2015年6月大学英语四级真题据报道,今年在中国快递服务将递送120亿件包裹,这将使中国可能超越美国成为世界上最大的快递市场。大多数包裹里装
着网上订购的物品。中国给了百万在线零售商以及其竞争的价格销售商品的机会。仅在11月11日,中国消费者就从国内最大的购物平台购买了9
0亿美元的商品,中国有这样不少的特殊购物日。因此快递业在中国扩展就不足为奇了。Accordingtothereport,
Chineseexpressservicewilldeliver12billonparcelsthisyear,
whichwillmakeChinaovertaketheUSasthelargestmarketfor
express.Mostoftheparcelscontainthegoodsorderedonline.Ch
inaprovidesmillionsofonlineretailerswithanopportunityto
sellgoodsatanextremelycompetitiveprice.Chineseconsumersb
ought9billiondollarsfromthelargestonlineshoppingplantfor
monlyonNovember11,besideswhichtherearemanyspecialonlin
eshoppingdaysinChina.Therefore,itisnotsurprisingthatex
pressindustryexpandssorapidlyinChina.听力第一套1.A.Hewillgive
thewomansometipsonthegame.B.Thewomanhasgoodreasonto
quitthegame.C.Heiswillingtoplaychesswithawoman.D.The
womanshouldgoonplayingchess.2.A.Themancanforwardthemai
ltoMary.B.ShecancallMarytotakecareofthemail.C.Maryp
robablyknowsSally''snewaddress.D.Shewouldliketoresumecon
tactwithSally.3.A.Hishandwritinghasauniquestyle.B.Hisno
tesarenoteasytoread.C.Hedidnotattendtoday’sclass.D.He
isverypleasedtobeabletohelp.4.A.Themanhadbetterchoos
eanotherrestaurant.B.Thenewrestaurantisaperfectplacefor
dating.C.Thenewrestaurantcaughtherfancyimmediately.D.The
manhasgoodtasteinchoosingtherestaurant.5.A.Hehasbeenl
ookingforwardtospring.B.Hehasbeenwaitingforthewintersa
le.C.Hewillcleanthewoman’sbootsforspring.D.Hewillhelp
thewomanputthingsaway.6.A.Thewomanisratherforgetful.B.
Themanappreciatesthewoman''shelp.C.Themanoftenlendsbook
stothewoman.D.Thewomanoftenworksovertimeatweekends.7.A
.Gotoworkonfoot.B.Takeasightseeingtrip.C.Startworkear
lierthanusual.D.Takeawalkwhentheweatherisnice.8.A.The?
plane?is?going?to?land?at?another?airport.B.All?flightshave?bee
n?delayed?due?to?bad?weather.C.Temporary?closinghas?disturbed?t
he?airport’s?operation.D.The?airport?managementis?in?real?need?
of?improvement.9.A.It?specializes?in?safety?from?leaks.B.It?is?
headquartered?in?London.C.It?has?apartnership?with?LCP.?D.It?h
as?a?chemical?processing?plant.10.A.HeisMr.Grand’sfriend.B.
Heisasafetyinspector.C.Heisasalesman.D.Heisachemist.
11.A.Director?of?the?safety?department.B.Mr.?Grand’spersonal?a
ssistant.C.Head?of?the?personnel?department.D.The?public?relati
ons?officer.12.A.Wait?for?Mr.?Grand?to?call?back.B.Leave?a?mess
age?for?Mr.?Grand.C.Provide?details?of?their?products?and?servic
es.D.Send?a?comprehensive?description?of?their?work.13.A.She?le
arned?playing?the?violin?from?a?famous?French?musician.B.She?dre
amed?of?working?and?living?in?a?European?country.C.She?read?a?lo
t?about?European?musicians?and?their?music.D.She?listened?to?the
?recordings?of?many?European?orchestras.14.A.She?begantaking?vi
olin?lessons?as?a?small?child.B.She?was?a?pupil?of?a?famous?Euro
pean?violinist.C.She?gave?her?first?performance?with?her?father.
D.She?became?a?professional?violinist?at?fifteen.15.A.It?gave?h
er?a?chance?to?explore?the?city.B.It?was?the?chance?of?a?lifetim
e.C.It?was?a?great?challenge?to?her.D.It?helped?her?learned?cla
ssical?French?music.16.A.There?are?mysterious?stories?behind?his
?works.B.There?are?many?misunderstanding?about?him.C.His?works?
have?no?match?worldwide.D.His?personal?history?is?little?known.1
7.A.He?moved?to?Stratford-on-Avon?in?his?childhood.B.He?failto
?go?beyond?grammar?school.C.He?was?a?member?of?the?town?Council.
D.He?once?worked?in?a?well-?-known?acting?company.18.A.Writers?
of?his?time?have?no?means?to?protect?their?works.B.Possible?sour
ces?of?clues?about?him?was?lost?in?a?fire.C.His?works?were?adapt
ed?beyond?recognition.D.People?of?his?timehave?little?interest?
in?him.19.A.Theft.B.Cheating.C.Air?crash.D.Road?accidents.20
.A.Learn?the?local?customs.B.Make?hotel?reservations.C.Book?ti
ckets?well?in?advance.D.Have?the?right?documents.21.A.Contacty
our?agent.B.Get?a?lift?if?possible.C.Use?official?transport.D.
Have?a?friend?meet?you.22.A.Cut?down?production?costs.B.Sell?in
expensive?products.C.Specialiseingoldornaments.D.Refinedthe
tasteofhisgoods.23.A.Atanationalpressconference.B.Durin
galivetelevisioninterview.C.Duringalocalsalespromotion
campaign.D.AtameetingoftopBritishbusinesspeople.24.A.Insu
lted.B.Puzzled.C.Distressed.D.Discouraged.25.A.The?words?of?s
ome?business?people?are?just?rubbish.B.He?who?never?learns?from?
the?past?is?bound?to?fail.C.There?should?be?a?limit?to?one’s?sen
se?of?humor.D.He?is?not?laughed?at,that?laughs?at?himself?first
.Lookingatthebasicbiologicalsystems,theworldisnotdoing
verywell.Yeteconomicindicatorsshowtheworldis26_______.
Despiteaslowstartatthebeginningoftheeighties,globaleco
nomicoutputincreasedbymorethanafifthduringthe27_______.
