatural,Hemingway’sstyleisactuallypolishedandtightlycontrolled,buthighlysuggestiveandconnotative.
HemingwaydevelopsthestyleofcolloquialismintiatedbyMarktwain.Hisworkhaseffectofclearness,tersenessandgreatcarewithusingofshort,simpleandconventionalwordsandsentence.
HemingwaywashighlypraisebytheNobelPrizecommitteefor“hispowerfulstyleformingmasteryoftheart”ofcreatingmodernfiction.
5．《纪念爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花》的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格
AsadescendentoftheSouthernaristocracy,EmilyistypicalofthoseinFaulkner’sYoknapatwaphastorieswhoarethesymboloftheOldSouthbuttheprisonersofthepast.
TherangeofnarrativetechniquesusedbyFaulknerisremarkable.Themodernstresm-of-consiousnesstechniquewasfrequentlyandskillfulllyexploitedbyFaulknertoemphasizethereactionsandinnermusingofthenarrator.Morever,Faulknerwasgoodatpresentingmultiplepointsofview,whichgavethestoryacircularform.TheothernarrativetechniquesFaulknerusedtoconstructhisstoriesincludesymbolismandmythologicalandbiblicalallusions.
Faulknerwasamasterofhisownparticularstyleofwriting.Hisprose,markedbylongandembeddedsentences,complexsyntax,andvaguereferencepronounsontheonehandandavarietyoftheEnglishlanguageontheother,isdifficulttoread.Incontrast,Faulknercouldsoundverycasualorinformalsometimes.HecapturethedialectsoftheMississippicharacters,aswellasmorerefinedandeducatednarrators.
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