初中英语语法大全
一．名词I.名词的种类：
专有名词 普通名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II.名词的数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：
规则 例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps,sea-seas,girl-girls,day-days 2 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes,box-boxes,watch-watches,dish-dishes 3 以-f或-fe结尾的词 变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves,thief-thieves,knife-knives,wife-wives,half-halves 加-s chief-chiefs,proof-proofs,roof-roofs 4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties,family-families,story-stories,city-cities 5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys,boy-boys,day-days,ray-rays,Henry-Henrys 6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 一般加-es Negro-Negroes,hero-heroes,potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos,photo-photos,auto-autos,kilo-kilos,solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes,volcano-volcanoes/volcanos 7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios,bamboo-bamboos,zoo-zoos 8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths,mouth-mouths,month-months,path-paths, 2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：
规则 例词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuan,jin, 3 只有复数形式 trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses, 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people,police 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员） class,family,crowd,couple,group,government,population,team,public,party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜) 7 表示“某国人” 加-s Americans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen,Frenchwomen 8 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 womensingers,menservants III.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1.’s所有格的构成：
单数名词在末尾加’s theboy’sfather,Jack’sbook,herson-in-law’sphoto, 复数名词 一般在末尾加’ theteachers’room,thetwins’mother, 不规则复数名词后加’s thechildren’stoys,women’srights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’ Dickens’novels,Charles’sjob,theSmiths’house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’sandAmerica’sproblems,Jane’sandMary’sbikes 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’s JapanandAmerica’sproblems,JaneandMary’sfather 表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略 thedoctor’s,thebarber’s,thetailor’s,myuncle’s 2.’s所有格的用法：
１ 表示时间 today’snewspaper,fiveweeks’holiday 2 表示自然现象 theearth’satmosphere,thetree’sbranches 3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 thecountry’splan,theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry 4 表示工作群体 theship’screw,majority’sview,theteam’svictory 5 表示度量衡及价值 amile’sjourney,fivedollars’worthofapples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 thelife’stime,theplay’splot 7 某些固定词组 abird’seyeview,astone’sthrow,atone’swit’send(不知所措) 3.of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：thelegsofthechair,thecoverofthebook用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：theclassroomsofthefirst-yearstudents用于名词化的词：thestruggleoftheoppressed二．冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a,an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：
1 指一类人或事，相当于akindof Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly. 2 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 Aboyiswaitingforyou. 3 表示“每一”相当于every，one Westudyeighthoursaday. 4 表示“相同”相当于thesame Wearenearlyofanage. 5 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 AMr.SmithcametovisityouwhenyouwereoutThatboyisratheraLeiFeng. 6 用于固定词组中 Acoupleof,abit,onceuponatime,inahurry,haveawalk,manyatime 7 用于quite,rather,many,half,what,such之后 Thisroomisratherabigone. 8 用于so(as,too,how)+形容词之后 Sheisascleveragirlasyoucanwishtomeet. II.定冠词的用法：
1 表示某一类人或物 Thehorseisausefulanimal. 2 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 theuniverse,themoon,thePacificOcean 3 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Wouldyoumindopeningthedoor? 4 用于乐器前面 playtheviolin,playtheguitar 5 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 thereach,theliving,thewounded 6 表示“一家人”或“夫妇” theGreens,theWangs 7 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 Heisthetallerofthetwochildren. 8 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 theUnitedStates,theCommunistPartyofChina,theFrench 9 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 ThecompasswasinventedinChina. 10 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 inthe1990’s 11 用于表示单位的名词前 Ihiredthecarbythehour. 12 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前 Hepattedmeontheshoulder. III.零冠词的用法：
1 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 BeijingUniversity,Jack,China,love,air 2 名词前有this,my,whose,some,no,each,every等限制 Iwantthisbook,notthatone./Whosepurseisthis? 3 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March,Sunday,NationalDay,spring 4 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 LincolnwasmadePresidentofAmerica. 5 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前 Helikesplayingfootball/chess. 6 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前 bytrain,byair,byland 7 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husbandandwife,knifeandfork,dayandnight 8 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horsesareusefulanimals. 三．代词：I.代词可以分为以下七大类：