Theeconomygrew,tradeincreased,andmillionsofnewjobswere
created.Howcanbiologicalindicatorsshowthe28_______ofecono
micindicators?Theansweristhattheeconomicindicatorshavea
basicfault:theyshownodifferencebetweenresourceusesthat2
9_______progressandthoseusesthatwillhurtit.Themainmea
sureofeconomicprogressisthegrossnationalproduct(GNP).30_
______,thistotalsthevalueofallgoodsandservicesproduceda
ndsubtractslossinvalueoffactoriesandequipment.Developed
ahalf-centuryago,GNPhelped31_______acommonwayamongcount
riesofmeasuringchangeineconomicoutput.Forsometime,they
seemedtowork32_______well,butseriousweaknessesarenowapp
earing.Asindicatedearlier,GNPincludeslossinvalueoffacto
riesandequipment,butitdoesnot33_______thelossofnatural
resources,including,nonrenewableresourcessuchasoilorren
ewableresourcessuchasforests.Thebasicfaultcanproducea34
_______senseofnationaleconomichealth.AccordingtoGNP,for
example,countriesthatovercutforestsactuallydobetterthan
thosethatpreservetheirforests.Thetreescutdownarecounted
asincomebutnosubtractionandismadefor35_______thefores
ts.第二套1.A.heispleasedtositonthecommittee.B.Hewilltell
thewomanhisdecisionlater.C.heiswillingtoofferthewoman
ahand.D.hewouldliketobecomeaclubmember.2.A.theirplann
edtriptoVancouverisobviouslyoverpriced.B.theyshouldborr
owaguidebookinsteadofbuyingone.C.theguidebooksintheli
braryhavethelatestinformation.D.thelibrarycanhelpordert
heguidebooksaboutVancouver.3.A.Heregretshavingtakentheh
istorycourse.B.hefindslittleinterestinthehistorybooks.C
.hehastroublefinishinghisreadingassignments.D.hehasdiff
icultyinwritingtheweeklybookreport.4.A.Themanhadbetter
chooseanotherrestaurant...B.thenewrestaurantistheperfec
tplacefordating.C.thenewrestaurantcaughtherfancyimmedia
tely.D.themanhasgoodtasteinchoosingtherestaurant.5.A.h
ehasbeenlookingforwardtospring.B.hehasbeenwaitingfort
hewintersale.C.Hewillcleanthewoman''sbootsforspring.D.h
ewillhelpthewomanputthingsaway.6.A.Atatailor’s.B.atB
ob''shome.C.Inaclothesstore.D.Inatheater.7.A.Hisguestsf
avorTibetandrinks.B.hiswaterisquiteextraordinary.C.minera
lwaterisgoodforhealth.D.plainwaterwillservethepurpose.
8.A.reporttheresultofadiscussion.B.raisesomeenvironmenta
lissues.C.submitanimportantdocument.D.,reviseanenvironmen
talreport.9.A.theypollutethesoilusedtocoverthem.B.they
areharmfultonearbyneighborhoods.C.therubbishinthemtakes
longtodissolve.D.thegastheyemitisextremelypoisonous.10
.A.Growingpopulation.B.packagingmaterials.C.changedeatingh
abits.D.lowerproductioncost.11.A.bysavingenergy.B.byusin
glessaluminum.C.byreducingpoisonouswastes.D.bymakingthe
mostofmaterials.12.A.we''rerunningoutofnaturalresourcesso
on.B.Onlycombinedeffortscanmakeadifference.C.thewastep
roblemwilleventuallythatallofus.D.allofuscanactuallyb
enefitfromrecycling.13.A.Miami.B.Vancouver.C.bellingham.D.
Boston.14.A.Togetinformationonone-wayticketstoCanada.B.
toinquireaboutthepriceof“supersaver”seats.C.togetadvic
eonhowtoflyascheaplyaspossible.D.toinquireaboutthesh
ortestroutetodrivehome.15.A.Joinatouristgroup.B.choose
amajorairline.C.Avoidtripsinpublicholidays.D.booktickets
asearlyaspossible.16.A.Therearemysteriousstoriesbehindh
isworks.B.Therearemanymisunderstandingabouthim.C.Hiswork
shavenomatchworldwide.D.Hispersonalhistoryislittleknown
.17.A.HemovedtoStratford-on-Avoninhischildhood.B.Hefail
togobeyondgrammarschool.C.HewasamemberofthetownCounci
l.D.Heonceworkedinawell--knownactingcompany.18.A.Writer
sofhistimehavenomeanstoprotecttheirworks.B.Possibleso
urcesofcluesabouthimwaslostinafire.C.Hisworkswereada
ptedbeyondrecognition.D.Peopleofhistimehavelittleinteres
tinhim.19.A.Itshowsyouhavebeenignoringyourhealth.B.it
canseriouslyaffectyourthinkingprocess.C.itisanearlywar
ningofsomeillness.D.itisasymptomoftoomuchpressure.20.
A.reduceourworkload.B.controlourtemper.C.usepainkillerto
relief.D.avoidmaskingsymptoms.21.A.Lyingdownandhavingsom
esleep.B.rubbingandpressone’sback.C.goingoutforawalk.
D.listeningtolightmusic.22.A.Dependingheavilyonloans.B.
havingnobudgetplansatall.C.spendingbeyondone''smeans.D.
leavingnoroomforlargebills.23.A.manyofthemcanbecut.B.
allofthemhavetobecovered.C.theirpaymentscannotbedelay
ed.D.theyeatupmostofthefamily''sincome.24.A.rentahouse
insteadofbuyingone.B.discusstheproblemsinthefamily.C.m
akeaconservationplan.D.Movetoacheaperplace.25.A.Financia
lissuesplaguingafamily.B.difficultyinmakingbothendsmee
t.C.familybudgetproblemsandsolutions.D.newwaystoboostfa
milyincome.Perhapsbecausegoingtocollegeissomuchapartof
theAmericandream,manypeoplegoforno26______reason.someg
obecausetheirparentsexpectit,othersbecauseit’swhattheir
friendsaredoing.then,there''s,thebeliefthatacollegedegree
will27______ensureagoodjobandhighpay.somestudents28____
___throughfouryears,attendingclassesorskipping(逃课)themas
thecasemaybe,readingonlywhatcan’tbeavoided,lookingfor
less29_______courses,andneverbeingtouchedorchangedinany
importantway.Forafewofthesepeople,collegeprovidesno30
______,yetbecauseofparentalorpeerpressure,theycannotvolu
ntarilyleave.theystoptryinginthehopethattheirteachersw
illmakethedecisionforthemby31______them.Toputitbluntly
（直截了当地），unlessyouarewillingtomakeyourcollegeyearscount,
youmightbe32______doingsomethingelse.Noteveryoneshould
attendcollege,norshouldeveryonewhodoesattendbeginrighta
fterhighschool.manycollegestudents33______takingayearor
sooff.ayearoutintheworldhelpedsomepeopleto34______th
eirprioritiesandgoals.ifyou''rereallygoingtogetsomething
outofgoingtocollege,youhavetomakeitmeansomething,an
dtodothatyoumusthavesomeideawhyyouarethere,whatyou
hopetogetoutofit,and35_______evenwhatyouhopetobecome
.选词填空第一套TodaytheU.S.DepartmentofEducationismarkingefforts
