Chapter1
1,whatisstyleinyouropinionaccordingtowhatwehavestudiedinthischapter?
Anwser1,fromtheperspectiveofthecontent,theeventsandactivitiesdescribed,styleissayingdifferentthingsindifferentways;fromtheperspectiveofthewaysofexpressionused,styledissamethingindifferentways;fromtheperspectiveoftheusersoflanguage,styleisdifferentspeakersusinglanguageindifferentways;andfromtheperspectiveofthetext,styleisthefunctionsoftextsfordifferentpurposes.
Anwser2,thedefinitionofstyleistheconceptofstyleaschoice.thisdefinitioncanhaveatleasttoointerpretations.oneisthatfirstwehaveapre-existingthought,andthenwechoicetheappropriatetypeofexpressiontoexpressitinlanguage.Thechosenexpressionisthestyle.anotheristhatthechoicereferstothechoiceofmeaning.Thechoiceoflanguageisatthesametimeachoiceofmeaningandachoiceofstyle.
2,whatisthesignificanceofstudyingthestyleoflanguageinlearningandteachingEnglish?
Anwser,theansweristhatifwewanttouselanguageappropriatelyindifferentsituations,weneedtostudystyle.asforeignlanguagelearners,ifwedisregardtherulesofusingwhatvarietyoflanguageinwhatoccasion,orfailtoobeythemthroughignorance,languagecanbecomeinsteadabarriertosuccessfulcommunication.Thereforeitsnecessarytohaveaclearawarenessofhowlanguageshouldbeusedindifferenttypesofsituationsespeciallyinunfamiliarsituations.
3,whatfactorscanresultindifferencesinstyle?
Answer,1,thedifferenttypesofvocabularycreatedifferentimagesoftheeventsinthereader’smind,sotheycanresultindifferentstyles.2,peoplelivingindifferentperiodsoftimeinhistorywillalsospeakdifferently,andthatwillresultinadifferentstyle.
Chapter2
1,explainthefollowingterms
1),foregrounding:thestylisticallysignificantfeatureshavetobeprominentandmotivated,thatis,foregrounded.
2),incongruity:thelinguisticfeaturesdepartfromthenormaluseoflanguage,breakingtherulesgrammar,spelling,pronunciation.
3)deflection:thelinguisticfeaturesdon’tdepartfromtheestablishedgrammatical,lexicalandlogicalrulesandprinciples,buthaveanunexpectedhighfrequencyofoccurrence.
4),field;itsconcernedwithwhatishappening,includingthesubjectmatter,theeventshappenings,going-ons,thecontent,etc
5)tenor:itsconcernedwithwhoistakingpartintheexchangeofmeaning----therelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthelistener,theirrelativestatus,theirattitude,andtheirrolerelations.
6)mode:itsconcernedwithhowtheinteractionisconducted,thatiswhetheritiswrittenorspoken,orwhetheritisexpressedbyphonicsubstanceorgraphicsubstance.
2,questionfordiscussion
2)inrhetoricalseries,thenumberofitemscaninfluencethestylisticeffect.trytoanalyzethecausesonthebasisofsocialculture.
Answer:differentnumbersofwordscanproducedifferentstylisticeffectsintheappropriatecontexts.Twoitemsexpressassertion,thatis,itisjustthis,notthat.Inappropriatesituationsthreeitemscanproduceethic,persuasive,andrepresentativeeffect.Fourormoreitemsinaseriesstressalargenumberoftheconcretethings,andthesecanproduceanimageryinthemindofthereaderthatthelargeamountofthingsconstitutesasignificantsituationinwhichcertainaspectarehighlighted.Anotherfunctionoftherhetoricalseriesistouseconcreteitemstohighlightabstractconceptssothattheabstractconceptcanbeexpressedinconcrete,livelyandvividwaytoenhancetheaestheticvalueoflanguage.
3)whatfactorsaffectthewriter’sselectionofwordsandstyle
Answer:fivecriteriafortheselectionofwords:whethertheyarefamiliarornotfamiliar,whethertheyareconcreteorabstract,whethertheyaresingleormore,whethertheyareshortandsimple.Orlong.WhethertheyareAnglo–saxonwordsorlatinwords.field,tenor,modeaffectthewriter’sselectionofstyle.