1 人称代词 主格 I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they 宾格 me,you,him,her,it,us,you,them 2 物主代词 形容词性 my,your,his,her,its,our,their 名词性 mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs 3 反身代词 myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves 4 指示代词 this,that,these,those,such,some 5 疑问代词 who,whom,whose,which,what,whoever,whichever,whatever 6 关系代词 that,which,who,whom,whose,as 7 不定代词 one/some/any,each/every,none/no,many/much,few/little/afew/alittle, other/another,all/both,neither/either II.不定代词用法注意点：1.one,some与any:1)one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。Oneshouldlearntothinkofothers.Haveyouanybookmarks?No,Idon’thaveanybookmarks.Ihavesomequestionstoask.2)some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Wouldyoulikesomebananas?Couldyougivemesomemoney?3)some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。Ihavereadthisarticleinsomemagazine.Pleasecorrectthemistakes,ifany.4)some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。Therearesome3,000studentsinthisschool.Doyoufeelanybettertoday?2.each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Eachstudenthasapocketdictionary./Each(ofus)hasadictionary./Weeachhaveadictionary.Everystudenthasstrongandweakpoints./Everyoneofushasstrongandweakpoints.3.none和no：no等于notany，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。Thereisnowaterinthebottle.Howmuchwateristhereinthebottle?None.Noneofthestudentsare(is)afraidofdifficulties.4.other和another:1)other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：theotherday,everyotherweek,someotherreason,nootherway,theother特指两者中的另外一个，复数为theothers。如：Heheldabookinonehandandhisnotesintheother.Twostudentsinourclassfailed,butalltheotherspassedtheexam.2)another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：Idon’tlikethisshirt,pleaseshowmeanother(one).Thetrousersaretoolong,pleasegivemeanotherpair/someothers.Somelikefootball,whileotherslikebasketball.5.all和both,neither和eitherall表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.AllofthebooksarenotwritteninEnglish./NotallofthebooksarewritteninEnglish.Bothofusarenotteachers./Notbothofusareteachers./Eitherofusisateacher.四．形容词和副词I.形容词：1.形容词的位置：1)形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：
1 修饰some,any,every,no和body,thing,one等构成的复合不定代词时 nobodyabsent,everythingpossible 2 以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 thebestbookavailable,theonlysolutionpossible 3 alive,alike,awake,aware,asleep等可以后置 theonlypersonawake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 abridge50meterslong 5 成对的形容词可以后置 ahugeroomsimpleandbeautiful 6 形容词短语一般后置 amandifficulttogetonwith 2)多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：
代词 数词 性状形容词 冠词前的形容词 冠词
指示代词
不定代词
代词所有格 序数词 基数词 性质
状态 大小
长短
形状 新旧
温度 颜色 国籍
产地 材料
质地 名词 all
both
such the
a
this
another
your second
next one
four beautiful
good
poor large
short
square new
cool black
yellow Chinese
London silk
stone 3)复合形容词的构成：
1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词 world-famous 2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词 peace-loving 3 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词 snow-covered 4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged 5 副词+过去分词 newly-built 10 数词+名词 twenty-year II.副词副词的分类：
1 时间副词 soon,now,early,finally,once,recently 5 频度副词 always,often,frequently,seldom,never 2 地点副词 here,nearby,outside,upwards,above 6 疑问副词 how,where,when,why 3 方式副词 hard,well,fast,slowly,excitedly,really 7 连接副词 how,when,where,why,whether,however,meanwhile 4 程度副词 almost,nearly,very,fairly,quite,rather 8 关系副词 when,where,why III.形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。1.同级比较时常常用as…as…以及notso(as)…as…如：Iamnotsogoodaplayerasyouare.2.可以修饰比较级的词有：much,many,alot,even,far,abit,alittle,still,yet,byfar,any,agreatdeal。3.表示一方随另一方变化时用“themore…themore…”句型。如：Theharderyouwork,themoreprogressyouwillmake.4.用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：Ihaveneverspentamoreworryingday.5.表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Ourschoolisthreetimeslargerthanyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesaslargeasyours./Ourschoolisfourtimesthesizeofyours.6.表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite,excellent,extreme,perfect。五．介词I.介词分类：
1 简单介词 about,across,after,against,among,around,at,below,beyond,during,in,on 2 合成介词 inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,upon,within,without 3 短语介词 accordingto,becauseof,insteadof,upto,dueto,owingto,thanksto 4 双重介词 fromamong,frombehind,fromunder,tillafter,inbetween 5 分词转化成的介词 considering(就而论),including 6 形容词转化成的介词 like,unlike,near,next,opposite II.常用介词区别：