toensurethatallstudentshaveequalaccesstoaqualityeduca
tion.Todayitis(37)_____thelaunchoftheExcellentEducators
forAllInitiative.Theinitiativewillhelpstatesandschooldi
strictssupportgreateducatorsforthestudentswhoneedthemmo
st.Allchildrenare(38)_____toahigh-qualityeducationregardle
ssoftheirrace,zipcodeorfamilyincome.Itis(39)_____import
antthatweprovideteachersandprincipalsthesupporttheyneed
tohelpstudentsreachtheirfull(40)_____,''U.S.SecretaryofE
ducationArneDuncansaid.''Despitetheexcellentworkanddeep(4
1)_____ofournation''steachersandprincipals,studentsinhigh
-poverty,high-minorityschoolsareunfairlytreatedacrossourc
ountry.Wehavetodobetter.Localleadersandeducatorswill(42
)_____theirowncreativesolutions,butwemustworktogetherto(
43)_____ourfocusonhowtobetterrecruit,supportand(44)_____
effectiveteachersandprincipalsforallstudents,especiallyt
hekidswhoneedthemmost.''Today''sannouncementisanotherimpo
rtantstepforwardinimprovingaccesstoaqualityeducation,a(
45)_____ofPresidentObama''syearofaction.Latertoday,Secreta
ryDuncanwillleadaroundtablediscussionwithprincipalsands
choolteachersfromacrossthecountryaboutthe(46)_____ofworki
nginhigh-needschoolsandhowtoadoptpromisingpracticesfor
supportinggreateducatorsintheseschools.A.announcingB.benef
icialC.challengesD.commitmentE.componentF.contestsG.critical
lyH.developI.distributingJ.enhanceK.entitledL.potentialM.pr
operlyN.qualifiedO.retain第二套It''sourguiltypleasure,watching
TVisthemostcommoneverydayactivity,afterworkandsleep,in
manypartsoftheworld.AmericansviewsfivehoursofTVevery
day,andwhileweknowthatspendingsomuchtimesitting36______
canleadtoobesity(肥胖症)andotherdiseases,researchershavenow
qualifiedjusthow37______beingacouchpotatocanbe.Inanan
alysisofdatafromeightlarge38_______publishedstudies,aHar
vard-ledgroupreportedintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAs
sociationthatforeverytwohoursperdayspentchannel39_______
,theriskofdevelopingType2diabetes(糖尿病)rose20%over8.5yea
rstheriskofheartdiseaseincrease15%overa40______，andthe
oddsofdyingprematurely41_____13%duringaseven-yearfollow-
up.allofthese42_____arelinkedtoalackofphysicalexercise
.butcomparedwithother,sedentary(久坐的)activities,likeknittin
g,viewingTVmaybeespecially43______atpromotingunhealthyh
abits.forone,thesheernumberofhourswepasswatchingTVdwa
rftsthetimewespendonanythingelse.Andotherstudieshavef
oundthatwatchingadsforbeerandpopcornmaymakeyoumorelik
elyto44______them.evenso,theauthorsadmitthattheydidn''tc
omparedifferentsedentaryactivitiesto45_______whetherTVwatc
hingwaslinkedtoagreaterriskofdiabetes,heartdiseaseore
arlydeathcomparedwith,say,reading.A.climbedB.consumeC.d
ecadeD.determineE.effectiveF.harmfulG.outcomesH.passive
lyI.previouslyJ.resumeK.sufferedL.surfingM.termN.termi
nalsO.twisting第三套Asateacher,youcouldbringthecommunityin
toyourclassroominmanyways.Theparentsandgrandparentsofy
ourstudentsareresourcesand36_______fortheirchildren.The
ycanbe37_______teachersoftheirowntraditionsandhistories
.Immigrantparentscouldtalkabouttheircountryof38_______an
dwhytheemigratedtotheUnitedStates.Parentscanbeinvited
totalkabouttheirjobsorcommunityprojects.Parents,ofcours
e,arenottheonlycommunityresources.Employeesatlocalbusin
essesandstuffatcommunityagencieshave39_______information
toshareinclassrooms.Fieldtripsprovideanotheropportunityt
oknowthecommunity.Manystudentsdon''thavetheopportunityto
40_______concertsorvisitmuseumsorhistoricalsitesexcept
throughfieldtrips.Aschooldistrictshouldhave41_______for
selectingandconductingfieldtrips.Familiesmustbemade41___
____offieldtripsandgivepermissionfortheirchildrentopar
ticipate.Throughschoolprojects,studentscanlearntobe41____
___incommunityprojectsrangingfromplantingtreestocleaning
upaparktoassistingelderlypeople.Students,44_______older
ones,mightconductresearchonacommunityneedthatcouldlead
toactionbyacitycouncilorstategovernment.Someschoolsre
quirestudentstoprovidecommunityserviceby45_______inanur
singhome,childcarecenterorgovernmentagency.Theseprojects
helpstudentsunderstandtheirresponsibilitytothelargecommu
nity.assetsB.attendC.awareD.especiallyE.excellentR.expe
nsiveG.guidelinesH.involvedI.joiningJ.naturallyK.observ
eL.originM.recruitedN.up-to-dateO.volunteering长篇阅读第一套Essay
-grandingSoftwareOfficersProfessorsaBreak[A]Imaginetakin
gacollegeexam,andinsteadofhandinginabluebookandgetti
ngagradefromaprofessoerafewweekslater,clickingthe“sen
d”buttonwhenyouaredoneandreceivingagradebackinstantly,
youressayscoredbyasoftwareprogram.Andthen,insteadofbe
ingdonewiththeexam,imaginethatthesystemwouldimmediately
letyourewritethetesttotrytoimproveyourgrade.[B]Edx,t
henonprofitenterprisefoundedbyHarvardandtheMassachusetts
InstituteofThnology(MIT)tooffercoursesontheInternet,has
justintroducedsuchasystemandwillmakeitsautomated(自动的)sof
twareavailablefreeontheWebtoanyinstitutioonsthatwantst
ouseit.Thesoftwareusesartificialintelligencetogradestud
entessaysandshortwrittenanswers,freeingprofessorsforothe
rtasks.[C]Thenewservicewillbringtheeducationalconsortiu
m(联盟)intoagrowingconflictovertheroleoftheautomationeduc
ation.Altoughautomatedgradingsystemsformultiple-choiceand
true-falsetestsarenowwidespread,theuseofartificialintell
igencetechnologytogradeessayanswershasnotyetprovidedwid
espreadacceptancebyeducationsandhasmanycritics.[D]Anant
Agarwal,anelectricalengineerwhoispresidentofEdx,predicte
dthattheinstantgradingsoftwarewouldbeausefulteachingto
ol,enablingstudentstotaketestsandwriteessaysoverandover
andimprovethequalityoftheiranswers.Hesaidthetechnolog
ywouldofferdistinctadvantagesoverthetraditionalclassroom
system,wherestudentsoftenwaitdaysorweeksforgrades.“Thers