4)whatisthecriterionusedtoclassifywords
Answer:wecanusemoresystematicwaytoclassifywordaccordingtoregisteranddialect.register:field,tenor,mode.dialect:regionaldialect,suchasLondondialect;socialdialectsuchasdialectofage,race,etc.temporaldialectsuchasodEnglish.
5)throughwhatchannelscanwordsbeusedtoachievetransferredmeaning?
Answer:simile:xislikeY,egasbusyasbee.Metaphor:XisY,egheisapig.
Synecdocheegmanyhandsrepresentthepeoplewhoworkwiththeirhands.Metonymyegpurserepresentmoney.
Chapter3
1,explainthefollowingterms
1),chiasmus:chiasmusisformedbyinvertingthewordorderofthesecondpartofaparallelstructure,soitformsakindofantitheticalstructure.Eg:letusnevernegotiateoutoffear,butletusneverfeartonegotiate.
2)antistrophe:itistherepetitionofthesameitemsbutininvertedorder,eg:what’spollytome,ormetopolly?
3)epizeuxis:itisacontinuousrepetitionforhighlightingaparticularfeature.
4)ploce:therepetitionisnotcontinuous,butintermittentordispersedinthetext.
5)loosesentence:putthemajorideafirstandthantheillustration.suchasentenceiseasytograsp.
6)periodicsentence:aperiodicsentencecanbeusedtocreatesuspense,orexpectation,thusdrawingthelistener’sattentiontotheendofthesentence.itcanbeusedtoproducehumorousandemphaticeffect.
2,questionfordiscussion
1),therearemanytypesofsyntacticdeflection,buttheyhaveonethingincommon:recurrenceofstructures.Howissyntacticdeflectionclassified?
Answer:therearetwotypeofsyntacticdeflection:theunexpectedhighfrequencyofoccurrenceofacertaintypeofsentence;andtheoverregularoccurrenceofaparticularpattern.
2)thehighfrequencyofoccurrenceoflongandshortsentencecancreatestylisticeffect.apartfromthedifferenceinexpressivemeanings,whatareothercharacteristicsofthetwotypesofsentences?
Answer:longsentencesaregoodtoprovidethedetaileddescriptions,andaregoodtorevealthementalactivitiesofthespeaker.sotheyareusedtoproduceavivid,rich,exuberant,luxuriousstyle.Shortsentence：canproducedirect,terse,concise,cleareffectorcontinuous,compact,swifteffect,sothatitcreatescertainatmosphere,andleaveadeepimpressiononthelisteners.
3)whydowritersoftenviolatetheruleofgrammar?Whatdowecalthisviolation?
Answer:wecallthisviolationsyntacticincongruity.theviolationofthegrammaticalrulescanbeusedtoproducecertainstylisticeffects.Theso-calledungrammaticalsentencesareusedtorepresentthedifferentvarietiesoflanguageaccordingtoregisteranddialect.Inliteraryworks,dialecticalandpersonalfeaturesofspeechareoftenusedtodepictthepersonalityofthecharacters.Inpoetry,thepoetoftenusesdeviantgrammaticalstructurestoachievespecialeffects,makeslinesterseandconcise,tomakeitrichinmeaning.
4)whatisthefunctionofrhetoricalquestions?
Answer:Arhetoricalquestionistousetheformofaquestioninordertoexpressastrongemotionortoemphasizeaparticularaspect.Thefunctionofinvertedsentenceistomakeadeclarativesentencemorepowerful,toattractthelistener’sattention,ortoinduceothers’sympathy.Arrangedinparallelism,rhetoricalquestionscanexpressstrongemotionsandincreasethepersuasivepower.Arhetoricalquestioncanalsointroducethetopicofthetext.
5)Inwhatwayscanweuseinvertedsentencestoachieveemphaticeffect?