1 表示时间的in,on,at at表示片刻的时间，in表示一段的时间，on总是与日子有关 2 表示时间的since,from since指从过去到现在的一段时间，和完成时连用，from指从时间的某一点开始 3 表示时间的in,after in指在一段时间之后，after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中 4 表示地理位置的in,on,to in表示在某范围内，on指与什么毗邻，to指在某环境范围之外 5 表示“在…上”的on,in on只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分 6 表示“穿过”的through,across through表示从内部通过，与in有关，across表示在表面上通过，与on有关 7 表示“关于”的about,on about指涉及到，on指专门论述 8 between与among的区别 between表示在两者之间，among用于三者或三者以上的中间 9 besides与except的区别 besides指“除了…还有再加上”，except指“除了，减去什么”，不放在句首 10 表示“用”的in,with with表示具体的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，单位，语言，声音 11 as与like的区别 as意为“作为，以…地位或身份”，like为“象…一样”，指情形相似 12 in与into区别 in通常表示位置（静态），into表示动向，不表示目的地或位置 六．动词I.动词的时态：1.动词的时态一共有16种，以ask为例，将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下：
现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般 ask/asks asked shall/willask should/wouldask 进行 am/is/areasking was/wereasking shall/willbeasking should/wouldbeasking 完成 have/hasasked hadasked shall/willhaveasked should/wouldhaveasked 完成进行 have/hasbeenasking hadbeenasking shall/willhavebeenasking should/wouldhavebeenasking 2.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1)现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况，但和现在有联系，强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果，它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之，利用过去，说明现在。如：Ihavealreadyreadthenovelwrittenbytheworld-famouswriter.(已经看过，且了解这本书的内容)2)一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态，和现在无关，它可和表示过去的时间状语连用，汉译英时可加“过”，“了”等词。简言之，仅谈过去，不关现在。如：Ireadthenovellastmonth.(只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)IlivedinBeijingfortenyears.（只说明在北京住过十年，与现在无关）3.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别：两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”，在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时，多用现在完成时，如着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。Ihavereadthatbook.我读过那本书了。Ihavebeenreadingthatbookallthemorning.我早上一直在读那本书。4.一般将来时的表达方式：
将来时 用法 例句 1 will/shall+动词原形 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 Mysisterwillbetennextyear. 2 begoingto+动词原形 含有“打算，计划，即将”做某事，或表示很有可能要发生某事 It’sgoingtoclearup.We’regoingtohaveapartytonight. 3 be+doing进行时表示将来 go,come,start,move,leave,arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 Heismovingtothesouth.AretheyleavingforEurope? 4 beaboutto+动词原形 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语 Iwasabouttoleavewhenthebellrang.Themeetingisabouttoclose. 5 beto+动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 We’retomeetattheschoolgateatnoon. 6 一般现在时表示将来 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来 Themeetingstartsatfiveo’clock.Theplaneleavesattenthisevening. II.动词的被动语态：
常用被动语态 构成 常用被动语态 构成 1 一般现在时 am/is/areasked 6 过去进行时 was/werebeingasked 2 一般过去时 was/wereasked 7 现在完成时 have/hasbeenasked 3 一般将来时 shall/willbeasked 8 过去完成时 hadbeenasked 4 过去将来时 should/wouldbeasked 9 将来完成时 will/wouldhavebeenasked 5 现在进行时 am/is/arebeingasked 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/maybeasked 注
意
事
项 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构begoingto,usedto,haveto,hadbetter变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。如：Treesshouldnotbeplantedinsummer./Theboywasmadefunofbyhisclassmates.Newspapersusedtobesentherebythelittlegirl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如：Itisbelievedthat…Itisgenerallyconsideredthat…Itissaidthat…Itiswellknownthat…Itmustbepointedoutthat…Itissupposedthat…Itisreportedthat…Itmustbeadmittedthat…Itishopedthat… 下面主动形式常表示被动意义：如：Thewindowwants/needs/requiresrepairing.Thebookisworthreadingtwice.Thedoorwon’tshut./Theplaywon’tact.Theclotheswasheswell./Thebooksellswell.Thedishtastesdelicious./Waterfeelsverycold. 下面词或短语没有被动态：leave,enter,reach,become,benefit,cost,equal,contain,last,lack,fit,fail,have,appear,happen,occur,belongto,takeplace,breakout,comeabout,agreewith,keepupwith,consistof,haveon,loseheart等等 七．情态动词I.情态动词基本用法：
情态动词 用法 否定式 疑问式与简答 can 能力（体力，智力，技能）允许或许可（口语中常用）可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中） cannot/cannot/can’tdo Can…do…?Yes,…can.No,…can’t. could couldn’tdo may 可以（问句中表示请求）可能，或许（表推测）祝愿（用于倒装句中） maynotdo May…do…?Yes,…may.No,…mustn’t/can’t. might mightnotdo Might…do…?Yes,…mightNo,…mightnot. must 必须，应该（表主观要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测） mustnot/mustn’tdo Must…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t/don’thaveto. haveto 只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态人称变化） don’thavetodo Do…havetodo…?Yes,…do.No,…don’t. oughtto 应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should oughtnotto/oughtn’ttodo Ought…todo…?Yes,…ought.No,…oughtn’t. shall 将要，会用于一三人称征求对方意见用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 shallnot/shan’tdo Shall…do…?Yes,…shall.No,…shan’t. should 应当，应该（表义务责任）本该（含有责备意味） shouldnot/shouldn’tdo Should…do…? will 意愿，决心请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉 willnot/won’tdo Will…do…?Yes,…will.No,…won’t. would wouldnot/wouldn’tdo dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中） darenot/daren’tdo Dare…do…?Yes,…dare.No,…daren’t. need 需要必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中） neednot/needn’tdo Need…do…?Yes,…must.No,…needn’t. usedto 过去常常（现在已不再） usednot/usedn’t/usen’ttododidn’tusetodo Used…todo…?Yes,…used.No,…use(d)n’t.Did…usetodo…?Yes,…did.No,…didn’t. II.