isahugevalueinlearningwithinstantfeedback,”Dr.Agarwals
aid,“Studentsaretellingustheylearnmuchbetterwithinstant
feedback.”[E]Butskeptics(怀疑者)saytheautomatedsystemisnom
atterforliveteachers.Onelongtimecritic,LesPerelman，hasdr
awnnationalattentionseveraltimesforputtingtogethernonsens
eessaysthathavefooledsoftwaregradingprogramsintogivingh
ighmarks.Hehasalsobeenhighlycriticalofstudiesclaimingt
hatthesoftwarecompareswelltohumangrades.[F]Heisamonga
groupofeducatorswholastmonthbegancirculatingapetition(呼
吁)opposingautomatedassessmentsoftware.Thegroup,whichcalls
itselfProfessionalsAgainstMachineScoringofStudentEssaysi
nHigh-StakesAssessment,hascollectednearly2,000signatures,
includingsomefromfamouspeoplelikeNoamChomsky.[G]“Let’sf
acetherealitiesofautomaticessayscoring,”thegroup’sstatem
entreadsinpart.“Computerscannot‘read’.Theycannotmeasure
theessentialsofeffectivewrittencommunication:accuracy,reas
oning,adequacyofevidence,goodsense,ethical(伦理)position,co
nvincingargument,meaningfulorganization,andclarity,amongot
hers.”[H]ButEdXexpertsitssoftwaretobewidelybyschoolsa
nduniversities.ItoffersfreeonlineclassesfromHarvard,MIT
andtheUniversityofCalifornia-Berkeley;thisfall,itwilladd
classesfromWellesley,GeogetownandtheUniversityofTexas.I
nall,12universitiesparticipateinEdX,whichofferscertifica
tesforcoursecompletionandhassaidthatitplanstocontinue
toexpandnextyear,includingaddinginternationalschools.[I]
TheEdXassessmenttoolrequireshumanteachers,orgraders100e
ssayoressayquestions.Thesystemthenusesavarietyofmachin
e-learningtechniquestotrainitselftobeabletogradeanynum
berofessaysoranswersautomaticallyandalmostinstantly.The
softwarewillassignagradedependingonthescoringsystemcrea
tedbytheteacher,whetheritisalettergradeornumerical(数字
的)rank.[J]Edxisnotthefirsttousetheautomatedassessment
technology,whichdatestoearlycomputersinthe1960s.therei
snowarangeofcompaniesofferingcommercialprogramstograde
writtentestanswers,andfourstates—Louisiana,NorthDakota,
UtahandWestVirginia—areusingsomeformofthetechnologyin
secondschools.Afifth,Indiana,hasexperimentedwithit.Ins
omecasesthesoftwareisusedasa“secondreader”,tocheckthe
reliabilityofthehumangraders.[K]Butthegrowinginfluence
oftheEdxconsortiumtosetstandardsislikelytogivethetech
nologyaboost.OnTuesday,Stanfordannouncedthatitwouldwork
withEdXtodevelopajointeducationalsystemthatwillmakeus
eoftheautomatedassessmenttechnology.[L]Twostart-ups,Cour
seraandUdacity,recentlyfoundedbyStanfordfacultymembersto
create“massiveopenonlinecourses,”orMOOCs,arealsocommitt
edtoautomatedassessmentsystemsbecauseofthevalueofinstan
tfeedback.“itallowsstudentstogetimmediatefeedbackonthei
rwork,sothatlearningturnsintoagame,withstudentsnatural
lygravitating(吸引)towardresubmittingtheworkuntiltheyget
itright,”saidDaphneKoller,acomputerscientistandafounde
rofCoursera.[M]LastyeartheHewlettFoundation,agrant-maki
ngorganizationsetupbyoneoftheHewlett-Packardfoundersand
hiswife,sponsoredtwo$100,000Prizesaimedatimprovingsoftw
arethatgradesessayandshortanswers.Morethan150teamsente
redeachcategory.AwinnerofoneoftheHewlettcontents,VikP
aruchurtwashiredbyEdXtohelpdesignitsassessmentsoftware.
[N]“Oneofourfocusistohelpkidslearnhowtothinkcritica
lly,”saidVuchic,aprogramofficerattheHewlettFoundation.“
It’sprobablyimpossibletodothatwithmultiple-choicetests”.
Thechallengeisthatthisrequireshumangraders,andsotheyco
stalotmoreandtheytakealotofmoretime.[O]MarkD.Shermi
s,aprofessorattheUniversityofAkroninOhio,supervisedthe
HewlettFoundation’scontestonautomatedessayscoringandwrot
eapaperabouttheexperiment.Inhisview,thetechnology—tho
ughimperfect—hasaplaceineducationalsettings.[P]Withinc
reasinglargeclass,itisimpossibleformostteacherstogives
tudentsmeaningfulfeedbackonwritingassignments,hesaidPlus,
henoted,criticsofthetechnologyhavetendedtocomefromthe
nation’sbestuniversities,wherethelevelofteachingismuch
betterthanatmostschools.[Q]“Oftentheycomefromveryfamou
sinstitutionswhere,infact,theydoamuchbetterjobofprovi
dingfeedbackthanamachineovercould,”Dr.Shermissaid.“Ther
eseemstobealackofappreciationofwhatisactuallygoingon
intherealworld.”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。46Someprofessorsinedu
cationarecollectingsignaturestovoicetheiroppositiontoaut
omatedessaygrading.47usingsoftwaretogradestudents’essay
savesteacherstimeforotherwork.48theHewlettcontestsaima
timprovingessaygradingsoftware.49Thoughtheautomatedgradi
ngsystemiswidelyusedinmultiple-choicetests,automatedessa
ygradingisstillcriticizedbymanyeducators.50Somepeopled
on’tbelievethesoftwaregradingsystemcandoasgoodajobas
humangraders.51Criticsofautomatedessayscoringdonotseem
toknowthetruerealitiesinlesesfamousuniversity.52Critics
arguemanyimportantaspectsofeffectivewritingcannotmeasure
dbycomputerratingprograms.53Asclasssizegrows,mostteach
ersareunabletogivestudentvaluablecommentsastohowtoimp
rovetheirwriting.54Theautomatedassessmenttechnologyissom
etimesusedtodoublechecktheworkofhumangraders.55Student
sfindinstantfeedbackhelpstheirlearningconsiderably.第二套The
ChangesFacingFastFood[A]Fast-foodfirmshavetobeathick-s
kinnedbunch.Healthexpertsregularlycriticizethemseverelyfo
rsellingfoodthatmakespeoplefat.Criticsevencomplainthat
McDonald''s,whoselogosymbolizescalorieexcess,shouldnothave
beenallowedtosponsortheWorldCup.Thesearethingsfast-foo
dfirmshavelearnttocopewith.Butnotperhapsformuchlonger
.Theburgerbusinessfacesmorepressurefromregulatorsatati
mewhenitisalreadyadaptingstrategiesinresponsetoshiftsi
ntheglobaleconomy.[B]Fatfoodwasoncethoughttoberecessi
on-proof.Whenconsumersneedtocutspending,thelogicgoes,ch
eapmealslikeBigMacsandWhoppersbecomeevenmoreattractive.
