2015年专升本英语考试-写作讲解一、写作要求41.评分标准41）评分原则42）作文等级42.写作技能要求41）思想表达42）篇章组织43）
语言运用44）写作格式53.得分要点及高分原则51）得分要点52）5C高分原则5二、英语句子写作51.何谓英语句子5(1)写作中常
见错误句型分析5(2)对英语句子的认识62.句子的完整（句子的分类）71)五种基本简单句型72)并列句83)复合句83.句子的连贯
94.句子的简洁9(1)文字简洁9(2)避免使用同义词重复9三、段落的设计101.主题句10（1）主题句要明确10（2）主题句要概
括102.扩展句11列举法(listing)12因果关系法(causeandeffect)12举例法(exemplificat
ion)123.结论句134.段落演练14四、作文命题类型151.段首句/主题句作文写作要求：152.提纲作文写作要求：163.图
表作文写作要求：174.信函作文（事务信函）写作要求18五、作文万能句型191.主题句192.因果关系句203.举例说明句204.
结论句20一、写作要求1.评分标准1）评分原则按总体印象给分，不按语言点错误数目扣分；内容和语言两方面综合评判；是否切题、充分表达
思想、语言错误造成理解障碍。2）作文等级0分——白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想。3分——条理不清
，思路混乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。7分——基本切题，表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重错误
。11分——基本切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，语言错误较多。15分——切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。1
9分——切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，基本无语言错误。阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数档次相似，即定为该分数
；若认为稍优于或劣于该档次，则可加一分或减一分，但不加减半分。字数不足则酌情扣分。2.写作技能要求1）思想表达（1）表达中心思想
（2）表达重要或特定信息（3）表达观点、态度等2）篇章组织（1）围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点（2）连贯地组句成段，组段
成篇3）语言运用（1）运用恰当的词汇（2）运用正确的语法（3）运用合适的句子结构（4）使用正确的标点符号（5）运用衔接手段表达句
间关系（如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等）4）写作格式运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式3.得分要点及高分原则1）得分要点写作得
分是综合分数，评分内容主要体现在：总体印象、语言表达、文章结构、思想内容四个方面，各方面又有一些具体的细节内容。见下表：2）5C高
分原则字迹清楚、段落明朗（clear）内容完整、紧扣提纲（complete）首保正确、力求闪光（correct）先总后分、连词用上
（coherent）语言简练、论据得当（concise）二、英语句子写作1.何谓英语句子(1)写作中常见错误句型分析Beijing
isabeautifulcity,Ienjoylivinghere.Therearemanypeople
agreetokeeppetsathome.Althoughpetsmaypollutetheenviron
ment.Thenewhouseislarge,beautifulandhasenoughroomsfor
peopletolivein.Thereisagreatdifferencebetweendiningout
andtohaveasnackathome.Weallagainstallkindsofterrori
stactivities.Don’tworry.Yourbodywillgetwellsoon.Thefilm
hadbegunfor5minuteswhenIgottothetheatre.Thewesternp
artofthecityrainedheavilyyesterdayevening.Ourschoolhave
takenplacegreatchanges.(2)对英语句子的认识意义：英语的句式与中文的不同，我们在学习英语的时候要注
意到这一点。有同学对英语句子没有足够的认识，常常受中文的干扰，在写作中不能写出正确的句子。什么是句子？无论字数多少，只要有主语和谓
语（动词），而且能表达完整意义的一句话就是一个句子。如：Iamtired.Pressingone’spalmtoge
therandrestingone’sheadonthebackofone’shandwhileclosi
ngtheeyesasifsleepingmeans“Iamtired.”（双手合拢，闭上眼，把头靠在手背上像睡
觉的样子，意思是说“我累了”。）这两个句子都具备了主语和谓语，都是完整的句子。要记住：在英语中，一个句子有且只能有一个谓语。1）一
个句子不能同时有两个谓语。典型错误：（1）Theoldmanlikestakeawalkinthevillag
eaftersupper.Theoldmanlikestotakeawalkinthevillagea
ftersupper.（2)Ienjoytalkwithhimoveracupofcoffee.Ien
joytalkingwithhimoveracupofcoffee.（3)Theboyrantohis
mothercry.Theboyrantohismothercrying.（4)Afterwritet
henotice,heputituponthewall.Afterwritingthenotice,he
putituponthewall.Afterhewrotethenotice,heputitupon
thewall.2）不要把从句的谓语当成句子的谓语,或把主句的谓语当成从句的谓语。如果是一个复合句，主句和从句都应该分别有
自己的主语和谓语。典型错误：（1）Thosewhoeattoomuchwilleasilyill.Thosewh
oeattoomuchwilleasilygetill.（2)Whenhewalkinginthepar