Answer:tochangethenormalwordordercanbeusedtoproducesomeemphaticeffect.Whatisputtotheinitialpartofthesentenceisusuallythefocusofinformationoftheclauseandalsothethemeofheclause.Soitishighlighted.
Chapter4
1explainthefollowingterms
Synaesthesia:itreferstothefactthatsoundssareattributedwithcertainvaluesorestheticfeatures.Itisverycasual,andsupportedbysituationalfeaturesandmeaning.
Alliteration:referstotherepetitionoftheinitialsoundusuallyaconsonant,oravowelatfirstposition,intwoormorewordsthatoccurclosetogether.
Assonance:referstotheuseofthesameorrelatedvowelsoundsinsuccessivewords.Itcancreateharmoniouseffect.
Consonance:referstotherepetitionofthelastconsonantsofthestresseswordsattheendofthelines.
2questionsfordiscussion
Whatarethecharacteristicofspokenlanguageandwrittenlanguagerespectively?
Answer:spokenlanguage:1itcandirectlybeaccompaniedbyothernon-linguisticmeansastheaid;2itisgenerallyspeakingnotasformalaswrittenlanguage;3itpermitserrorsintheprocessofproduction;4itusesaparticulargrammar,agrammarcharacteristicsofspokenlanguage.5homophonescanbeusedforspecialstylisticeffects,suchaspun;6someimplicationsarebestrepresentedbyspecialsoundfeatures;7soundfeaturecanrepresentthefeatureofregionaldialectorsocialdialect.
Writtenlanguage:1aswrittenlanguagecommunicationisusuallynotadirectone,butisdelayedintimeandatdifferentplaces,thewritergenerallyhastimetogetwellpreparedandrevisethetextbeforehesendsitouttothereader;2asspaceislimited,ithasspecialgrammaticalfeaturessoastoputmoremeaninginit.therearemanynominalizationstomakesentencesintogroups;3writtenlanguageisoftenusedinamoreformalsituation;4astimeisenough,itisusuallywritteninamoredetailedandlogicalway;5aswrittenlanguageismorepurposeful,andforasinglespecificgoal,itisusuallymoreconstantanddevelopedaroundasinglesubject.
Howmanysoundpatternsdowehave?Whatspecialstylisticeffectscanbeachievedbythem?
Answer:thesesoundpatternsincludealliterationwhichcancreateharmony,connectionandachievespecialstylisticeffects,assonancewhichcancreateharmoniouseffect,andconsonance
Whatfactorscaninfluencegraphologicalprominence?.
Answer:therearethreedistinctivefactorsthatcanproducegraphologicalprominence:marking,spacingandsequence.Markingreferstotheuseofwrittensymbolstoconveyinformation;spaceisspacingarrangementdepartingfromthisnormalwayofspacingcanbeusedtoachievestylisticeffects.
4InmodernEnglish,punctuationmarksarepatternedandstandardized.Howcanweusepunctuationmarksforspecialstylisticpurpose?
Answer:periodtypicallyoccursattheendofadeclarativesentence.Ifperiodoccursinunexpectedhighfrequencyofoccurrence,itoftenmeansthatthetextmainlyfunctionstoprovideinformation;commaisusedtomarktheunitlargerthanaword,however,inCharlesDickens’DombeyandSon,commaisusedtoindicatesyllables;exclamationmarkscanbeusedtocarryemotionalcoloring,amarkofexpressingspecialfeelings;parenthesesareusedforfurtherexplanation;theellipsisofpunctuationmarksproducesanillogicalandnon-sequentialimage.
Chapter7
1explainthefollowingterms
1）Guide:guideisthefurtherexplanationoftheheadline,itconsistsofsixelements;location,character,event,mode,time,andcause.
2）Nominalization:referstoagrammaticalphenomenoninwhichthemeaningwhichisnormallyexpressedbyaclauseishereexpressedbyaphrase,soclausenominalizationisnormal.Itiscontracted.
3）Thehighlightingmethod:fromtheproductivepointofview,thecolumnistcanpublishthewholestory,orhecancutoffsomepartsfromtheend.Hecanevencutoffthemainbody.