Such''tradingdown''provedtrueformuchofthelatestrecession
,whenfast-foodcompaniespickedupcustomerswhocouldnolonge
raffordtoeatatcasualrestaurants.TrafficwasboostedinAme
rica,thehomeoffastfood,withdiscountsandpromotions,such
as$1menusandcheapcombinationmeals.[C]Asaresult,fast-fo
odchainshaveweatheredtherecessionbetterthantheirmoreexp
ensivecompetitors.In2009salesatfull-servicerestaurantsin
Americafellbymorethan6%,burtotalsalesremainedaboutthe
sameatfast-foodchains.Insomemarkets,suchasJapan,France
andBritain,totalspendingonfastfoodincreased.Same-storesa
lesinAmericaatMcDonald''s,theworld''slargestfast-foodcompa
ny,didnotdeclinethroughoutthedownturn,PaneraBread,anAme
ricanfast-foodchainknownforitsfreshingredients,performed
well,too,becauseitoffershigher-qualityfoodatlowerprices
thanrestaurants.[D]Butnotallfast-foodcompanieshavebeena
sfortunate.Many,suchasBurgerKing,haveseensalesfall.In
asevererecession,whilesomepeopletradedowntofastfood,ma
nyotherseatathomemorefrequentlytosavemoney.DavidPalmer
,ananalystatUBS,abank,sayssmallerfast-foodchainsinAme
rica,suchasJackintheBoxandCarl''sJr.,havebeenhitparti
cularlyhardinthisdownturnbecausetheyarecompetingwiththe
globalgiantMcDonald''s,whichincreasedspendingonadvertising
bymorethan7%lastyearasotherscutback.[E]Somefast-food
companiesalsosacrificedtheirownprofitsbytryingtogivecu
stomersbettervalue.Duringtherecessioncompaniessetpricesl
ow,hopingthatoncetheyhadtemptedcustomersthroughthedoor
theywouldbepersuadedtoordermoreexpensiveitems.Butinman
ycasesthatstrategydidnotwork.LastyearBurgerKingfranchi
seessuedthecompanyoveritsdouble-cheeseburgerpromotion,cla
imingitwasunfairforthemtoberequiredtosellthesefor$1
whentheycost$1.10tomake.InMayajudgeruledinfavourofB
urgerKing.Nevertheless,thecompanymaystillbecursingitsde
cisiontopromotecheapchoicesovermoreexpensiveonesbecause
itemsonits''valuemenu''mowaccountforaround20%ofallsales
,upfrom12%lastOctober.[F]Analystsexpectthefast-foodind
ustrytogrowmodestlythisyear.Butthedownturnismakingcomp
aniesrethinktheirstrategies.Manyarenowintroducinghigher-p
riceditemstoentice(引诱)consumersawayfrom$1specials.KFC,a
divisionofYum!Brands,whichalsoownsTacoBellandPizzaHut
,haslaunchedachickensandwichthatcostsaround$5.AndinMa
yBurgerKingintroducedbarbecue(烧烤)porkribsat$7foreight.[
G]Companiesarealsotryingtogetcustomerstobuynewandmore
items,includingdrinks,McDonald''sstartedsellingbettercoffe
easachallengetoStarbucks.Its''McCafe''linenowaccountsfor
anestimated6%ofsalesinAmerica.Starbuckshassoldrightst
oitsSeattle''sBestcoffeebrandtoBurgerKing,whichwillstar
tsellingitlaterthisyear.[H]Asfast-foodcompaniesshiftfr
om''supersize''to''morebuys'',theyneedtokeepcustomertraffi
chighthroughouttheday.Manyseebreakfastasabigopportunit
y,andjustforfattyfood.McDonald''swillstartsellingporridg
e(粥)inAmericanextyear.Breakfasthasthepotentialtobevery
profitable,saysSaraSenatoreofBernstein,aresearchfirm,bec
ausethemarginscanbehigh.Fast-foodcompaniesarealsoadding
middayandlate-nightsnacks,suchasblendeddrinksandwraps.
Theideaisthatbyhavingagreaterrangeofthingsonthemenu.
''wecanselltoconsumersproductstheywantallday,''saysRick
Carucci,thechieffinancialoffersofYun!Brands.[I]Butwhen
aboutthosegrowingwaistlines?Sofar,fast-foodfirmshavecle
verlyavoidedgovernmentregulation.Byprovidinghealthyoptions
,likesaladsandlow-caloriesandwiches,theyhaveatleastgive
ntheimpressionofdoingsomethingabouthelpingtofightobesit
y(肥胖症).Theseofferingsarenotnecessarilyloss-leaders,asthey
broadentheappealofoutletstogroupsofdinersthatincludes
omepeoplewhodon''twanttoeataburger.Butcustomerscannotb
eforcedtoordersaladsinsteadoffries.[J]Inthefuture,sim
plyofferingahealthyoptionmaynotbegoodenough.''Everypack
aged-foodandrestaurantcompanyIknowisconcernedaboutregula
tionrightnow,''saysMr.PalmerofUBS.America''shealth-reform
bill,whichCongresspassedthisyear,requiresrestaurantchains
with20ormoreoutletstoputthecalorie-contentofitemsthey
servetothemenu.AstudybytheNationalBureauofEconomicRe
search,whichtrackedtheeffectsonStarbucksofasimilarcalor
ie-postinglawinNewYorkCityin2007,foundthattheaveragec
alorie-amountpertransactionfell6%andrevenueincreased3%at
StarbucksstoreswhereaDunkinDonutsoutletwasnearby—asign,
itissaid,thatmenu-labellingcouldfavourchainsthathavemo
rehealthyofferings.[K]InordertoavoidotherlegislationinA
mericaandelsewhere,fast-foodcompanieswillhavetocontinuei
nnovating(创新),WaitRikerofMcDonald''sclaimsthechangeithas
madeinitsmenumeansitoffersmorehealthyitemsthanitdida
fewyearsago,''Weprobablysellmorevegetables,moremilk,mor
esalads,someapplesthananyrestaurantbusinessintheworld,
''hesays.ButtherecentproposalbyacountyinCaliforniatoba
nMcDonald''sfromincludingtoysinitshigh-calorie''HappyMeals
'',becauselegislatorsbelieveitattractschildrentounhealthy
food,suggestthereisalotmorelefttodo.47.Somepeoplepro
poselawsbemadetostopMcDonald''sfromattachingtoystoitsf
ooditsfoodspecialsforchildren.48.Fast-foodfirmsmaynotbe
abletocopewithpressuresfromfoodregulationinthenearfut
ure.49.】BurgerKingwillstarttosellSeattle''sBestcoffeeto
increasesales.50.Somefast-foodfirmprovidehealthyfoodtog
ivetheimpressiontheyarehelpingtotackletheobesityproblem
.51.Duringtherecession,manycustomersturnedtofastfoodto
savemoney.52.Manypeopleeatoutlessoftentosavemoneyin
timesofrecession.53.Duringtherecession,BurgerKing''spromo
tionalstrategyofofferinglow-priceditemsoftenprovedineffec
tive.54.Fast-foodrestaurantscanmakealotofmoneybyselling
breakfast.55.Manyfast-foodcompaniesnowexpecttoincreaseth
eirrevenuebyintroducinghigher-priceditems.56.Anewly-passed
lawasksbigfast-foodchainstospecifythecaloriecountofwh
attheyserveonthemenu.第三套仔细阅读Passageone第一套Acrosstherich
world,well-educatedpeopleincreasinglyworklongerthantheles
s-skilled.Some65%ofAmericanmenaged62-74withaprofessiona
ldegreeareintheworkforce,comparedwith32%ofmenwithonly
ahigh-schoolcertificate.Thisgapispartofadeepeningdivid
ebetweenthewell-educationwelloffandtheunskilledpoor.Rap
idtechnologicaladvancehasraisedtheincomesofthehighlyski
lledwhilesqueezingthoseoftheunskilled.Theconsequences,fo
rindividualandsociety,areprofound.Theworldisfacingasas
tonishingriseinthenumberofoldpeople,andtheywilllivelo
ngerthaneverbefore.Overthenext20yearstheglobalpopulati
onofthoseaged65ormorewillalmostdouble,from600million
to1.1billion.Theexperienceofthe20thcentury,whengreater
longevity(长寿)translatedintomoreyearsinretirementrathertha
nmoreyearsatwork,haspersuadedmanyobserversthatthisshif
twillleadtoslowereconomicgrowth,whiletheswellingrankso
fpensionerswillcreategovernmentbudgetproblems.Butthenoti
onofasharpdivisionbetweentheworkingyoungandtheidleold
missesanewtrend,thegrowinggapbetweentheskilledandthe
unskilled.Employmentratesarefallingamongyoungerunskilledp
eople,whereasolderskilledfolkareworkinglonger.Thedivide
ismostextremeinAmerica,wherewell-educatedbaby-boomers(二战后
生育高峰期出生的美国人)areputtingoffretirementwhilemanyless-skilledy
oungerpeoplehavedroppedoutoftheworkforce.Thateventhebe
tter-offmustworklongertohaveacomfortableretirement.Butt
hechangingnatureofworkalsoplaysabigrole.Payhasrisens
harplyforthehighlyeducated,andthosepeoplecontinuetoreap
richrewardsintooldagebecausethesedaystheeducatedelderl
yaremoreproductivethantheprecedinggeneration.Technologica
lchangemaywellreinforcethatshift:theskillsthatcomplemen
tcomputers,frommanagementknowhowtocreativity.Donotnecess
arilydeclinewithage.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。56、whatishappeningi
ntheworkforceinrichcountries?A.youngerpeoplearereplacin
gtheelderlyB.well-educatedpeopletendtoworklongerC.unem
ploymentratesarerisingyearafteryearD.peoplewithnocolle
gedegreedonoteasilyfindwork57、whathashelpeddeepenthed
ividebetweenthewell-offandpoor?A.Longerlifeexpectancies
B.ProfoundchangesintheworkforceC.rapidtechnologicaladvan
ce.D.Agrowingnumberofwell-graduated.58、whatdomanyobserv
erspredictinviewoftheexperienceofthe20thcentury?A.Eco
nomicgrowthwillslowdown.B.Governmentbudgetswillincrease.