k,hefeltalittletired.Whenhewaswalkinginthepark,hefe
ltalittletired.（3）WhenIatschool,Istudiedveryhard.Whe
nIwasatschool,Istudiedveryhard.练习:判断以下是否是句子。(1)Birdsc
anfly.是(2)ThebirdsinthecagewhichIboughtyesterday.不是(3
)Waitformeatthestation.是(4)Ifyouknowhowtoplaywithw
ordstomakepeoplelaugh.不是(5)Awayofsaying“I’msorry”.不是(6)
Pattingthestomachbeforeameal.不是(7)Thebreadmymothermake
sismuchbetterthanwhatyoucanbuyatthestore.是(8)Tomake
friendsintheschoolwhichwasnotfarfrommynewhome.不是(9)I
fyouwanttoknowwhatitfeelsliketofallthroughtheair,ta
keoffinarocket,flyahelicopterorfightaliencreaturesin
outerspace.不是2.句子的完整（句子的分类）简单句:只包含一个主谓结构的句子并列句:主谓结构+连词(and
,but,so,or…)+主谓结构(或更多的主谓结构)复合句:引导词+主谓结构,主谓结构(从句+主句)1)五种基
本简单句型(1)主语+不及物动词Birdsfly.Busesrunfromdawntillmidnight.W
earestudyinghard.(2)主语+及物动词+宾语Wehavereadmanybooks.Theydo
shoppingattheweekend.WearelearningEnglish.(3)主语+系动词+表语常见的
系动词有：be,seem,appear,become,go,get,grow,turn,look,sound,
feel,taste,smellWearestudents./Hebecameascientist./That
soundsgood.Hebecamenervouswhenthinkingofstealing.Itisim
possibletofindashopthatisopenafter5p.m.inthisarea.I
t’smuchcheapertocampthantostayinahotel.Igotcaughtin
thetraffic.Justthen,thetrafficlightturnedred.Heseemed
tohavemisunderstoodyou.(4)主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语HegaveTomapre
sent.Heofferedmeajob.(5)主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语Wemadehimourmon
itor.Themanagerthinkstheplanpractical.Hewillhavehisbik
erepaired.Iwon’thaveyouspeakingtoyourmotherlikethat.改错
练习：(1)Pleasespeakloudersothateverybodycanlistenyou.(2)
Greatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinmyhometown.(3)Listen!S
omeoneknockingatthedoor.(4)Hetoldmedon’tcallhimbefor
e9o’clock.(5)Doesyourparentsallowyoumakeyourowndecisio
n?(6)AlthoughitisonlyAugust,buttheweatherisgettingwors
edaily.(7)Becausetheprofessorhadfallenill,sohewasnota
bletobepresentattheconference.(8)InJapan,apersonsees
the“OK”gesturemaythinkitmeansmoney.(9)WhenIpasthisroo
m,IheardhimsinginganEnglishsong.2)并列句(1)用连词/副词(and,but
,so,for,or,notonly…butalso,either…or,neither…nor,while
,both…and,however,therefore…)连接LiMingis18yearsoldandhe
isastudentinNo.1MiddleSchool.Hurryuporyou’llbelatefor
school.Imustgonow,formysisteriswaitingforme.(2)用“;
”连接Wefishedallday;wedidn’tcatchanything.Lilydoeswellin
study;alltheteachersthinkhighlyofher.（3）用“;+adv”连接We
fishedallday;however,wedidn’tcatchanything.Thecarwasal
mostnew;besides,itwasinexcellentcondition.3)复合句复合句里包含两个或更
多的主谓结构,其中有一个主谓结构为句子的主体称为主句，另一个/其他主谓结构为从句，它（们）只能充当句子的某一（些）成分，如:主
语、宾语、表语、同位语、定语、状语等。根据从句在句子中的功能分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句等
。练习：判断下面句子属于哪种复合句（1)Whenweshallhaveoursportsmeetingissti
llaquestion.主语从句（2)ThelettersaysthattheyareleavingonF
riday.宾语从句（3)That’swhattheyshoulddo.表语从句（4)Weexpressed
thehopethattheywouldcomeandvisitChinaagain.同位语从句（5)T
hisistheverydictionarythatIamlookingfor.定语从句（6)Astime
wenton,Einstein’stheoryprovedtobecorrect.状语从句练习:改正下面句子
