Chapter1Introduction
·WhatistheEnglishStylistics？
ItisasciencethatdealswiththeresearchforawidevarietyofthestylesofwrittenandoralEnglishinEnglishlanguage.
·Whatarelanguagefunctions?
a)Todeliversomeinfortootherpeople
b)Tocommunicatewitheachotherinsociety
·Howdoweexpressourselvesinaproperway?
Severalfactorsdowork.
Phonetics
Vocabulary
Grammar
SomeknowledgeconcerningEnglishstylistics
·Thecorrectnessinusingthelanguagecannotreplacetheappropriatenessinlanguagecommunication.Why?
Fourexamples:
a)“Hello”and“Hi”
b)“Assistme!Assistme!”and“Aid!Aid!”
c)“That’sallright.”“That’stosay.”“It’sO.K..”
d)Seenextpage
d)“Iamterriblysorrytohearthatyourhusbandhasjustdied,butdon’tletitupsetyoutoomuch.You’reanattractive,younglady.I’mprettysureitisveryeasyforyoutofindsomeoneelsesoon.”
·Theeffectsoflanguageexpressionsaresometimesrelatedtosomenon-linguisticfactors.
a)Sex------“Oh,myGod!”
b)Age------“Cheers!”and“Byefornow.”
c)Vocation------“Watchthebirdie.”
d)Receivededucation------“gotoW.C.”
e)Socialstation------“Whatpromptedyoutoapplyforthisjob?”
·WhyshouldwelearnandstudyEnglishstylistics?
a)ItwillhelpustoexpressourselvesinEnglishproperly.
b)ItwillhelpustoknowsomethingaboutlanguagefeaturesofavarietyofEnglishwrittenstyles.
c)Itwillhelpustoselectaproperwayforgettingthebestlanguageeffectsandattainingourcommunicativepurposes.
d)Itwillhelpustogoatliterarycriticism.
e)Itwillhelpustodothetranslationworkwell.
Chapter2LanguageDescription&StylisticAnalysis
·Thereare4phoneticmeansinEnglish:
1)stress2)Intonation3)pause4)voicequality.
·Stresshasseveralapparentstylisticandgrammaticalfunctions.
(1)Thefirstfunctionisforemphasis.
(2)Thesecondfunctionistochangethemeaningorthepartofspeechofsomewords,orboth.
(3)ThethirdfunctionistodiffersomeEnglishwords
(4)Thefourthfunctionistoshowsomeone’ssurprise,anger,fear,doubt,pleasure,etc..
·Intonationcanbeemployedtoexpresspeople’shappiness,sadness,certainty,hesitation,depression,etc.Thereare5pitchesinphonetics:
(1)Thefallingpitchisusedtoshowthemeaningofdefiniteness,certaintyandcompleteness.
(2)Therisingpitchisemployedtoshowthemeaningofindefiniteness,uncertaintyandincompleteness.
(3)Thefall-risepitchisusedtogivepeoplesomeencouragementorgivepeopleawarning.
(4)Therise-fallpitchisemployedtogivepeopleasincerepraiseortoshowthefeelingofshock.
(5)Thelevelpitchisusedtogiveaccountonsomethinghappenedinthepast.
·Pausecanbedividedintotwo.
a)voicedpauseb)silentpause
·Someusefulrhetoricaldevices
1.Periodandinversion
2.Parallelismandantithesis
3.Climaxandanti-climax
4.Repetition
Chapter3OralStyleandWrittenStyle
·Severaloccasionsforusingoralstyle:
1.Inliterarymasterpieces
2.Ineverydayconversation
3.Ininformalspeeches
·Thedifferencesbetweenoralcommunicationandwrittencommunication
1.Usesomegestures(bodylanguage)inoralcommunication
2.Useastatementasaquestioninoralcommunication
3.Usesomepureoralwordsinoralcommunication
·Thecomparisonoflanguagestylesinoralstyleandinwrittenstyle
·Whatcanbeusedwithoralstyle?
1)slangs2)voguewords3)abbreviations4)phrasalverbs5)idioms
·Whatcanbeusedwithwrittenstyle?
1)ScientificEnglish2)LegalEnglish3)ReligiousEnglish4)Formalspeech5)Officialdocuments
Chapter4FormalStyle&InformalStyle
·FivestyleswereadvancedbyMartinJoosinthebook“TheFiveClocks”
1)FrozenStyle:legalitems,historicliterature,thedocumentsforinternationalconferences,etc.
2)FormalStyle:Thisstyleisusuallyusedtodeliversomeinforonformaloccasions.