情态动词must,may,might,could,can表示推测：以must为例。must+do(be)是推测现在存在的一般状态进行；must+bedoing推测可能正在进行的事情；must+havedone是推测可能已经发生过的事情。1.must“肯定，一定”语气强，只用于肯定句中。HemustbeamanfromAmerica./Hemustbetalkingwithhisfriend./Hemusthavealreadyarrivedthere.2.may和might“也许”，后者语气弱，更没有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。Hemaynotbeathome./Theymighthavefinishedtheirtask.3.can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及can’t语气强，用于肯定、否定、疑问句中。Theweatherinthatcitycouldbecoldnow.Wecouldhavewalkedthere;itwassonear.（推测某事本来可能发生，但实际上没有发生）Canhebeintheofficenow?No,hecan’tbethere,forIsawhiminthelibraryjustnow.(语气很强，常用于疑问句和否定句中)III.情态动词注意点：1.can和beableto:都可以表示能力。但beableto可以表达“某事终于成功”，而can无法表达此意。Beableto有更多的时态。另外，两者不能重叠使用。2.usedto和would:usedto表示过去常常做现在已经不再有的习惯，而would只表示过去的习惯或喜好，不涉及现在。3.need和dare作情态动词和实义动词的区别：两者作情态动词时常用于否定句和疑问句。其形式为：needn’t/daren’tdo；Need/dare…do…?做实义动词时可用于肯定句，否定句和疑问句。其形式为：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared)todo,don’t(doesn’t/didn’t)need/daretodo八．非谓语动词I.非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成：
非谓语形式 构成 特征和作用 时态和语态 否定式 复合结构 不定式 todotobedoingtohavedone tobedonetohavebeendone 在非谓语前加not forsb.todosth. 具有名词，副词和形容词的作用在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 分词 现在分词 doinghavingdone beingdonehavingbeendone 具有副词和形容词的作用在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 过去分词 done 动名词 doinghavingdone beingdonehavingbeendone sb’sdoing 具有名词的作用在句中做主、宾、定和表语 II.做宾语的非谓语动词比较：
情况 常用动词 只接不定式做宾语的动词 hope,want,offer,long,fail,expect,wish,ask,decide,pretend,manage,agree,afford,determine,promise,happen 只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语 mind,miss,enjoy,imagine,practise,suggest,finish,escape,excuse,appreciate,admit,prevent,keep,dislike,avoid,risk,resist,consider can’thelp,feellike,succeedin,befondof,objectto,getdownto,beengagedin,insiston,thinkof,beproudof,takepridein,setabout,beafraidof,betiredof,lookforwardto,devoteoneselfto,beworth,bebusy,payattentionto,stickto 两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin,start,like,love,hate,prefer,continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为） need,want,require（接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式） 意义相反 stoptodo停止手中事，去做另一件事stopdoing停止正在做的事 意义不同 remember/forget/regrettodo（指动作尚未发生）remember/forget/regretdoing（指动作已经发生） goontodo（接着做另外一件事）goondoing（接着做同一件事） trytodo（设法，努力去做，尽力）trydoing（试试去做，看有何结果） meantodo（打算做，企图做）meandoing（意识是，意味着） can’thelptodo（不能帮忙做）can’thelpdoing（忍不住要做） III.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别：
常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句 不定式 ask,beg,expect,get,order,tell,want,wish,encourage 主谓关系。强调动作将发生或已经完成 Iheardhimcallmeseveraltimes. have,notice,see,watch,hear,feel,let,make 现在分词 notice,see,watch,hear,find,keep,have,feel 主谓关系。强调动作正在进行，尚未完成 Ifoundherlisteningtotheradio. 过去分词 动宾关系。动作已经完成，多强调状态 Wefoundthevillagegreatlychanged. IV.非谓语动词做定语的区别：
区别 举例 不定式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 Ihavealotofpaperstotype.Ihavealotofpaperstobetyped. 动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的任何关系 Shallwegototheswimmingpool? 现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 theboilingwater/theboiledwaterthedevelopingcountry/thedevelopedcountrythefallingleaves/thefallenleaves 过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成 V.非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别：
区别 举例 不定式 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作，做主语时可以借助于it把不定式移到句子后面。做表语有时可和主语交换位置，而且意义不变，并且还能用what来提问主语或表语。 Mydreamistobecomeateacher.Toobeythelawisimportant.(dream,business,wish,idea,plan,duty,task做主语时常用) 动名词 与不定式的功能区别不大，然而它更接近于名词，表示的动作比较抽象，或者泛指习惯性的动作，有时也可以用it做形式主语，做表语时可以和主语互换位置。 Itisnousesayingthatagainandagain.Teachingismyjob. 分词 无名词的性质，不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质，可以做表语，多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等，可被very,quite,rather等副词修饰。现在分词多含有“令人…”之意，说明主语的性质特征，多表示主动，主语多为物。过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态，含有“感到…”之意，主语多是人。 Thesituationisencouraging.Thebookiswellwritten.(常见分词有astonishing,moving,tiring,disappointing,puzzling,shocking,boring,amusing及其-ed形式) 九．定语从句I.定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。
关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句 备注 关系代词 who 人 主语 Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother? whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that whom 人 宾语 Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar.. whose 人，物 定语 Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate. that 人，物 主语，宾语 Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch. which 物 主语，宾语 Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible. as 人，物 主语，宾语 Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday. as做宾语一般不省略 关系副词 when 时间 时间状语 Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere. 可用onwhich where 地点 地点状语 ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn. 可用inwhich why 原因 原因状语 Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer. 可用forwhich II.that与which,who,whom的用法区别：