,使之成为正确的一句话（1）Therearefortyfivestudentsinourclass,onet
hirdofthemarefromnearbycountries.Therearefortyfivestude
ntsinourclass,andonethirdofthemarefromnearbycountries
.Therearefortyfivestudentsinourclass;onethirdofthema
refromnearbycountries.Therearefortyfivestudentsinourcl
ass,onethirdofwhomarefromnearbycountries.（2）Itwasraini
nghard,theycouldnotworkinthefield.Itwasraininghard；the
ycouldnotworkinthefield.Itwasraininghard,sotheycould
notworkinthefield.Itwasrainingsohardthattheycouldno
tworkinthefield.Theycouldnotworkinthefieldbecauseit
wasraininghard.Asitwasraininghard,theycouldnotworkint
hefield.（3）Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassroom,hecarried
abagofbookswithhim.Theprofessorwalkedintotheclassrooma
ndhecarriedabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessorwalkedinto
theclassroom;hecarriedabagofbookswithhim.Theprofessor,w
hocarriedabagofbooks,walkedintotheclassroom.Theprofesso
rwalkedintotheclassroom,carryingabagofbookswithhim.The
professorwalkedintotheclassroomwithabagofbooks.3.句子的连贯连
贯性的要求：句子前后之间要有照应、有衔接，前后结构要一致、对等、平衡；思想的表达应该清楚有序。句子与句子之间的过渡要符合逻辑，不能
造成歧义或矛盾。改错练习：（1）Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutals
obyhisdeeds.Amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalso
bywhathedoes.Amanisjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalso
byhisdeeds.（2）Theideahementionedatfirstsoundedgood.The
ideahefirstmentionedsoundedgood.Theideahementionedsound
edgoodatfirst.4.句子的简洁(1)文字简洁。如下面这些短语均可用括号中的单词代替:fromtimeto
time(often),drawaconclusion(conclude),withanger(angrily),
Itisclearthat…(clearly)试比较下列改写的句子：Doyouknowthemanwhoi
sspeakingatthemeeting?Doyouknowthemanspeakingatthemee
ting?Lookoutforcarswhileyouarecrossingthestreet.Lookou
tforcarswhilecrossingthestreet.(2)避免使用同义词重复。如下面的这些句子,画线部分重
复,应删掉。Heisblindinbotheyes.——Heisblindinthelefteye.
Inmyopinion,Ithinkyourplanisfeasible.Thedeskisround
inshapeandredincolor.Ishallaccompanymymotherbygoingwi
thhertothemarket.练习：改写下列句子,使其更简洁(1)Hegavemanyreasonsfor
thefailure,butthereasonshegavewerenotconvincing.Hegav
emanyreasonsforthefailure,butnoneofthemwasconvincing.
(2)TheGreatWall,whichhasahistoryofmorethan2000years,
isoneoftheworldheritages.TheGreatWallwithahistoryofmo
rethan2000yearsisoneoftheworldheritages.(3)Heattended
thepartythoughhewasbadlyill.Heattendedthepartyinspite
ofhisillness.(4)Hesuggestedthathebesenttotendthesic
k.Hesuggestedbeingsenttotendthesick.(5)Tomysurprise,
IwassurprisedtofindnoonetherewhenIgotthere.Iwassurp
risedtofindnoonetherewhenIarrived.(6)Ateacherwhohas
experienceshouldhaveanideaaboutwhatheshoulddoinsucha
condition.Anexperiencedteachershouldknowwhattodoinsuch
acondition.(7)Doyouknowthegirlwhoisdressedinred?Doyo
uknowthegirlinred?(8)Wedidn’tknowhertelephonenumber,s
owecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.Notknowinghertelephonenu
mber,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.(9)Johnsonlookedlike
