Shortanswerquestion(53’)
Unit1.
Discussthefourtrendsthatmakeourworldmoreinterdependent.(P8-P9)[4points]
Convenienttransportationsystems.
Innovativecommunicationsystems.
Economicglobalization（经济全球化）.
Widespreadmigrations(移民).
Whatarethethreeingredientsofculture.[3points]
Artifacts(thematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproduce)
Behavior(whattheydo)
Concepts(beliefs,valued,worldviews...)(whattheythink)
Howtounderstandculturaliceberg.[2aspects]
Theculturelikeicebergthatisvisibleabovethewaterlineandisonlyasmallpartoftheiceberg.
Theculturelikeicebergthatisinvisiblesectionbelowthewaterlineandonlycanbesuspectedandimaged.
Characteristicofculture.[4points]
Cultureisshared.
Cultureislearned.
Cultureisdynamic.
Cultureisethnocentric.
Characteristicsofcommunication.[6pints]
Communicationisdynamic.
Communicationisirreversible(不可逆的).
Communicationissymbolic(符号性的).
Communicationissystematic(系统的).
Communicationistransactional(交互式的).
Communicationiscontextual(上下文的，受语境影响的).
Unit2-4
ThedifferencesinaddressingpeoplebetweenEnglishandChinesecultures.
Nameorder.
[East：Surname+Givenname
West：Givenname+surname]
East：Usingthefirstname.
West：Givennameislimited.
Chinausekinshiptermstorelatebybloodormarriage.
EnglishdonotusekinshiptermslikeChinese.
Addressbytitle,office,profession.
Chinese：Addresspeoplebyperson’stitle,officeorprofession(职业).
English：Onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused.
Socialfunctionsofcompliments(称赞).[7points]P50.Pra1st.
Complimentshaveaseriousofsocialfunctions:
Creatingorreinforcingsolidarity(加强团结).
Greetingpeople.
Expressingthanksorcongratulations.
Encouragingpeople.
Softeningcriticism(软化批评).
Startingaconversation.
Overcomingembarrassment(难堪).
Unit5
DifferentfeaturesofM-timeandP-time(定义要写).
M-time(MonochronicTime单一性时间观)meansonlydoonethingatatime.Itfeaturesoneeventatatime.Timeisperceivedasalinearstructureorsomethingconcrete(有形的),tangible(切实的).
P-time(PolychronicTime多元时间观)meansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.Itislessrigidandclock-bound.Itfeaturesseveralactivitiesatthesametime.Thiswayismoreflexibleandhuman-centered(以人为中心).
Unit5
Differencesexandgender.(P121.table)
Sex Gender Biological Socially-constructed Permanent Variedovertimeandacrosscultures Withanindividualproperty Withasocialandrelationalquality Influencedthegendersocialization.[2points]
Therearetwoprimaryinfluencesongendersocialization:
Familycommunication,particularlybetweenmothersandchildren,andrecreationalinteractionamongchildren.
Recreationalinteractionamongchildren.
Sixprinciplesforeffectivecross-gendercommunication.[P127]
Suspendjudgement(暂不决断)
Recognizethevalidityofdifferentcommunicationstyles.
Providetranslationcues.
Seektranslationcues.
Enlargeyourowncommunicationstyle.
Suspendjudgement.
Unit7
Theconceptsofhighcontextcultureandlowcontextculture.
Highcontextismessagesthatareimplicitly(隐含性)coveredbycontextandnon-verbalunderstandingsascontrastedwithexplicitlyconveyingmessagesbyverbalcodes。
Lowcontextismessagesthatareexplicitly(明确的)coveredbyverbalcodes.
WhataretheAmerican/Chineseculturalvalueslikeintermsofculturalorientationputforwardbykluckhohnandstrodtbeck?
Whatisthecharacterofinnatehumannature?
Whatistherelationofmantonature?
Whatisthetemporalfocusofhumanlife?
Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity?
Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationships?
Americanculturehold:
Humannatureisevilbutperfectible(可完善的).
Mankindcanconquer/(gainmasterywith)nature.
Theyhavealineartimeconceptandfuture-oriented.
Focusondoing,leadingtoexternalachievements.
Fosterthedevelopmentofautonomousindividuals.
Chineseculturehold:
Humannatureisgoodbutcorruptible(易堕落的).
Humancanliveinharmonywithnature.
Theyhavecyclicalconceptoftimeandpast-oriented.
Humanisbeingandbecoming(成为)atlitudetowardhumanactivity,keepinnerpeace.
Theyarefocusmoreonbenefitofgroup.
Casestudy10%(课外案例分析.阅读一个案例，回答三个小问题)
（深入研究unit5和unit2，unit4（culturally-loadedwords），每单元的重点案例，以及单元后面的练习A,B（划过的问答题，C（euphemismunderstanding），以及E（culturalpuzzles）））
Fourdimensions:
Individualism个人主义：self-confidence，self-independence，self-esteem(自尊)
Individualculture：Selfismoreimportantthangroup.
Collectivistside(Group)：Peoplemakedecisionsbyconsensus(一致).
Paddleyouowncance Self-reliance Self-confidenceandself-reliancearethemainstaysofastrongcharacter. Self-reliance Somanymen,somanyminds. Selfishness(自私) Ahappylifeisonewhichisinaccordancewithitsownnature. Self-esteem(自尊) Everytubmuststandonhisownbottom. Self-reliance Self-helpisthebesthelp. Self-reliance Ourexpensesareallforconformity. Individuality Everymanhashishobbyhorse. Individuality.
Powerdistance权利距离：Culturesareclassifiedonacontinuum(连续统一体)ofhightolowdistancethatishierarchyvs.egalitarian(平等主义).