4）Meaningcontraction:usingthesmallestformtogetthemostmeaning.
5）Journalesewords:asnewreportrequiresthespeakertousetheleastformtogetthemostmeaning,andithastobefreshandattractive,sothewordsinnewsreportisshortandnew.
2questionsfordiscussion
1)Whataresemanticfeaturesofnewsreport?
Answer:1Intermsofideationalmeaning,apartfromthesemanticfieldofnewsreport,itcoversvirtuallyallareasofmeaningsystems;2intermsofinterpersonalmeaning,itstressesobjectivity;3intermsoftextualmeaning,ithasthefeatureofmeaningcontraction.
3)Mostoftheheadlinesareellipticalsentences.Tellinwhatwayellipsisisbestachieveinnewsreport.
Answer:mostoftheheadlinesareellipticalsentences.Whatisomittedis:(a)subject-predicate(b)predicate(c)linkverborauxiliaryverb
4)Howismeaningcontractionofnewsreportembodiedingrammar?
Answer:onefeatureofnewsreportismeaningcontraction,thatisusingthesmallestformtogetthemostmeaning.itsgrammaticalfeatureareasfollows:(1)thenominalizationoftheprocesses(2)bignounphrasesandcomplexmodifications(3)assomeofthepre-modifierscomefromaseparateclause,itishighlycontracted.
5）Theconcretenesscontractionofnewsreportisincontradictiontomeaningcontraction.Tellhowthiscontradictionisrevolvedinnewsreport.
Answer:besidesitsauthenticityandobjectivity,newsreportshouldalsoemphasizeconcretenessanddetailedness.Therefore,thewriteroftengivesbackgroundinformationanddetailsbyusingparenthesis.Bydoingso,thewritercanprovideconcreteanddetailedinformationandsavespaceaswell.
6）Whatgraphologicalmeansareusedinnewsreport?Analyzewhateffectsareachievedbygraphologicalmeans.
Answer:grphologicalmeansaremadeinthetypesetting,forexample,headlinescanbearrangedinsuchways:1flush-left(itismadeintoasquare)2dropped-line(thelengthofthelineisthesame,butdroppedinabiteachtime)3shortlinefollowedbyalongtome4alonglinefollowedbyashortline5concaveform6convexform.Theycanincreaseestheticvalueandbecomemoreattractive.
7）Whatarelexicalfeaturesofnewsreport?Whyaremanynoncewordsusedinnewsreport?
Answer:lexicalfeature:1shortandnew-fashionedsucha“crisis”in“theUNfacescrisisofcredibility”.2shortjournalesephrasesuchas“keyissue”in“joblesswillbethekeyissuein1993”.3noncewords,oftenblendssuchasEuromarket=Europeanmarket.
8）Whyistheresomuchuseofdirectspeechinnewsreport?
Answer:theuseofdirectspeechcanenhancethecredibilityofnewsreport.Thedirectlyquotedspeechcanberegardedasbasisoffacts.
9）Whatprominentdevicesareusedinheadlinesinnewsreport?
Answer:alliterationallusionsuspenseetc.
Chapter6
Explainthefollowingterms
1）timenon-fluency:pausesininappropriatepositionswithinaphraseorgroupsposition,theuseofumorertodelaythetime,therepetitionofsomeexpressions,suchasbesaidbesaidbesaid.,
2）Qualitynon-fluency:oftenthespeakercannotfindtheappropriatewordstoexpresshimself,andheisstrivingforwords,soheusesmanyinexactexpressionsandevenwrongexpressionsorwrongpronunciationstoexpresshimself.
3）Adjacencypair:mostofthesentencesaredeclarativeandinterrogativesentencesastheyaremostlymadeupofquestionsandanswers.
4）Slotfillingwords:slotfillingwordsareusedtofillinthepauseswhenthespeakerstrivesformeaningaswords,orwhenheorshestrivestobepolitenessorlessenthedegreeofimprudence.
2questionfordiscussion
1）Whatarethecharacteristicsofconversationfromtheperspectiveofsemantics,grammar,vocabularyandphonology?