C.MorepeoplewilltrytopursuehighereducationD.Therewill
bemorecompetitioninthejobmarket.59、Whatistheresultof
policychangesinEuropeancountries?A.Unskilledworkersmaych
oosetoretireearly.B.morepeoplehavetoreceivein-servicet
raining.C.Evenwealthypeoplemustworklongertolivecomforta
blyinretirement.D.Peoplemaybeabletoenjoygenerousdefine
d-benefitsfrompensionplans.60、Whatischaracteristicofwork
inthe21stcentury?A.Computerswilldomorecomplicatedwork.
B.Morewillbetakenbytheeducatedyoung.C.Mostjobstobed
onewillbecreativeones.D.Skillsarehighlyvaluedregardless
ofage.第二套Ifyouthinkahigh-factorsunscreen(防晒霜)keepsyousaf
efromharmfulrays,youmaybewrong.Researchinthisweek''sNa
tureshowsthatwhilefactor50reducesthenumberofmelanomas(黑
瘤)anddelaystheiroccurrence,itcan''tpreventthem.Melanomasa
rethemostaggressiveskincancers.Youhaveahigherriskifyo
uhaveredorblondhair,fairskin,blueorgreeneyes,orsunbu
rneasily,orifacloserelativehashadone.Melanomasaremore
commonifyouhaveperiodicintenseexposuretothesun.Others
kincancersareincreasinglylikelywithlong-termexposure.Ther
eiscontinuingdebateastohoweffectivesunscreenisinreduci
ngmelanomas—theevidenceisweakerthanitisforpreventingoth
ertypesofskincancer.A2011Australianstudyof1,621people
foundthatpeoplerandomlyselectedtoapplysunscreendailyhad
halftherateofmelanomasofpeoplewhousedcreamasneeded.A
secondstudy,comparing1,167peoplewithmelanomasto1,101who
didn''thavethecancer,foundthatusingsunscreenroutinely,alo
ngsideotherprotectionsuchashats,longsleevesorstayingin
theshade,didgivesomeprotection.Thisstudysaidotherforms
ofsunprotection—notsunscreen—seemedmostbeneficial.Thestudy
reliedonpeoplerememberingwhattheyhaddoneovereachdecade
oftheirlives,soit''snotentirelyreliable.Butitseemsreas
onabletothinksunscreengivespeopleafalsesenseofsecurity
inthesun.Manypeoplealsodon''tusesunscreenproperly-applyin
ginsufficientamounts,failingtoreapplyafteracoupleofhour
sandstayinginthesuntoolong.Itissunburnthatismostwor
rying-recentshowsfiveepisodesofsunburnintheteenageyears
increasestheriskofallskincancers.Thegoodnewsisthatac
ombinationofsunscreenandcoveringupcanreducemelanomarates
,asshownbyAustralianfiguresfromtheirslip-slop-slapcampai
gn.Soifthereisaheatwavethissummer,itwouldbebestfor
us,too,tosliponashirt,slopon(抹上)sunscreenandslaponah
at.57.Whatispeople''scommonexpectationofahigh-factorsuns
creen?A.Itwilldelaytheoccurrenceofskincancer.B.Itwillp
rotectthemfromsunburn.C.Itwillkeeptheirskinsmoothandfa
ir.D.Itwillworkforpeopleofanyskincolor.58.Whatdoesth
eresearchinNaturesayaboutahigh-factorsunscreen?A.Itisi
neffectiveinpreventingmelanomas.B.Itisineffectiveincaseo
fintensesunlight.C.Itisineffectivewithlong-termexposure.
D.Itisineffectiveforpeoplewithfairskin.59.Whatdowelea
rnfromthe2011Australianstudyof1,621people?A.Sunscreensho
uldbeappliedalongsideotherprotectionmeasures.B.High-riskp
eoplebenefitthemostfromtheapplicationofsunscreen.C.Irreg
ularapplicationofsunscreendoeswomenmoreharmthangood.D.D
ailyapplicationofsunscreenhelpsreducetheincidenceofmelan
omas.60.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthesecondAustralianst
udy?A.Itmisleadspeopletorelyonsunscreenforprotection.B.