Hierarchy Socialhierarchyisprevailing(盛行). Inequalityshouldbeminimized. Personsarenotequal. Equalopportunitytosuccess. Eachonehashisownpositionandactaccordingly. Selfactualization. Comfortablewithunequaldistributionofpower. Superiorsaretobeblamed. Humility(showrespect)byself-disparaging. Innovation. Obedience.
Uncertaintyavoidance不确定性规避：Asociety’stoleranceforambiguitypeoplewillendureandhowmuchrisktheyliketotake.[Reflectedonrisk-taking,whetherthepeoplearewillingtotakerisks,makechanges,breakrulesandsoon.]
Highuncertaintyavoidance Lowuncertaintyavoidance Avoiduncertainty Comfortablewithinherent(固有的)uncertainty Stability(稳定性)provided Toleratetheunusual(容忍不寻常) Formulatedetailedrules(明确地表达详细的规则) Dislikerules(讨厌规则) Nottoleratedeviantideas(不寻常的想法) Prizeinitiative Liabletoanxietyandstress(容易感受到焦虑与压力) Lesstenseandmorerelaxed
Masculinity男性化：
Masculinecultures:highvaluesonmasculinetraits,stressassertiveness,competitionandmaterialsuccess.
Femininecultures:highvaluesonfemininetraits,stressqualityoflife,interpersonalrelationships,andconcernfortheweak.
Forexample:
Whydidthefarmerdothat?
Whatvaluesarereflectedinthisstory?
---thefarmerexplainedtohissonthatonecouldneveratanytimeinanywaymakeotherpeoplefeelinferior,evenunintentionallyandoutofgoodwill.Whataccountsforthefarmer’sbehavioristhathebelievedinindividualism,independence,self-reliance,self-esteem,andegalitarianism,themajorvaluesintheUSA.
Powerdistance：
Germanydosenothavealargegapbetweenthewealthyandthepoor,buthaveastrongbeliefinequalityforeachcitizens.
TheUSexhibitsamoreunequaldistributionwealththanGermansociety.Andthedistancebetweenthehaves’andhave-nots’growslargerandlarger.
Lowandhighuncertaintyavoidance:
Unitedstates,possessesarelativelylowuncertaintyavoidanceindex.
Japan___high
问答题：
1.Discussthefourtrendsthatmakeourworldmoreinterdependent.(1)convenienttransportationsystems(便捷的交通系统）?(2)innovativecommunicationsystems(革新通信技术）(3)economicglobailzation(经济全球化）(4)widespreadmigrations(广泛的移民）
2.Whatarethecharacteristic(特点）ofculture?(1)shared?(2)learned(enculuration文化习得：learningone''sculture)?(3)dynamic(动态的）（accultration文化适应：adoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanotherculture)(4)ethnocentric(ethnocentrism文化中心主义：ownculturalbackgroundissuperior)3.Whatarethecharacteristicofcommunication?(1)dynamic(动态性）(2)irreversible(不可逆转的）(3)symbolic(符号的）(4)systematic(系统性）(5)transactional（互动性）(6)contextual(语境)4.Discussthecontentsof…
1)Chronemics:Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.时间学(1)MonochronicTime:payingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.(2)PolychronicTime:beinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce.2)Proxemics:theperceptionanduseofspace.空间学3)Kinetics:thestudyofbodylanguage.身势学4)Paralanguage:involvingsoundsbutnotwordsandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.
5..HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?1)InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandisfollowedbythegivenname,butinEnglishthisorderisreversed.2)InChinaseniority(资历）ispaidrespectsto.Nowadays,manyEnglish-speakingpeopletendtoaddressothersbytheirgivennames,evenwhenmeetingforthefirsttime.3)(Aboutaddressingbyrelationship）Chineseoftenextenkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Americanstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.4)Chineseuseaperson''stitle,office,orprofessiontoindicate(表明）theperson''sinfluential(有权势的）status.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused.(p24)
6.Whatarethesocialfunctionsofcompliments?（赞美的社会作用）Creatingorreinforcing(加固）solidarity,greetingpeople,expressingthanksorcongratulations,encouragingpeople,softeningcriticism（委婉批评）,startingaconversation,orevenovercomingembarrassment（窘迫）.7.WhatarethedifferentfeaturesofM-TimeandP-time?M-Timethinktimeisperceivedasalinearstrucure.认为时间是线性的P-Timeislessrigid(刻板）andclock-bound,moreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.8..Whathasinfluencedthegendersocialization?（什么会影响性别社会化）Therearetwoprimaryinfluencesongendersocialization:familycommunication,particularlybetweenmothersandchildren,andrecreationalinteractionamongchildren.9.Discusstheconceptsofhighcontextcultureandlowcontexgtculture.（讨论高、低语境）Easternculturefavorsverbalhesitanceandambiguityinordertoavoiddisturbingoroffendingothers,thevurdenofsmoothcommunicationeffectiveissharedequallybetweenallpartiesinvolved.TheWesterncommunicativemodeisprimarily(直接）direct,explicit（明确）,andverbal,relyingheavilyonlogicalandrationalperception(感知）,thinking，andarticulation.Sothetaskofcommunicatingeffectivelyliesprimarilyonthespeaker.
10.Howisgenderdifferentfromsex?
Sex:biological,permanent,withanindividualproperty
Gender:socially-constructed,variedovertimeandacrosscultures,withasocialandrelationalquality
11.SixprinciplesforEffectiveCross-genderComunication(六条有效的跨性别交际原则)
1)Suspendjudgement2)Recognizethevalidityofdifferentcommunicationstyles3)Providetranslationcues4)Seektranslationcues5)Enlargeyourowncommunicationstyle6)Suspendjudgement
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