情况 用法说明 例句 只用that的情况 1．先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。2．先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时3．先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4．先行词既指人又指物时5．先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时6．句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhasbeengivenout.3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech? 只用which,who,whom的情况 1．在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人2．在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。3．先行词本身是that时，关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。 Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers. III.as与which的区别：
定语从句 区别 例句 限制性定语从句中 名词前有such和thesame修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.Don’treadsuchbooksasyoucan’tunderstand. 非限制性定语从句中 as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。 Theywonthegame,aswehadexpected.Theywonthegame,whichwehadn’texpected.Asiswellknown,heisafamousfilmstarinthe1980s. IV.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：
类别 语法意义及特征 例句 限制性定语从句 对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。 TheaccidenthappenedatthetimewhenIleft. 非限制性定语从句 对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。 Hismother,whomheloveddeeply,diedtenyearsago. 十．名词性从句
种类 作用 常用关联词 例句 主语从句 在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后 that,whether,if,asif,asthough,who,whose,which,how,when,where,why,what,whatever,whoever,wherever Whetherhewillcomeornotdoesn’tmattermuch.Whoevercomesherewillbewelcome. 表语从句 在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后 Itlooksasifitisgoingtosnow. 宾语从句 在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词 Heaskedmewhichteamcouldwinthegame. 同位语从句 放在名词之后(news,problem,idea,suggestion,advice,thought,hope,fact等)表明其具体内容 Youhavenoideahowworriedweare.Thefactthatheliedagaingreatlysurprisedus. 十一。状语从句
种类 连接词 注意点 时间状语 when,whenever,while,as,before,after,until,till,bythetime,assoonas,hardly…when,nosooner…than,themoment,theminute,immediately,directly,instantly 主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。 地点状语 where,wherever 原因状语 because,as,since,nowthat because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。 条件状语 if,unless,once,incase,aslongas,onconditionthat 从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替 目的状语 sothat,inorderthat,forfearthat sothat和inorderthat后常接may,should,could,would等情态动词 结果状语 so…that,such…that 比较状语 than,as…as,notso/as…as,themore…themore 方式状语 asif,asthough,as asif和asthough引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。 让步状语 though,although,evenif,eventhough,as,nomatterwhat,whatever,nomatterwho,whoever,nomatterwhich,whichever,nomatterhow,however,nomatterwhen,whenever as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用 十二。倒装句
种类 倒装条件 例句 完全倒装 here,there,up,down,in,out,off,away等副词开头的句子表示强调 Outrushedthechildren. 表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首 Underthetreestoodtwotablesandfourchairs. 强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡 Presentatthemeetingwere1,000students. 部分倒装 never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,little,notuntil,not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首 HardlydidIknowwhathadhappened. only和修饰的状语放于句首 OnlythendidherealizedtheimportanceofEnglish. notonly…butalso连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒 NotonlydoesheknowFrench,butalsoheisexpertatit. neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装 NeitherdoIknowit,nordoIcareaboutit. so…that,such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒 Sobusyishethathecannotgoonaholiday. as引导的让步状语 Childasheis,hehaslearnedalot. so,neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。 Hecanplaythepiano.Socani. 用于表示祝愿的祈使句中 Mayyoubeingoodhealth! 省略if的虚拟条件 WereIyou,Iwouldnotdoitinthisway. 十三．虚拟语气
类别 用法 例句 If引导的条件从句 与现在事实相反 从句动词：过去式（be用were）主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 Ifhewerehere,hewouldhelpus. 与过去事实相反 从句动词：had+过去分词主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词 IfIhadbeenfree,Iwouldhavevisitedyou. 与将来事实相反 从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+不定式主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 Ifitshouldraintomorrow,wewouldnotgocamping. 其它状语从句 asif引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式 Theyaretalkingasiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears. inorderthat/sothat引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/might/would等+动词原形 Turnonthelightsothatwecanseeitclearly. 宾语从句 demand,suggest,order,insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形 Hesuggestedthatwenotchangeourmind. wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反 IwishIcouldbeapopsinger. 