3)ConsultativeStyle:Withthisstylepeopleusuallyoffersomebackgroundinformation.Itisusuallyemployedinbusinessactivities.
4)CasualStyle:Peopleusuallyuseitbetweenfriends,acquaintances,orinsiders.Itsmainfeatureisthatpeopleusuallyemployellipsis,slangsorcantswithit.
5)IntimateStyle:Itisusuallyusedbetweenhusbandandwife.Moreoveritisemployedinjargonssometimes.
Chapter6SocietalDeviationinEnglish
·WhatissocietaldeviationinEnglish?
Societaldeviationissomethingaboutsocietaldialects.·BlackEnglishVernacular:(土语)urbanblackEnglish
·WhatarethereasonsforyoutoknowBlackEnglishVernacular?
(1)ItwillhelpustoknowthestatusqueofAE.(2)ItwillhelptoreadsomenovelsinAmericanliterature.
Chapter7TimeDeviationinEnglish
·ThreestagesofthedevelopmentofEnglishlanguage
1)The1ststageisfrom449to1100(OldEnglish).
(TheverbsinOldEnglishcanbedividedintotwocategories------oneisstrongverbsandanotherisweakverbs.Thepasttenseformsofmostofweakverbsarewiththeending-cec,-ode,or-deaftertheoriginalweakverbs.)
2)The2ndstageisfrom1100to1500(MiddleEnglish).
(Atthattime“hw”inOldEnglishbecame“wh”and“cw”became“qu”.)
3)The3rdstageisfrom1500topresenttime(ModernEnglish).
(TherearetworemarkablefeaturesinModernEnglish.)
(1)TherearemanyloansinModernEnglish.fromJapanese/fromFrench/fromLatin/fromChinese.
(2)Therearesomeneologisms(新词)inModernEnglish.
·TheapplicationofEnglisharchaicwords（过时的词）inmoderntimes
1)InlegalEnglish2)InreligiousEnglish3)InEnglishpoetry4)Innewspapers
·Whyusearchaicwordsinmoderntimes?formal/rhyme/show-off
Chapter8CommonPracticalStyles
·ThreefunctionsofEnglishadvertisements
1)toattractreaders’attention2)toarosecustomerinterest3)toergecustomertotakeactionsassoonaspossible.·SomefeaturesofEnglishadvertisements
(1)Moresimplesentences
(2)Lessnegativesentences------Ifpeoplereallywanttoexpressthenegativemeaninginadvertisements,theymayuse“nothing”or“no”insteadof“not”.
(3)Frequentuseofpresenttense
(4)Moreandmoreimperativesentences
(5)Farmoreellipticalsentences
(6)Morefiguresofspeech
(7)Somespecialadjectives
(8)Somenewly-createdwords
·JournalisticEnglish:Newsreport/newsstory
·twocategoriesofnewspapers
1)qualitypaper大报2)tabloid小报
·Threerequirementsfornewsreports：Swift/objective/true
·SomefeaturesofjournalisticEnglish
1)Somejournalisticjargons2)Someacronyms3)Someapocopation4)Someaphoeresis5)Somewordswithfrontandbackclipping6)Somesyncopations7)Someneologisms8)Someblends9)Somenounsareusedasverbstomaketheheadlinesvivid.
ScientificEnglish
·WhatcanbewrittenwithscientificEnglish?
1)Scientificworksandliterature
2)Academictheses
3)Laboratoryreports
4)Productinstructions
·SomeimportantfeaturesofscientificEnglish
1)Passivevoiceishigh-frequentlyusedinsentences.
2)Presenttenseisquiteoftenemployedinsentencesbecausescientificconceptsandprinciplesareusuallydescribedastruths.
3)Longandcompletesentencesareoftenusedtoexpressmeanings,ideasandconcepts.4)TherearesomewordswhicharefromLatin.
5)ThereisasimplicityinmeaningforsomewordsinscientificEnglish.
6)TherearesomeusefulprefixesandsuffixesinscientificEnglish.
Chapter9LiteraryStyle
·ThelanguagefeaturesofEnglishpoetry
1.TherhythmandthemeterofEnglishpoetry
Rhythmisaregularsuccessionofweakandstrongstresses,accents,sounds,ormovementsinspeech,music,poems,dancing,etc.
·HowistherhythmformedinEnglishpoems?
StressedsyllablesandunstressedsyllableswhichalternatelyappearinastanzamayproducerhythminEnglishpoems.