amanwhowaswantedinLosAngelesforrobbery.Johnsonlookedl
ikeamanwantedinLosAngelesforrobbery.(10)Wefinallyreach
edhomeat10p.m.,andweweretiredandhungry.Wefinallyreac
hedhomeat10p.m.,tiredandhungry.三、段落的设计一般说来,一个段落由三部分组成:主题句
、扩展句和结论句。主题句提出论述的主题,扩展句利用必要的细节对主题加以论证说明,结论句总结全文,在论证的基础上得出结论。这三者
是段落的必要成分,他们相辅相成,构成一个完整的段落。有些段落还有过渡句,以实现句与句、段与段之间的顺利过渡。1.主题句写好主题
句应遵循的两条原则：（1）主题句要明确。句中须有一个词、词组或从句让读者一目了然本段的确切主题,明确本段的重点或作者的观点。主题
句不能太具体，以致无法发挥，但也不能太笼统，以致观点不明确。例如:Thisparagraphwilltalkabout
birds.这句作为主题句就太笼统,不确切。试比较以下几句,下列几个主题句就确切地阐明了段落的主题:a.Birdsha
veagreatsenseofdirection.b.Petownersprefercertainspeci
esofbirds.c.Inmyopinion,abirdmakesabetterpetthanac
atdoes.d.Birdsaresufferingfromairpollution.（2）主题句要概括。句中陈述
你要说明的重点和观点,并且必须包含可扩展主题的词、词组或从句，应该是你将进一步表明态度和看法的概括。例如:Theyoung
girlstudiedChineseHistory.该主题句未能概括主题的要点,则不利于下面的扩展，最好增添一个词或一个
短语概括出主题事物的特点,以便顺利地展开论述或描写。例如:a.TheyounggirleagerlystudiedC
hineseHistory.b.TheyounggirlstudiedChineseHistoryundera
famoushistorian.c.Theyounggirlfoundthreereasonsforstudyi
ngChineseHistory.练习：请为下列段落选择合适的主题句（1).Forexample，teachersl
ivebysellingknowledge,philosophersbysellingwisdomandprie
stsbysellingspiritualcomfort.Thoughitmaybepossibletome
asurethevalueofmaterialgoodsintermsofmoney,itisveryd
ifficulttocalculatethetruevalueofserviceswhichpeopleper
formforus.Theconditionsofsocietyaresuchthatskillshave
tobepaidforinthesamewaythatgoodsarepaidforatshop.E
veryonehassomethingtosell.A.Sellingbecomesanimportantski
ll.B.Everyonelivesbysellingsomething.C.Ateacherhassometh
ingtosell.D.Sellingisnotnecessarilyagoodthing.（2).Befo
reenteringahouseinJapan,itisagoodmannertotakeoffyou
rshoes.InEuropeancountrieseventhoughshoessometimesbecome
verymuddy,thisisnotdone.AguestinaChinesehouseneverf
inishesadrink.Heleavesalittletoshowthathehashadenoug
h.InaMalaysianhouse,too,aguestleavesalittlefood.InEn
gland,aguestalwaysfinishesadrinktoshowthathehasenjoye
dit.Itseemsthatmannersindifferentcountriesareneverthe
same.A.Itisimportanttoknowdifferentmannersindifferentco
untries.B.ChinesemannerisdifferentfromthatofEngland.C.Di
fferentcountriesanddifferentraceshavedifferentmanners.D.M
annersindifferentcountriesseemthesame.（3).Firecanheatw
ater,cook,giveoutlightandkeepyourhousewarm.Sometimes,h
owever,bigfirescanburndownhousesandforests.Forexample,
YuanmingPalace,afamouspalaceinQingDynasty,wasruinedbya
bigfirecompletely.Sowemustbeverycarefulwithmatches,bu
rningcigarettes,faultyelectricappliancesorunquenched(未扑灭的)
fires.A.Fireisalwaysgoodtousinourlives.B.Weshouldbec
arefulaboutfire.C.Sometimesbigfireisverydangerous.D.Bec
arefulwithfirebecauseitdoesnotalwaysdousgood.2.扩展句扩展句的
作用是丰富、支持、扩展主题句的内涵，他们是段落的血和肉。扩展句的表达形式多种多样,可以按时间或空间顺序展开，也可以采用从整体到
局部或从局部到整体的方法叙述、描写、说明或议论,也可用对比、比喻、推导、归纳、演绎的手段来展现。扩展句的要求有两个:单一性和连
贯性。单一性:一个段落只说明一个问题,讲述一件事,扩展句必须紧紧地围绕着主题句,不偏离中心思想。连贯性:段落中各扩展句前
后衔接,条理清楚,合乎逻辑,使读者很容易抓住段落的中心思想。英语段落中常用一些连词、副词或短语连接各扩展句。例如，在议论文中,常
会用“首先,其次,然后,最后”等词来衔接各论据，以增强段落的条理性与连贯性。段落扩展句写法共有三种：列举法(listing)