Answer:semanticfeatures:(1)theinexplicitnessofmeaning(2)therandomnessofsubjectmatter,andagenerallackofplanning(3)thelackoffluencyGrammaticalfeatures:(1)sentencecomplexity(2)verbalphrases(3)nominalphrases(4)thetypesofsentences(5)quotedelements.Lexicalfeature:(1)mostofthewordsareshortandsimpleAnglo-Saxonones,(2)thechoiceofwordsislimitedinscopeorrange(3)slangandcolloquialwords,taboowords,exclamatorywordsarefrequentlyused(4)someslotfillingwords,suchasyouknow,Imean,etc.(5)useexaggeratedwordsandexpressions.Phonologicalfeatures:(1)usemorecontractionsfortheunimportantinformation(2)theoftentrytoexpressthemselvesinspiteofthefactthattheotherisspeaking(3)therearemanyemphaticwaysofspeech,suchasstress.
2）Howdoyouaccountfortheinexplicitnessoflanguageindailyconversation?
Answer:theinexplicitnessofmeaningsmanifestedinthefollowingaspects:(1)lotsofexophoricexpressionsuchas“this“isthetendency(2)therearemissinglinksbetweentheutterances(3)alotofbackgroundinformationmissing.(4)manyinexactexpressionsusinggeneralwordsforparticularconcepts(5)manyincompleteexpressions.
3）Whatarethefeaturesspontaneouscommentaryfromtheperspectiveofsemantics,grammar,vocabularyandphonology?
Answer:fromtheperspectiveofsemanticfeatures,ifthelistenerscouldalsoseetheeventwhilethecommentaryisdelivered,therewillbealotofmeaningimpliedorsimplypresupposed;butinacommentarywithoutvisualsupportonthepartofthelisteners,thecommentatorhastoprovideallthenecessaryinformation.Intermsofsyntacticstructure,thesentencesandtheclausesareusuallyshortasthecommentatorhasnotimetogivedetaileddescriptionoftheevent,andthesentencescontainfewerwordsthanusual.Fromtheperspectiveoflexicalfeatures,thewordsaremostlysimpleinstructure,theyareshortandsimple;theyaremostlycomposedofverbs,andpropernames;theremightbespecializedtermsdependingonthesubjectmatterofthecommentary.Fromtheperspectiveofphonologicalfeatures,itisveryfastandfluent,buthehastopronounceeverywordclearlyandloudly.
4）Whatarethefeaturesoftextstructureofpublicspeech?
Answer:Itconsistofthefollowingelement:(1)ashortintroductiontothemainissueorissuesconcerned(2)thedeclarationofone’sattitudeandpositioninthematter(3)thelisting,reasoning,andexplaining(4)conclusion
5）Howisitthatinpublicspeechthereismuchuseofnounphraseswithpostmodification?
Answer:therearefewpre-modifiers,butmorepost-modifierssuchas“ofphrase”and“whichclauses”togivedetailedandaccuratedescription.
Chapter8
1explainthefollowingterms
Learnedwords:learnedwordsarewordsthatborrowedfromLatin,GreekandFrench.
Clichés:arewordsorexpressionswhichhavelosttheiroriginalityoreffectivenessbecausetheyhavebeenusedtoooften.
Semanticfeatures:correctnessandcompleteness;concisenessandclearness;considerationandcourtesy.
Grammaticalfeatures:sentencesstructure;usesofvoices;usesofaffirmativesentences;invertedsentences
Lexicalfeatures:concreteandnaturalwords;technicaltermsandabbreviations;briefandcommonwords;avoidclichés(exceptbusinesscontracts)
3questionsfordiscussion
1）WhyshouldbusinessEnglishbecorrectandcomplete?
Answer:thecontentofbusinessEnglishshouldbecorrectandcompletely.First,theconveyedinformationshouldbecorrect;sometimesasmallmistakewouldcauseagreatlossinadealandevenaffectbusinessrelationsbetweentwoparties.Second,theconveyedinformationshouldbecomplete.Forexample,ifweordersomecommodities,weshouldstatenamesofcommodities,deliverydates,consignees,methodsofpayment,etc.