·Whatismeter?Meteristhemeasur.TheEnglishpoeticrhythmisbasedonmeter.构成英诗节奏的基础是韵律，即“格律”。
·HowmanymetersarethereinEnglishpoeticcomposition?
Thereareseven(1)iambus抑扬格(2)trochee扬抑格(3)dactyl扬抑抑格(4)anapaest抑抑扬格(5)amphibrach双行诗(6)spondee(7)purrhic
·Whatisstanza?
Itconsistsoflinesorverses.Simplyspeakingitisapoeticparagraph.
·Somecommonformsofstanzas:
1)couplet双行诗2)triplet三行诗3)quatrain4)cinquain5)sestet6)septet7)octet8)Spenserianstanza9)ten-versepoem10)sonnet
Asonnetisaone-poemof14lines,writteniniambicpentameter.
(1)PetrarchansonnetorItaliansonnet(abbaabbacdecde)
(2)Shakespearesonnet(ababcdcdefefgg)
(3)Spenseriansonnet(ababbcbccdcdee)
·Whatisverse?verseisthepoeticsentence,line
Itismadeupofonefootormorethanone.Brieflyspeakingitiscalledapoeticsentence.
·Howtokeeparhymeinapoem?
1)Keepanendrhyme(Itcanbedividedintofourforms.)
(1)Thefirstformistokeepasinglerhyme(Sometimesitiscalledamasculinerhymeoramalerhyme.)
(2)Thesecondformistokeepadoublerhyme(Sometimesitiscalledafemininerhymeorafemalerhyme.).
(3)Thethirdformistokeepatriplerhyme.
(4)Thefourthformistokeepaneyerhyme.
2)Keepaheadrhyme
3)Keepaninternalrhyme
·Blankverse：Unrhymedverse
·Threefeaturesofblankverses
1)Theydonotkeepanyrhymes,buttheyarethepoemswithsomemeter.
2)Theycanbelongorshort.
3)Theirfeetineachlinearenotuniform.
·CommonFiguresofSpeechUsedinEnglishPoetry
Useofsimileandrepetition/head-rhymed(alliteration)/metapher/parallelism/personification/speakingsilence,dumbconfession/paradox矛盾修饰法/hyperbole,overstatementexaggeration/metonymy借代转喻
·StylisticFeaturesinFiction
Twopointsofview（Twoperspectives）
1)Usesingularorpluralnumberofthethirdperson------asanarratororastory-tellertonarratesomeplotsinanovel.
Notes:a.Mostofwritersornovelistsliketousethisperspective.
b.Theeffectofusingthisperspectiveis“objective”.
2)Usesingularorpluralnumberofthefirstperson------asoneofthecharacterstonarratesomeplotsinanovel.
Note:Inthiswayitwillmakereadersthinkthatitisreallyatruestoryandthereisnotraceofmake-up.
·Thedialogsinnovels
1)Someusefulinformalwords2)Somecommonslangs
·Directandindirectspeechesinnovels
1)Sometimessomenovelistsliketousedirectspeechinordertomakeapsychologicaldescriptioninnarratingplotsinanovel.
2)Sometimessomenovelistsliketouseindirectspeechinordertomakeathoughtpresentationinnarratingplotsinanovel.
·Howtoanalyzealiterarymasterpiece?
1)Useawayofrhetoricalanalysis.2)Useawayofsyntacticalanalysis.
Chapter10CommonExpressingStylesinEnglishPassages
·Whatistheornatestyle?
Intheornatestyle,peopleliketousesomemodifiers,suchasadjectives,adverbs,etc,andusesomerhetoricaldevices,suchassimile,metaphor,personification,hyperbole,etc.Insyntax,peopleliketouselongsentencesandsomesentenceswithacomplexstructureoraparallelstructure.
·Whatistheplainstyle?
Intheplainstyle,peopleprefertouseshortsentences.Peoplerarelyusebigwords.Peopledon’tliketousemanymodifiers.Asforsyntax,peopleprefertousecompoundsentences.
·Whichstyleisbetter?Simplyspeaking,itdepends.Itdependsondifferentoccasions.
·Whatistheinvolvedstyle?
Inthisstyle,peopleusuallyemploysomedetaileddescriptivedevicetoexpresssomething.Theyoftenusesomespecificwordsfortheirdescriptions.
·Whatisthetersestyle?
Inthisstyle,peopleusuallyusebriefwordsandsimple-structuredsentenceswhichhavesomeprofoundimpliedmeanings.
·RelationshipbetweenIronyandhumor:Ironyisalanguagemeanswhilehumorisaneffect. |
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