列举法是通过列举一系列论据对主题句的论点进行广泛全面陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容重要性、时间、空间等进行。扩展句中可
列举现象、原因、结果、意义、措施等。列举法常用词语有：(1)两项列举①Ononehand,…Ontheotherhand
,…②Foronething,…Foranother,…③Tobeginwith,…Andwhat’smore,…(
2)三项列举①Foronething，…Foranother,…Andfinally/lastly,…②Tobe
ginwith,…Inaddition,…Andfinally/lastly,…③Firstandforemost
,…Furthermore/Moreover/Inaddition,…Lastbutnotleast,…因果关系法
(causeandeffect)因果分析用于阐述现象段落，以解释这种现象的成因。这种段落的一般结构为：一果多因，先果后因；原因
写法为：先内因后外因，先主观后客观。举例法(exemplification)用具体生动的事例论证主题，展示主题句中尚未展开的内容
和细节。如：Onecanhaveplentyofmoney,andatthesametimeheisn
othappybecauseheisneversatisfiedorheistroubledbyvario
uskindsofproblems.举例法写作要求：(1）所写例句的完整性：①句子完整②意义完整(2）所举例子的典型性：
①针对性强②众所周知练习：(1)找出一个违背单一性的扩展句。①Chinahasmadegreatprogressin
reducingitspopulationgrowth.②Chinahasalreadycutitsrateo
fpopulationgrowthbyaboutonehalfsince1970.③Itiswrongof
thewesterngovernmentstofindfaultwithitspoliciesofelimi
nationofpoverty.④Chinanowurgeseachfamilytohavenomoret
hanonechild.⑤Andithopestoreachzeropopulationgrowth,the
numberofbirthequalingthenumberofdeath,bytheyear2000.(
2)根据所给的主题句和提示,写段落的扩展句。主题句:Howexcitedwewerewhenwelearnedt
hatweweregoingtohaveaspringtour.①after—discussion—agree—
climb—outofthecity②we—oftenpassby—mountain—thefirsttime—t
hinkof—climbit③setout—early—morning④about—anhour—begin—tire
d—stillalongway—go⑤shortbreak—goon—climb⑥lunchtime—getto
thetop—mountain⑦ourbeautifulcity—belowus—happy—verytired结
尾句:Itprovesthatmanythingsarejustlikeclimbingamountain;
theylookattractive,buttheyarenoteasytodo.参考答案:Afterah
eateddiscussionweagreedtoclimbthemountainoutsidethecity
.Wehadpassedbythemountainwhenweweretakingabusoutof
thecity,butitwasthefirsttimewehadthoughtofclimbingit
.Westartedearlyinthemorning.Aboutanhourlater,webegan
tofeeltired,buttherewasstillalongwaytogo.Wetookash
ortbreakandthenwentonclimbing.Notuntillunchtimedidwe
gettothetopofthemountain.Atsightofourbeautifulcitybe
lowus，wefelthappythoughweweretiredout.(3)根据所给的主题句提示,写段落
的扩展句。主题句:Hewaskindandshybeforeagroupofnaughtygirls,bu
thewasverystrictinhisteachingandwithourstudents.①teac
hus—alotinknowledge—aswellasinmorality②Iremember—myfin
alexam③Haveanidea—lookupdictionary—secretly④Unfortunately—
discover—savemyface⑤Afterexam—call—tohisoffice—myheart—bea
tfast⑥Insteadofscolding—saykindly—advise—dogood—moved—tear
s⑦18years—pass—keep—remindme—studyhard—honest参考答案:Hetaught
usalotinknowledgeaswellasinmorality.Irememberthetime
ofmyfinalexamination.Ihadtheideaoflookingupmydiction
arysecretly.Unfortunately,mysecretwasdiscoveredbyhimand
hesaidnothingtosavemyface.Aftertheexamination,Iwascal
ledtohisoffice.Myheartwasbeatingfast.Insteadofscolding
,hetalkedkindlytomeandadvisedmetodogood.Iwasmovedto
tears.Eighteenyearshaspassed,butthelessonremainsdeepin
mymemoryandalwaysremindsmetostudyhardandkeephonest.3.
结论句结论句并非必不可少,但它能起到以下作用:①表示段落的结束；②总结要点,与主题句相呼应；③使读者就本段落的主要内容和见解有更
深刻的印象。结论句:(推荐)（1）主题句:Lifeislimited,butknowledgeisboundless.