Ithelpspeopletoselectthemosteffectivesunscreen.C.Itisn
otbasedondirectobservationofthesubjects.D.Itconfirmsthe
resultsofthefirstAustralianstudy.61.Whatdoestheauthor
suggesttoreducemelanomarates?A.Usingbothcoveringupandsu
nscreen.B.Stayingintheshadewheneverpossible.C.Usingcoveri
ngupinsteadofsunscreen.D.Applyingtherightamountofsunscr
een.第三套Someoftheworld’smostsignificantproblemsneverhithe
adlines.Oneexamplecomesfromagriculture.Foodriotsandhunger
makenews.Butthetrendlyingbehindthesemattersisrarelyta
lkedabout.Thisisthedeclineinthegrowthinyieldsofsomeo
ftheworld’smajorcrops.AnewstudybytheUniversityofMinnes
otaandMcGillUniversityinMontreallooksatwhere,andhowfar
,thisdeclineisoccurring.Theauthorstakeavastnumberofda
tapointsforthefourmostimportantcrops:rice,wheatcornand
soybeans(大豆).Theyfindthatonbetween24%and39%ofallharve
stedareas,theimprovementinyieldsthattoodplacebeforethe
1980ssloweddowninthe1990sand2000s.Therearetwoworrying
featuresoftheslowdown.Oneisthatithasbeenparticularlysh
arpintheworld’smostpopulous(人口多的)countries,IndiaandChina
.Theirabilitytofeedthemselveshasbeenanimportantsourceo
frelativestabilitybothwithinthecountriesandonworldfood
markets.Thatself-sufficiencycannotbetakenforgrantedifyie
ldscontinuetoslowdownorreverse.Second,yieldgrowthhasbe
enlowerinwheatandricethanincornandsoyabeans.Thisispr
oblematicbecausewheatandricearemoreimportantasfoods,acc
ountingforaroundhalfofallcaloriesconsumed.Cornandsoyabe
ansaremoreimportantasfeedgrains.Theauthorsnotethat“we
havepreferentiallyfocusedourcropimprovementeffortsonfeedi
nganimalsandcarsratherthanoncropsthatfeedpeopleandare
thebasisoffoodsecurityinmuchoftheworld.”Thereportqua
lifiesthemoreoptimisticfindingsofanothernewpaperwhichsu
ggeststhattheworldwillnothavetodigupalotmorelandfor
farminginordertofeed9billionpeoplein2050,astheFooda
ndAgricultureOrganisationhasargued.Instead,itsays,thanks
toslowingpopulationgrowth,landcurrentlyploughtedupforcro
psmightbeabletorevert(回返)toforestorwilderness.Thiscould
happen.Thetroubleisthattheforecastassumescontinuedimpro
vementsinyields,whichmaynotactuallyhappen.注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上
作答。61.Whatdoestheauthortrytodrawattentionto?A)Foodriots
andhungerintheworld.B)Newsheadlinesintheleadingmedia.C)
Thedeclineofthegrainyieldgrowth.D)Thefoodsupplyinpopulo
uscountries.62.WhydoestheauthormentionIndiaandChinainpa
rticular?A)Theirself-sufficiencyisvitaltothestabilityofwo
rldfoodmarkets.B)Theirfoodyieldshavebeguntodecreasesharp
lyinrecentyears.C)Theirbigpopulationsarecausingworldwide
concerns.D)Theirfoodself-sufficiencyhasbeentakenforgranted
.63.Whatdoesthenewstudybythetwouniversitiessayaboutrec
entcropimprovementefforts?A)Theyfailtoproducethesamerema
rkableresultsasbeforethe1980s.B)Theycontributealottothe
improvementofhumanfoodproduction.C)Theyplayamajorrolein
guaranteeingthefoodsecurityoftheworld.D)Theyfocusmoreon
theincreaseofanimalfeedthanhumanfoodgrains.64.Whatdoes
theFoodandAgricultureOrganizationsayaboutworldfoodproduc
tioninthecomingdecades?A)Thegrowingpopulationwillgreatly
increasethepressureonworldfoodsupplies.B)Theoptimisticpre
dictionaboutfoodproductionshouldbeviewedwithcaution.C)The
slowdownofthegrowthinyieldsofmajorfoodcropswillberev
ersed.D)Theworldwillbeabletofeeditspopulationwithoutinc
reasingfarmland.65.Howdoestheauthorviewtheargumentofthe
FoodandAgricultureOrganisation?A)Itisbuiltonthefindingso
fanewstudy.B)Itisbasedonadoubtfulassumption.C)Itisback
edbystrongevidence.D)Itisopentofurtherdiscussion.Passage
two第一套Someoftheworld’smostsignificantproblemsneverhithe
adlines.Oneexamplecomesfromagriculture.Foodriotsandhunger
makenews.Butthetrendlyingbehindthesemattersisrarelyta
lkedabout.Thisisthedeclineinthegrowthinyieldsofsomeo
ftheworld’smajorcrops.AnewstudybytheUniversityofMinnes
otaandMcGillUniversityinMontreallooksatwhere,andhowfar
,thisdeclineisoccurring.Theauthorstakeavastnumberofda
tapointsforthefourmostimportantcrops:rice,wheatcornand
soybeans(大豆).Theyfindthatonbetween24%and39%ofallharve
stedareas,theimprovementinyieldsthattoodplacebeforethe
1980ssloweddowninthe1990sand2000s.Therearetwoworrying
featuresoftheslowdown.Oneisthatithasbeenparticularlysh
arpintheworld’smostpopulous(人口多的)countries,IndiaandChina
.Theirabilitytofeedthemselveshasbeenanimportantsourceo
frelativestabilitybothwithinthecountriesandonworldfood
markets.Thatself-sufficiencycannotbetakenforgrantedifyie
ldscontinuetoslowdownorreverse.Second,yieldgrowthhasbe
enlowerinwheatandricethanincornandsoyabeans.Thisispr
oblematicbecausewheatandricearemoreimportantasfoods,acc
ountingforaroundhalfofallcaloriesconsumed.Cornandsoyabe
ansaremoreimportantasfeedgrains.Theauthorsnotethat“we
havepreferentiallyfocusedourcropimprovementeffortsonfeedi
nganimalsandcarsratherthanoncropsthatfeedpeopleandare
thebasisoffoodsecurityinmuchoftheworld.”Thereportqua
lifiesthemoreoptimisticfindingsofanothernewpaperwhichsu
ggeststhattheworldwillnothavetodigupalotmorelandfor
farminginordertofeed9billionpeoplein2050,astheFooda
ndAgricultureOrganisationhasargued.Instead,itsays,thanks
toslowingpopulationgrowth,landcurrentlyploughtedupforcro
psmightbeabletorevert(回返)toforestorwilderness.Thiscould
happen.Thetroubleisthattheforecastassumescontinuedimpro
vementsinyields,whichmaynotactuallyhappen.注意:此部分试题请在答题卡2上
作答。61.Whatdoestheauthortrytodrawattentionto?A)Foodriot
sandhungerintheworld.C)Thedeclineofthegrainyieldgrowt
h.B)Newsheadlinesintheleadingmedia.D)Thefoodsupplyinpo
pulouscountries.62.WhydoestheauthormentionIndiaandChina
inparticular?A)Theirself-sufficiencyisvitaltothestability
ofworldfoodmarkets.B)Theirfoodyieldshavebeguntodecreas
esharplyinrecentyears.C)Theirbigpopulationsarecausingwo
rldwideconcerns.D)Theirfoodself-sufficiencyhasbeentakenfo
rgranted.63.Whatdoesthenewstudybythetwouniversitiessay
aboutrecentcropimprovementefforts?A)Theyfailtoproduceth
esameremarkableresultsasbeforethe1980s.B)Theycontribute
alottotheimprovementofhumanfoodproduction.C)Theyplaya
majorroleinguaranteeingthefoodsecurityoftheworld.D)They
focusmoreontheincreaseofanimalfeedthanhumanfoodgrains
.64.WhatdoestheFoodandAgricultureOrganisationsayaboutwo
rldfoodproductioninthecomingdecades?A)Thegrowingpopulati