2）InbusinessEnglishsometimesactivevoiceisused,andsometimespassivevoiceispreferred.Pointoutwhatstylisticfeaturescanbeachievedthroughusingvoices.
Answer:InbusinessEnglish,bothactivevoiceandpassivevoicecanbeused,butthereisatendencytowardspreferenceofactivevoiceintoday’sbusinesscommunication.Activevoiceisshorterinformandeconomicinwordscomparedwithpassivevoice.Thusactivevoiceismoreeffectiveinstylisticeffectthanpassivevoice;besides,activevoicecanmakestylemorefamiliarandlessformal.Butinsomecases,passivevoiceisnecessary.Whenwediscusssomethingnegative,weshouldavoidblamingtheotherpartydirectly,inaddition,passivevoicecanmakebusinessEnglishstylemoreformal,andtheconveyedinformationmoreobjective.
3）Whyshouldbusinesslettersbewritteninawayofconsiderationandcourtesy?
Answer:Inbusinesscommunication,inordertomakeitmoreefficient,weshouldbeconsiderateofothersandpolitetoothers.“You-Attitude”isveryimportantprincipleinbusinesscommunication,thatis,weshouldthinkourselvesbackintotheshoesofotherssoastocooperatesincerely.
4）TheuseoftechnicaltermsandabbreviationsisonestylisticfeatureofbusinessEnglish.Statethereasonofthisphenomenon.
Answer:usingtechnicaltermsandabbreviationscanavoidlongandtediousexplanation,whichisonelexicalfeatureofbusinessEnglish.SuchasL/C----letterofcredit
5）WhyshouldweavoidclichésinbusinessEnglish?
Answer:clichésarewordsorexpressionswhichhavelosttheiroriginalityoreffectivenessbecausetheyhavebeenusedtoooften.Inold-fashionedbusinessEnglishtherearealargenumberofclichés,whichshouldbeavoidinpresent-daybusinesscommunication.
Chapter9
1,explainthefollowingterms
2)Redundancy:inordertoavoidopaquenessandambiguity,ithasexpressclearlywhateveryoneknowsandtakesforgranted.Thismakesthelegallanguageredundantclumsyandhardtounderstand.
3)Commonwords:manyofthelegalwordscomefromordinarylanguagewiththecommoncorefeaturesespeciallythosehigh-frequencywords,suchasprepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.
4)specializedwords:specializedwordsarenecessaryfortwoimportantaspectsoflegallanguage.Thefirstisthatforthefieldoflawitself,andthesecondisthatformanynon-legalfieldconcernedwithlegalaffairs.Therearetwosourcesofspecializedlegalwords:commonwordsendowedwithlegalmeaningsandarchaicwords.
2,questionfordiscussion
WhyislegalEnglishsyntacticallycomplex?
Answer:syntacticComplexity:asitsmainfunctionistoensureprecisenessandaccuracyandblockanyleakage,thedraftsmenoflegaldocumentshavetobeverycarfulandscrupulous,andthelegaltextshavetobeabletostandthetextoftime.thereforelegallanguageisrichinmodifications,circumlocutions,andcomplexlogicrelations.
2）LegalEnglishisveryconservativeinform.Explainitfromahistoricalperspective.
Answer:conservativeness:asthelegallanguageisproducedbycarefulphrasingandtestedoveralongtime,nobodydarestoalterthestructureoflegalEnglish,sothatitsstructuresbecomeold-fashionedandarchaic.TherepresentativelegallanguageinsuchawayisEnglishlegallanguage.
3)WhatisthereasonthattherearemanylegalwordsofFrenchsource?
Answer:becauseaftertheNormanConquest,FrenchbecausetheofficiallanguageusedforallstateaffairsincludinglawinGreatBritain.ThatiswhymanyFrenchloanwordswerefoundinlawafterwards.
4)WhatarethelexicalfeaturesoflegalEnglish?
Answer:legalvocabularymainlycomesfromFrench.(2)Legalwordscanbedividedintofollowingthreetypes:1,commonwords2,specializedwords3,Multi-registerwords. |
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