结尾句:Howimportantitistoreadgoodbooks!感叹句（2）主题句:Booksa
refullofknowledgeandwisdom.结尾句:Whyshouldn’twereadmore
bookstosearchmoreandusethemtodevelopoursplendidfuture？
疑问句（3）主题句:WhenIwasalittlegirl,Ilivedwithmygrandparents
inafarawayvillage.结尾句:Timewasgonewiththewind.Butmych
ildhoodislikeamber(琥珀),glitteringinmylife.比喻（4）主题句:FromM
ondaytoFridaywegotoschool,andwehavetodohomeworkonSa
turdayandSunday.Ourrightsofenjoyingourweekendshavebeen
takenawaybythosewhowishustodowellinourlessons.结尾句:In
short,foryoungpeople,notonlyareweeagerforknowledgebut
alsowearethirstyforcolorfullives.Let’sbecometherealma
stersofweekends.概括总结（5）主题句:Successcomeswithhardwork.结尾句:So
,asTomasEdisononcesaid,geniusisonepercentinspirationan
dninetyninepercentperspiration.引用名言4.段落演练段落演练1结构：①健康的重要性（主题
句）②正面论述主题（扩展句1）③反面论述主题（扩展句2）④结论句(1)主题句Itisimportantforeveryon
eofustokeephealthyinourdailylives.(2)扩展句1Peoplewithgo
odhealthwillworkwithconfidenceandtheirprogressinworkin
turncontributestotheirhealthandhappiness.(3)扩展句2Asickp
ersonisusuallynotinterestedineverythingaroundhimandther
eforelosesmanyopportunitiestobesuccessful.(4)结论句Thereis
nodoubtthathealthisofgreatimportancetous.段落演练2结构：①采取措施解
决环保问题（主题句）②措施一（扩展句1）③措施二（扩展句2）④结论句(1)主题句Effective/Strictmeasure
smustbetakentosolvetheproblemofenvironmentpollution./In
viewoftheseriousnessoftheproblem,effectivemeasuresmust
betakenbeforethingsgetworse.(2)措施一（扩展句1）Foronething,we
shouldbeawareoftheseriousnessofenvironmentalproblemand
setagoodexampletoprotectthesurroundingsaroundus.(3)措施二（扩
展句2）Foranother,itishightimethatlawsandregulationswere
workedouttopreventourenvironmentfromanypollution.(4)结论句O
nlyinthisway,canwehaveacleanerandsaferlifeforourselv
esandforourfuturegenerations./Onlythroughthesemeasures,w
illweexpectanationwithcleanerandsaferlife.段落演练3结构：①移动电话
给我们的生活带来便利（主题句）②便利一（扩展句1）③便利二（扩展句2）④结论句(1）主题句Themobilephonesho
rtensthedistancebetweenpeopleandmakesourlifemoreconveni
ent.(2)便利一Ithasmadeiteasierforustocontactorbereachedb
yotherpeopleanytimeandanywhere.(3)便利二Wewillnevermissany
importantmeetings,arrangedappointmentsoradmirableopportunit
ieswithmobilephones.(4)结论句Thereisnodenyingthatthemobile
phonehasbecomeanecessityformostpeople.段落演练4结构：①素质教育的好处（
主题句）②好处一（扩展句1）③好处二（扩展句2)④好处三（扩展句3）(1)主题句Itisuniversallyacknow
ledgedthatQualityEducationisbeneficialtostudents.(2)好处一For
onething/Inthefirstplace,itwill,tosomeextent,freethe
mfromhomeworkandtests.(3)好处二Inthesecondplace,/Foranother,
itcanbroadenthestudents’visionandraisetheircapacities.（
4）好处三Andfinally,itvaluesabilitymorethanmemory,sostudents
willdeveloptheirallroundabilities.四、作文命题类型1.段首句/主题句作文写作要求：
审清题意理解段首句找准核心词确定方向与细节例1PleasuresinReading(1)Ienjoyreadingve
rymuch.(2)Inthefirstplace,readingcandisperseloneliness.
(3)Furthermore,readingcanaddfullnesstomylife.参考范文①Ienj
oyreadingverymuch.②QuiteoftenIamsoabsorbedinagoodboo
kthatIforgetmysurroundingsandevenmyself.③Ithinkreading
canoffermecertainpleasures.④Inthefirstplace,readingcan
disperseloneliness.⑤InthepagesofbooksIcantalkwiththew
iseandwalkinalllandsandalltimes.⑥ThepeopleImeetinbo
oksarealwaysreadytogivemefriendshipandencouragement.⑦Fur
thermore,readingcanaddfullnesstomylife.⑧ByreadingIcan
travelaroundthewholeworld,andleadvariedlives.⑨Throughbo