onwillgreatlyincreasethepressureonworldfoodsupplies.B)T
heoptimisticpredictionaboutfoodproductionshouldbeviewedw
ithcaution.C)Theslowdownofthegrowthinyieldsofmajorfood
cropswillbereversed.D)Theworldwillbeabletofeeditspop
ulationwithoutincreasingfarmland.65.Howdoestheauthorview
theargumentoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganisation?A)Itisbu
iltonthefindingsofanewstudy.B)Itisbasedonadoubtfula
ssumption.C)Itisbackedbystrongevidence.D)Itisopentofur
therdiscussion.第二套Theendlessdebateabout“work-lifebalance”o
ftencontainsahopefulfootnoteaboutstay-at-homedads.IfAmer
icansocietyandbusinesswon’tmakeiteasieronfuturefemalel
eaderswhochoosetohavechildren,thereisstilltherayofhop
ethatincreasingnumbersoffull-timefatherswill.Butbasedon
today’ssocioeconomictrends,thishopeis,unfortunately,misgu
ided.Certainly,thereismoreawarenessofthephenomenonofthe
stay-at-homedad.Theyhavetheirownrealityshow:ModernDads,
whichdebutstonightonAMC,about“atribeofsuburbanchild-rea
ringdudeswhoarejusttryingtodotheirthing.”Andit’strue
thatmenwhohaveleftworktodotheirthingasfull-timeparent
shasdoubledinadecade,butthenumbersarestillminuscule:o
nly180,000,accordingtoCensusdata,whichUniversityofMaryla
ndSociologistPhilipN.Cohencalculatesisonly0.8%ofmarried
coupleswherethestay-at-homefatherwasoutofthelaborforce
forayear.Eventhatpercentageislikelyinflatedbymenthrus
tintotheircaretakerrolebyadownsizing.Thisissimplynota
largeenoughcohorttoreducethesocialstigmaandforceother
adjustmentsnecessarytosupportingmeninthisdecision,evenif
onlyforarelativelyshorttime.Evenshortertimesawayfromw
orkforworkingfathersarealreadydifficult—andstillunusual
.AstudybyBostonCollege’sCenterforWorkandFamilyfoundth
at85%ofnewfatherstakesometimeoffafterthebirthofachi
ld—butforallbutafew,it’saweekortwoatmost.Meanwhile
,Women’sHealthUSAreportsthattheaverageforwomenwhotake
leaveismorethan10weeks.WhiletheFamilyandMedicalLeaveA
ctpassedin1993guarantees12weeks(forcompaniesover50empl
oyees)ofunpaidleavearoundthebirthofachild,Institutefor
Women’sPolicyResearchreportsthatonly10%ofprivate-sector
employersofferaccesstopaidparentalleave.??Regardlessofpo
licy,suchchoicesimpactwhomovesupintheorganization.Said
onefatherIinterviewed:“Whileyou’reaway,someoneelseisdoi
ngyourwork,makingyoursales,takingcareofyourcustomers.T
hatcan’thelpyouatwork.Itcanonlyhurtyou.”Women,ofcour
se,facethesameissuesofreturningafteraprolongedabsence.
Butwithmanymorewomenthanmenchoosingtoleavetheworkforce
entirelytoraisefamilies,returningfromanextendedparental
leavedoesn’traiseasmanyeyebrowsasitdoesformen.Andthe
penaltiescanbestiffer,economicallyspeaking.Menstillearnm
orethanwomen.Someofthatdiscrepancyisbecausemorewomenen
terlow-payingfieldssuchasteaching,socialworkandnursing,
inpartbecausethesefieldstendtobemorefamily-friendly.All
oftheseissuesareintertwined.Womenwouldmakemoreiftheyd
idn’tbreaktheirearningtrajectorybyleavingtheworkforce,or
ifhigher-payingprofessionsweremorefamily-friendly.Menwoul
dn’tfacetheoftenunwrittenpenaltiesofextendedpaternalleav
esfromtheirjobsifnewfathersstoodupenmasseanddemandedit.Rightnow,momentumtowardthatrebalancingispushingagainstacenturyofexpectationthatbeganwhentheIndustrialRevolutionsentmenofftoworkwhilewomenstayedhome.Untilthatverydistantandunlikelyturningpoint,stay-at-homefathersmaymakeallthedifferenceforindividualfamilies,buttheirpresencewon’tmakeadentinthenumbersofhigh-potentialwomenwhoareforcedtochoosebetweenfamilyandcareer.61.Whatgiveswomenarayofhopetoachieveworklifebalance?A.Morementakinganextendedparentalleave.B.people''schangeingattitudestowardsfamily.C.morewomenenteringbusinessmanagement.D.theimprovementoftheirssocioeconomicstatus.62.Whydoestheauthorsaythehopeformorefulltimefathersinmisguided?A.womenarebetterattakingcareofchildren.B.ManymenValueworkmorethantheirfamily.C.theirnumberistoosmalltomakeadifference.D.notmanymenhadthechancetostayathome.63.Whydofewmentakealongparentalleave?A.Alongleavewillhaveanegativeimpactontheircareer.B.theyjusthavetoomanyresponsibilitiestofulfillAtwork.C.Theeconomiclosswillbetoomuchfortheirfamilytobear.D.they''relikelytogetfiredifabsentfromworkfortoolong.64.WhatisthemostlikelyreactiontomanreturningfromanextendedParentalleave?A.jealousyB.surprise.C.Administration.D.sympathy.65.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutHigh-potentialwomeninthenottoodistantfuture?A.theywillbenefitfromthetrendofmorefathersstayingathome.B.theywillfindhighpayingprofessionsabitmorefamilyfriendly.C.theyareunlikelytobreaktheircareertrajectorytoraiseafamilyD.theywillstillfacethedifficultChoiceBetweencareerandchildren.第三套ReapingtheRewards0fRisk-Taking?(A)SINCEStevenP.JobsresignedaschiefexecutiveofApplelastWednesday,muchhasbeensaidabouthimasapeerlesscorporateleaderwhohascreatedimmensewealthforshareholders,andguidedthedesignofhitproductsthataretransformingentireindustries,likemusicandmobilecommunications.?(B)Alltrue,butlet’sthinkdifferent,toborrowtheApplemarketingsloganofyearsback.Let’slookatMr.Jobsasarolemodel.?(C)Aboveall,heisaninnovator.HiscreativeforceisseeninproductsliketheiPod,iPhoneandiPad,andinnewbusinessmodelsforpricinganddistributingmusicandmobilesoftwareonline.Studiesofinnovationcometothesameconclusion:youcan’tengineerinnovation,butyoucanincreasetheoddsofitoccurring.AndMr.Jobs’scareercanbeviewedasaconsistentpursuitofimprovingthoseodds,bothforhimselfandthecompanieshehasled.Mr.Jobs,ofcourse,hasenjoyedsingularsuccess.Butinnovation,broadlydefined,isthecrucialingredientinalleconomicprogress—highergrowthfornations,morecompetitiveproductsforcompanies,andmoreprosperouscareersforindividuals.AndMr.Jobs,expertssay,personifieswhatworksintheinnovationgame.?(D)“WecanlookatandlearnfromSteveJobswhattheessenceofAmericaninnovationis,”saysJohnKao,aninnovationconsultanttocorporationsandgovernments.?Manyothernations,Mr.JohnKaonotes,andnowaheadoftheUnitedStatesinproducingwhatareconsideredtherawmaterialofinnovation.Theseincludegovernmentfinancingforscientificresearch,nationalpoliciestosupportemergingindustries,educationalachievement,engineersandscientistsgratitude,eventhespeechofInternetbroadbandservice.翻译第一套第二套第三套26.A.B.C.D.Acrosstherichworld |
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