主语从句 在Itisnecessary/important/strangethat…,Itissuggested/demanded/ordered/requestedthat…等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形 Itisstrangethatsuchapersonshouldbeourfriends. 其它句型中 Itistimethat…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形 It’shightimethatweleft. wouldrather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式 Iwouldratheryoustayedathomenow. Ifonly句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望 Ifonlyourdreamhadcometrue! 十四。重要句型1.Itwasnotuntilmidnightthathefinishedhistask.2.NotuntilhecamebackfromabroadwasIabletoseehimagain.3.Theharderyouwork,thegreaterprogressyouwillmake.4.Hewalkedaroundthehouse,guninhand.5.Mayyoubeingoodhealth!6.Wishyouapleasantjourneybackhome!7.Theprofessorwasahumorousmanwithbignoseanddeep-seteyes.8.Whatsurprisedmemostwashisimaginationandpatience.9.Helayonthegrass,withhiseyeslookingattheskyandhishandsunderhishead.10.SittingunderthetreeareMr.Greenandhisfirstteacher.11.Onthewallhangtwopicturesoffamousscientists.12.Lookingbackuponthosepastyears,hecouldn’thelpfeelingveryproud.13.Nosooner(Hardly)hadhearrivedatthetheatrethan(when)theplaystarted.14.Youngasheis,hehaslearnedadvancedmathematics.15.HowIregretthehourswastedinthewoodsandfields!16.Therestandsabeautifulvaseinthecorneroftheroom.17.Tenmilesnorthofthetownliesapaperfactory.18.Theregoesthebell.19.Nowherehastheworldeverseensuchabirdashere.20.Itisnousecryingforhelp.21.IfonlyIhadbeenyourstudentinthemiddleschool!22.Itisbelievedthatsuchathingwillnothappenagain.23.OnlywhenheexplaineddidIrealizethereasonforthis.24.“Heworksparticularlyhard.”“Sohedoes,andsodoyou.”25.NotonlyAlicebutalsoJaneandMaryaretiredofhavingoneexaminationafteranother.26.SuchwasAlbertEinstein,asimplepersonofgreatachievements.十五。动词搭配1.addto增加，增进add…to把…加进…addup相加addupto总计，所有这一切说明1)Idon''tthinkthesefactswill________anything.2)Fiftynewbookshavebeen________thelibrary.3)Themusic_________ourenjoymentofthefilm.4)Youmusthavemadeamistakewhenyou_______thebill________.(addupto,addedto,addto,added…up)2.breakawayfrom打破，脱离，挣脱，改掉breakdown出毛病，身体(精神)衰弱，分解，拆开breakoff暂停，中断breakin强行进入，插话breakinto闯入breakintopieces成为碎片breakout爆发breakup捣碎，驱散，瓦解，学期结束，拆散breakthrough突破1)Thecriminalmanagedtobreak_____________thepoliceandranintothewoods.2)Whenheheardthenews,hebroke_______andcried.3)Don''tbreak________whileothersarespeaking.4)Whydon''tyoubreak________forafewminutesandhavesomecoffee?5)Whendoesschoolbreak________?6)Afterharvestwebreak_________thesoilwithatoolpulledbytwooxen.(awayfrom,down,in,off,up,up)3.bringup抚养，呕吐，提出bringabout造成bringout拿出，出版bringin引入，引进，挣钱bringback使回想起bringdown使下降，使倒下1)Theshopkeeperbroughthisprice_________toonlyfivedollars.2)Theschoolhasbrought_________newforeignteacherstoteachoralEnglish.3)Thesongbrought___________happymemoriesofourschooldays.4)Doyouknowwhatbrought___________thismisunderstanding?5)Thekindoldmanagreedtobring__________theyoungorphan.6)Wedecidedtobringthematter___atthenextmeeting.7)Thewindbrought_______alotoftreeslastnight.8)Nextmonththeywillbring________aneweditionofthebook.(down,in,back,about,up,up,down,out)4.callon号召，拜访（某人）callat拜访、参观（某地）callfor去叫某人,要求,需要callup使回忆起,征召入伍callin召集，请某人来callout大喊，高叫calloff取消，不举行1)Doctorsareoftencalled_____inthemiddleofthewar.2)Pleasewaitformeathome.I''llcall_______youatyourhouseatseventonight.3)Thetrainscalls_______severalbigcitiesbetweenBeijingandGuangzhou.4)Hecalledhername__________,butshedidn''tanswer.5)Thesportsmeetwascalled____onaccountoftherain.(in,for,at,out,off)5.comeabout发生，出现comedown下跌，落，降，传下来comein进来comeinto(sight/being/existence/use/notice/effect)comeon来临/快点comeout出版，结果是comealong一道来，赶快cometo达到(anend/anagreement/astop)苏醒，合计，总共是comeover走过来comeup发芽，走近comeacross偶然碰到comeback回想起comefrom来自，源自1)Icome_________thebookIlentyoulastmonth.2)Howdiditcome_________thatyoubothgotlost?Ithoughtyouhadamap.3)Itsuddenlycame_________tomewhereIhadseentheboybefore.4)Come__________now,orelseweshallbelate.5)Hecame__________melikeatiger.6)Thepriceofpetrolhascome_________sincethebeginningofthisyear.7)Thewordcame__________usemanyyearsago.8)Whentheexaminationresultcame_________,hehadalreadygotajob.9)Thebillcame__________overathousanddollars.10)Isowedtheseedsoveramonthago,buttheyhaven''tcome__________yet.(for,about,back,on,at,down,into,out,to,up)6.cutacross抄近路cutdown砍倒，削减cutoff切断，割掉，断绝关系cutup连根拔除，切碎through剪断，凿穿cutout删（省）掉，戒掉cutin插嘴1)Don''tcut___thistree.Itwillbeveryshadyinsummer.2)Youmustcut________thenumberofcigarettesyousmoke,oritwillcauseillness.3)Wedecidedtocut_________themoor（旷野）tothevillage.4)Cuttingthetree____meanscuttingthetreeintopieces.5)Theelectricitywascut___________whentheladyrefusedtopaythebill.6)WewerehavingapleasantconversationwhenTomcut__________.（down,down,across,up,off,in）7.dieof(disease/hunger/grief/oldage)死于（疾病，饥饿，寒冷，情感原因）diefrom死于（意外事故、情形）dieaway渐渐消逝dieout绝种diedown(炉火)渐熄dieoff逐一死去8.fallbehind落后falloverone''sfeet跌跤falldown掉下，跌倒fallback撤退，后退1)Babiesoftenfall_____whentheyarelearningtowalk.2)Ourteamseemstohavefallen__________theothers.3)Assoonastheenemiesfell__________,thepeoplereturnedtotheirvillage.4)Shefell__________thebenchandhadherlegbroken.