oksthebeautiesofnatureandtheenjoymentoflivesareallope
ntomywonderandappreciation.⑩Itcanbesaidthosewhocannot
enjoyreadingarepoormenandthosewhoenjoyreadingcanobtai
nthegreatestpleasurefromit.例2CrazeforCivilServiceExami
nations(1)Manypeopletakecivilserviceexamsinthehopeofbe
cominggovernmentemployees.(2)Thisgrowingtrendismainlyatt
ributabletotwofactors—ambitionsandcomforts.(3)Personally,
thedesiretobeagovernmentofficialisbeyondreproach（非议）.参考
范文①Manypeopletakepartincivilserviceexamsinthehopeofbe
cominggovernmentemployees.②Amongthem,collegegraduatesarea
fastgrowingforcethatcan’tbeignored.③Thecrazeforbeinga
civilservantisnotlimitedtoliteralartsmajors,asit’sals
ogainingpopularityamongscienceandengineeringstudents.④Thi
sgrowingtrendismainlyattributabletotwofactors—ambitionsa
ndcomforts.⑤Ononehand,collegegraduatesviewtheseexamsas
asteptoahighersocialstatus,greaterpowerandprestige.⑥On
theotherhand,itisquiteanappealingcareeroptiontomanyp
eople,asbeingacivilservantmeansstableincome,enviablehea
lthcareandpensionprogrammes.⑦Personally,thedesiretobeago
vernmentofficialisbeyondreproach.⑧Thenationneedsaninject
ionofnewbloodintothecivilservicesectors.⑨However,there
arenotenoughpositionsforsomanyapplicants.⑩Thisphenomenon
mustbethoughtoverbythepolicymakers.2.提纲作文写作要求：紧扣题目遵守提纲
确定主题构思段落例1MyViewonJobhopping（1）有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为……（2）有些人喜
欢经常换工作，因为……（3）我的看法。参考范文：MyViewonJobhopping①Somepeoplete
ndtosticktotheirpositionsallthetime.②Theythinkthelong
eroneworksinafield，themoreskillfulonewillbeatit.③Su
chpeoplelovetheirworkandturnouttobespecialistsintheir
ownfields．④Theyareusuallyhighachievers．⑤Othersareinthe
habitofjobhopping.⑥Theyneverseemcontentwiththeirpresent
situations．⑦Theyliketomeetmorepeopleandmakemoremoney，s
otheyhopfromjobtojob．⑧AsfarasIamconcerned，Iamnotin
favorofconstantjobhopping.⑨Iwanttobeprofessionallystro
ng．⑩AndIrespectthosewhodevotethemselvestotheirfavoritej
obsthroughouttheirlife.例2CanMoneyBuyHappiness(1)有人认为金钱是幸
福之本（sourceofhappiness）;(2)也有人认为金钱是万恶之源（rootofallevil）;(3)我
的看法。参考范文CanMoneyBuyHappiness①Somepeoplethinkthatmoneyis
thesourceofhappiness.②Intheirminds,moneycanbringcomfor
tandsecurity.③Money,astheythink,isthesourceofhappiness
.④However,therearestillalotofotherswhothinkthatmoney
istherootofallevil.⑤Moneydrivespeopletobreakthelaw.⑥
Alotofpeoplebecamecriminalsjustbecausetheywereinsearch
ofmoney.⑦Manypeoplelosetheirownlivesbecauseofmoney.⑧I
thinkthateventhoughmoneyisnecessarytolife,itcan’tbuy
happiness.⑨Onecanhaveplentyofmoney,andatthesametimehe
isnothappybecauseheisneversatisfiedorheistroubledby
variouskindsofproblems.⑩Happinessisastateofmindandcan
notbemeasuredbymoney.3.图表作文写作要求：把握主题做分析描述图表写趋势分析图表找原因解决办法给建议
例1Writeacompositionabout120wordsonthetopicCellPhonesac
cordingtotheoutline:（1）描述图中所示手机用户数的变化情况；（2）出现这种情况的原因；（3）对此
现象做出评价。参考范文CellPhones①Asisshowninthechart,cellphonesare
becomingincreasinglypopularinChina.②In1999,thenumberof
cellphonesinusewasonly2million,butin2002,thenumberre
aches5million.③Andintheyear2005,thenumberhassuddenlys
oaredto9million.④Therearemanyfactorscontributingtothis
trend.⑤Foronething,acellphonecanbecarriedeverywhereeas
ily.⑥Foranother,itissomethingwonderfulthatwecanhavefun
withnews,games,musicandchatthroughsendingshortmessages.