（down,behind,back,over）??9.goinfor从事，喜爱，参加gothrough通过，经受goover复习，检查goup（价格）上涨，建造起来goafter追捕，追赶goagainst违反goahead先行，开始吧，问吧，说吧goaway离开goby时间过去godown下沉，降低，（日、月）西沉goon(with)继续进行gowith相配，陪同gowithout没有，缺少goout外出，熄灭goallout全力以赴gooff爆炸，进行，变坏，断电，停止供应gobackon背约，食言gobeyond超出1)Manynewfactorieshavegone__inthepastfewyears.2)Rentshavegone__________greatlyrecently.3)Manyyearshavegone___________sincewefirstmet.4)Let''scontinueourjourneyuntilthesungoes_______.5)Hisactionswent___________thewillofthepeople,6)Ican''tdoit,foritgoes___________myduty.7)Over100studentswent____________thisentranceexamination.8)Thebombwent____________andkilledtenpeople.9)Thebuyerwent___________thecarcarefullybeforereachingadecision.10)Thistiedoesn''tgo___________myblueshirt.11)Ifyouthinkyoucansolvetheproblem,go______.12)Manystudentswent__________playingbasketball.(up,up,by,down,against,beyond,through,off,over,with,ahead,infor)10.getdown下来，记下，使沮丧getdownto致力于，专心于geton进展，进步，穿上，上车getoff脱下,下车getin收集，插（话）getaway逃跑，逃脱，去休假getover忘记，越过，克服，从疾病中恢复getalongwith进展，相处getup起床getthrough打通电话，完成，通过getround消息传开getclosetosth.接近，几乎getinto(trouble)getto(know)getback取回，收回getout1)ShespokesofastthatIcouldn''tget____whathesaid.2)Wewillfindwaystoget_________difficulties.3)Thestoryhasgot__________,andeveryoneknowsaboutit.4)WhenIget_________withthereport,I''llgotothecinema.5)Afteradeliciousmealthetwomengot__________tobusiness.6)Don''talwaysget__________awordwhenothersarespeaking.7)Ittookmealongtimetoget___________suchanunpleasantexperience.(down,over,round,through,down,in,over)11.giveaway赠送，泄露，出卖giveout发出，疲劳，分发，公布giveoff发出（光、热、气体）givein(tosb.)屈服giveup放弃，让（座位）1)Hisaccentatlastgavehim__________.2)Theliquidgave________astrongsmell.3)Theheadmastergave___________thenamesoftheprize-winners.4)Thesoldiersgave_________thetowntotheenemies.5)Whowillhelpmetogivethebooks___________?6)Don''tbelieveinthosewhogivehisfriends________.7)Afteralongwalk,mystrengthgave____________.(away,off,out,up,out,away,out)12.handin交上，提交handout分发handdown流传，遗传13.hangabout闲逛hangup挂电话14.holdback阻止，隐瞒holdup举起，使停顿holdon别挂电话，等，坚持holdout持续，坚持，伸出holddown控制，镇压1)I''msureheisholdingsomething_________.2)Shemanagedtohold______heremotionuntilherguestshadleft.Thenshecried.3)Tellhimtohold________amoment.I''llcomesoon.4)Ourfoodsupplywon''thold_________formorethanafewdays.5)Thetrainwasheld________asaresultofthefloods.6)Thesemeasureshelpedtohold___________thecity''spopulation.7)Hold___________yourleftarm,please.(back,back,on,out,up,down,up)15.keepup(courage,English,spirits)保持，keepupwith跟上keepoff(grass)不接近，离开keepawayfrom避开，不接近，离…远远的keepoutofkeepto(rules,promise)坚持，遵守??keepon继续，坚持下来keepback阻止，留下，隐瞒，扣下keepfrom克制，阻止1)Theangryladytoldthestrangerstokeep________fromher.2)Icanhardlykeep________mytearsafterhearinghiswords.3)Onlypridekepther__________burstingintotears.4)Icanscarcelykeep__________askinghimwhathehasdone.5)"Don''ttouchme,"screamedthewoman,"Keep__________!"6)Keep_________untilyousucceed.7)Keep_________yourcourage,andyou''llsucceedintheend.8)Thethickcoatcankeepthecold___________.9)Alwaystrytokeep___________theruleswhenyouplayagame.10)Ican''tkeep________witheverythingyou''redoing.(away,back,from,from,off,on,up,out,to,up)16.knockat/on敲knockinto撞到某人身上knockdown撞倒knockoutof把…敲出knockover撞倒knockoff停止工作，休息1)Theboxersoonknockedhisopponent_________.2)Theofficestuffknocks_________atsixeveryday.3)Tryknocking__________thewindowandseeifthereisanyoneindoors.4)Hewassoabsorbedinhisbookthatheknocked__________thecarparkedthere.(down,off,on,into)17.leavefor离开前往leaveout删去，遗漏leavebehind遗留,忘记拿走leaveto留给，遗嘱赠于leaveover遗留，剩下，延期1)"Whosenamehasbeenleft__________?"demandedtheteacher.2)Whenhedied,heleftallhisproperty_____hisniece.3)Hesuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthisumbrella___________.4)Don''tleavethismatter_________untiltomorrow.5)Leavesomemeat___________fortomorrow.6)Thosearequestionsleft_________byhistory.(out,to,behind,over,over,over)18.lookup查找，向上看lookthrough翻阅，浏览lookon旁观lookon…as看作lookinto调查lookafter/at/for照顾/看/寻找lookout(for)当心lookabout/around/round四下查看lookdownupon瞧不起lookbackupon回忆，回顾lookab.upanddown仔细打量某人lookabintheface/eyes直视某人1)Ispenttwohourslooking______thestudents''papers.2)Look_______!Thereisabigholeinfront.3)Hetookpartinthegame,andtherestofusjustlooked______andcheeredforhim.4)Theoldmanlooked_____uponthedaysofhisyouth.5)Shewassosnobbish（势利）thatshelooked__________uponallhisneighbours.6)Thepolicepromisedtolook__________thecaseassoonaspossible.7)Helooked__________butsawnobody,andhelistenedbuthearnothing.(through,out,on,back,down,into,about/around/round)19.makeup编造，配制，打扮，组成makeupfor弥补makeinto/of/from制成makeout弄懂，发现，看出,填写，开列（清单）makefor走向，驶往，促使1)Canyoumakethislengthofcloth__________asuit?2)Iaskedthedriverifhewasmaking___________London?3)Myfathermade__________acheckformetobuythecamera.4)Wemustmaketheloss_________nextweek./Hetriedhardtomake________forthedamagehehaddone.5)Hemade__________astory,whichIfoundhardtobelieve.6)Someoneiscoming,butIcan''tmake___________whoitis.