⑦Andfinally,thedropinpriceandfunctionimprovementhavema
deitpossibleforustouse.⑧Cellphonesarewidelyusedeveryw
hereinourcountry.⑨Thefunctionshavemadepeoplereluctantto
separatethemselvesfromtheircellphone.⑩Theyarebecomingmo
reandmoreindispensableinourdailylives.例2Writeacompositi
onabout120wordsonthetopicChangesinPeople’sDailyExpense
saccordingtothetableandtheinformation.(1)描述图表中人们每天开支变化情况
;(2)请说明发生这些变化的原因;(3)结合图表对未来做出合理的预测。参考范文ChangesinPeople’sDail
yExpenses①Thetableindicatesthatdramaticchangeshavetakenp
laceinthepeople’sdailyexpensesfrom1995to1999.②Theexpen
sesonfoodhavedeclinedby30%whilethoseonclothingandrecr
eationhaveincreasedby16%.③Thestatisticsofriseandfallar
ecloselyrelatedtooneanother.④Therearetwofactorsaccounti
ngforthesechanges.⑤Ononehand,Theincreasedincomeplaysan
importantpartinthelessexpenseonfood.⑥Ontheotherhand,P
eoplearechangingtheirlifestylebyspendingmoreonclothing
andrecreation.⑦Asaresultofsuchashift,peoplearelivingm
orecomfortablythanbefore.⑧Wemaycometotheconclusionthatp
eople’slivingstandardshavebeenconstantlyimprovedinthefiv
eyears.⑨Chinesepeoplebenefitalotfromthecountry’sreform
andopeninguppolicy.⑩Withthefurthergrowthineconomyandmo
rechangesinlifestyle,thetendencywillcontinueinthebette
rdirection.图表作文常用词语:上升：increase，rise,goup,climb,mount下降:d
ecrease,fall,drop,decline,reduce平稳:stable,steady,remainth
esameas波动:fluctuate,riseandfall,upanddown占:occupy,tak
eup,accountfor相比:bycontrast,onthecontrary,comparedwith
趋势:tendency,trend,inclination4.信函作文（事务信函）写作要求首段尾段要简短中间段落有结构内容
表达合逻辑信函格式不出错事务信函(BusinessLetters)事务信函的目的各不相同，包括求职信、申请信、询问信、投诉信、
邀请信、感谢信等。要求按固定格式，有一定的语言驾驭能力。例1ALettertotheUniversityPresiden
tabouttheCanteenServiceonCampus假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应
涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。参考范文June7th,2013DearM
r.President,①I’mathirdyearstudentoftheuniversity.②I’mwr
itingtocomplainaboutthecanteenserviceoncampus.③Foroneth
ing,moreandmorestudentsarecomplainingabouteatingthesame
foodeachday.④SoIthinkthemosturgentproblemisvariety.⑤
Foranother,thepriceisabittoohigh.⑥Manyofushopethatt
hecanteencanprovideuswithnotonlydeliciousbutalsocheape
rfood.⑦Finally,theenvironmentisverynoisy.⑧Isuggestthat
therebesomesoftmusictohelpusrelax.⑨Thesesuggestionsare
frommanystudentsoftheuniversity.⑩Wehopeyouwillpayatten
tiontothem.Bestwishes,Yourssincerely,LiMing例2Writealetter
toacompanyforapositionasacomputerengineerinabout120
words.Yourlettershouldinclude:(1)Whydoyouchoosethecompa
ny.(2)Whydoyouthinkthatyouarecapablefortheposition.Jun
e7th,2013DearSirorMadam,I’magraduatefromZhengzhouUnivers
ityandmymajoriscomputerscience.Iamwritingtoapplyfort
hepositionasacomputerengineerinyourcompany.Iknowthatyourcompanyisthekinginsoftwareanditwouldbeagreatopportunityformetostartmycareerhere.IbelievethatI’mcapablefortheposition.Firstofall,IhaveastronginterestinsoftwareandgotBandTwocertificateforcomputer,whichwasoutstandinginmyclass.Besides,Ihaveattendedvariouscomputercontestsandwontopprizesseveraltimes,whichgreatlyenrichedmyknowledgeoncomputer.Andfinally,Igainedwideexperienceinsoftwarebydoingparttimejobinacompanyfortwoyears.Iwouldbepleasedifyoucouldoffermeanopportunitytointerview.I’mlookingforwardtoyourearlyreply.Bestwishes.Sincerelyyours,LiHua五、作文万能句型1.主题句(1)Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat…(2)Recentlytheproblemof…hasbeenbroughtintofocus.(3)Nowadaysthereisagrowingconcernover…(4)Thereisnodenyingthat…(5)Recentstudiesindicatethat…(6)Thereissufficientevidencetoshowthat…2.因果关系句(1）Anumberoffactorsmightcontributeto(leadto)thephenomenon(problem)of…(2）Theanswertotheproblemof…involvesmanyreasons.(3）Oneofthemostcommonfactors(causes)isthat…(4）Itmaygiverisetoahostofproblems.(5）Theimmediateresultitproducesis…(6）Itwillexerciseaprofoundinfluenceupon…(7）It’sconsequencecanbesogreatthat…3.举例说明句(1)Agoodcaseinpointis…(2)Asanillustration,wemaytake…(3)…isoftencitedasanexample.(4）Icanthinkofnobetterillustrationsthanthefactthat…(5）Weshouldnotlosesightofthefactthat…4.结论句(1)Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wecandrawtheconclusionthat…(2)Itishightimethatstrictmeasuresshouldbetakento…(3)Itisnecessarythatstepsbetakento…(4)Tosolvetheabovementionedproblem,wemust…(5)Takingalltheseintoaccount,we…(6)Onlyinthisway,canwe…(7)Onlythroughthesemeasures,willwe…(8)Thereisnodoubt/denyingthat… |
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