(into,for,out,up/up,up,out)20.passaway去世passby经过passdown(on)…to传给passthrough经历passover漠视，忽视1)Theoldclockhasbeenpassed________tomefrommygrandfather''sgrandfather.2)Themanpassed___________lastweekinpeace.3)Wearepassing____________difficulttimes.4)Thesecretarypassed___________thedetailsinthefirstpartofhisreport.(down,away,through,over)21.payback还钱，报复payfor付钱，为…受到惩罚，因…得到报应payoff还清1)Howmuchdidyoupay__________thedictionary?2)Youshouldpay_________themoneyyouborrowedfromme.3)I''llpayhim____________forallhiscrimes(罪行)againstme.4)Someday,you''llpay__________whatyouhavedonetoday.5)Hasshepay____________thedebtyet???（for,back,back,for,off）22.pickup拾起，获得(information)，接人，站起，收听，自然习得(language/knowledge)，恢复重获(pickuphealth)pickout挑选，辨认，看出1)Ipickedtheinformation__________whilewaitinginthequeue.2)Myfriendhasarrangedtopickme_________at6:00.3)Thepatienthaspicked_________healthduringthelasttwoweeks.4)Shepicked_______themostexpensivepairofshoes.5)Ican''tpickJohn___________inthecrowd.6)CanIpick__________VOAwiththisshort-waveradio?7)Hefelldownsuddenly,butpickedhimself___________quickly.(up,up,up,out,out,up,up)pickcotton/flower/leaves/words选词23.putup搭起，张贴，举起，安装，投宿，安排住下putupwith忍受putout伸出，扑灭putoff推迟putinto放进，翻译putaway放好，存钱putdown记下，平息puton穿戴，上映，增加(putonweight/speed)putforward提出，提前putthrough接通电话putaside放到一边putback放回1)Heput_________halfhiswageeveryweek.2)Thegovernmentsoonput__________therevolt（暴乱）.3)Putyourwatch__________.It''sslow.4)Heput__________hishandformetoshake.5).Pleaseputme__________toExtension（分机）2.6)Weput___________fornightatthevillageinn.7)Heisveryproud,andheoftenput_________airs.（摆架子）8)Wehadatelephoneput_____________inouroffice.9)Ican''tput__________withyourlaziness.(away,down,forward,out,through,up,on,up,up)24.pulldown拆掉，推翻pullon匆匆穿上/off脱pullin进站pullout取出,(火车)离站pulldown往下拉,拆毁pullover驶到一边pullthrough恢复健康,渡过难关,脱离险境pullup（使）停住1)Thetrainslowlypulled__________anddisappearedinthedistance.2)Alltheoldhousesherehavenowbeenpulled______,andnewonesaretobebuilt.3)Thecarpulled_________whenIblewthehorn.4)Thedoctorthinksthemanwillpull__________.5)Thedriverpulled________atthetrafficlights.(out,down,over,through,up)25.pushover推倒，刮倒pushahead(on,forward)继续前进，坚持下去pushthrough排除困难办好谋事，努力设法通过，挤过1)We''vedecidedtopush__________withourplantobuildanewroad2)Manytreeswerepushed__________inthehurricane.3)Theyweredeterminedtopushthenewrules________atanycost..4)Takecarenottopushthebaby_________.5)Theypushed___________thecrowdandatlastreachedus.(on,over,through,over,through)26.runacross偶然碰到runafter追逐，追捕runaway逃跑runfor竞选runinto偶然碰到（困难）遇见（人），相撞runoutof用完1)Ifyoudrivesofast,you''llrun_________someonesomeday.2)Iran__________afriendofmineintheexhibition.3)Ourwaterhasrun__________.Canyoufillupsomemorebottles?4)Whydoyoualwaysrun__________adventure?5)Hedidn''twanttorun___________presidentthatyear.6)Inthatwayyouwillonlyrun__________difficulties.(into,across/into,out,after,for,into)27.seeoff送行seethrough看透，识破seeto照料，照管28.sendfor派人去请sendoff送行sendout发出（光亮）等sendup发射29.setup建立setoff出发，触发，引起setout动身，着手(todo)，陈述setabout开始着手(doing)settowork(n.)开始做setback拨回，使推迟1)Ishallsetmywatch___________byfiveminutes.2)Weset__________readingthetextaloudimmediatelythebellrang.3)Weset_________atdaybreakyesterdayandwe''vebeentravellingeversincethen.4)Iset__________toadvisehimnottodrink.5)Whatwerethereasonsheset___________inhisreport?6)Thepresidentset__________aspecialgroupofsoldierstoguardhim.7)Theunpopularlawset_________aseriesofprotests.（抗议）(back,about,off/out,out,out,up,off)30.takeoff脱掉，起飞takeon呈现雇佣takeaway拿走takein吸收，领会takeup从事，占用（时间空间）takedown记录，取下takeback收回takefor误认为takealong随身带takeover接管takeout1)Itake_________allIsaidabouthisdishonesty.2)Hewenttotheshelfandtook__________abookofpoems.3)AtfirstItookhim_________adoctor.4)Icanseethatmostofyouhavetaken________everythingthattheteachertaught.5)Billhasnowtaken__________hisfather''sbusiness.6)Myjobtakes__________mostofmytime.7)Thebosstook____________twentypeopleforhisnewcompany.(back,down,for,in,over,up,on)takechargeof负责,takesth.forgranted想当然,takeholdof抓住,takepridein以………为自豪,taketheplaceof,代替taketurnstodo轮流做,takeoffice就职31.thinkof想起thinkof…as把…看作thinkout想出thinkup想出thinkabout考虑thinkover仔细考虑thinkwellofsb.对某人看法好32.turnoff/on打开turnover翻身，反复考虑，翻（书页），翻转turnout证明为，结果，制造成品turnto转向，求助turndown调低，拒绝turnagainst变得敌视，反对turnaway打发走，驱逐，转过脸去turnback返回，转回去turnround转过身来turnup向上翻，露面，出现，音量调大turnin上缴turnupsidedown把倒置，弄得乱七八糟1)Thechildturned__________itsmotherforcomfort.2)Turn___________andletmeseeyourface.3)Howevermuchheturnedtheproblem________inmind,hecouldfindnosatisfactorysolution.4)TheEnglisheveningpartyturned_________agreatsuccess.5)Thesightoftheaccidentwastoomuchforhertobear,andsheturned_______.6)Thefootballstadiumwasfull,andmanypeoplehadtobeturned__________.7)Thearmyturnedhim___________onaccountof(因为)hispoorhealth.8)Sheturnedthewholehouse___________inhersearchforhermissingpurse.9)Wheredidyourpurseturn____________?Ifounditinthesnow.10)Thevillagerssuddenlyturned__________theforeignerswholivednearby.11)Thefactoryturns____________2000newcarslastyear.(to,round,over,out,away,away,down,upsidedown,up,against,out)
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