919mmParabellum1
919mmParabellum
919mmParabellum
919mmParabellumFMJ(left)andhollowpoint(right)rounds
TypeHandgun
PlaceoforiginGermanEmpire
Servicehistory
UsedbyNATOandothers
WarsWorldWarIpresent
Productionhistory
DesignerGeorgLuger
Designed1901
Produced1902present
Variants9mmNATO
919mmParabellum+P
919mm7N21+P+
919mm7N31+P+
Specifications
Parentcase7.6521mmParabellum
CasetypeRimless,tapered
Bulletdiameter9.01mm(0.355in)
Neckdiameter9.65mm(0.380in)
Basediameter9.93mm(0.391in)
Rimdiameter9.96mm(0.392in)
Rimthickness0.90mm(0.035in)
Caselength19.15mm(0.754in)
Overalllength29.69mm(1.169in)
Casecapacity0.862cm3(13.30grH
2O)
PrimertypeBerdanorBoxersmallpistol
Maximumpressure235.00MPa(34,084psi)
919mmParabellum2
Ballisticperformance
Bulletweight/typeVelocityEnergy
7.45g(115gr)FMJ390m/s(1,300ft/s)570J(420ftlbf)
8.04g(124gr)FMJ360m/s(1,200ft/s)518J(382ftlbf)
7.50g(116gr)JHP377m/s(1,240ft/s)533J(393ftlbf)
7.45g(115gr)JHP+P411m/s(1,350ft/s)632J(466ftlbf)
7.45g(115gr)JHP+P+435m/s(1,430ft/s)704J(519ftlbf)
Testbarrellength:Tests1,2&3:150mm(5.91in)/Tests4&5:118mm(4.65in)
Source(s):Sellier&Bellot,[1]VihtavuoriReloadingGuide2009,[2]BuffaloBore,[3]C.I.P.,[]Cor-Bon[4]
The919mmParabellum(abbreviated9mm,9mmP,919mmor919)cartridgewasdesignedbyGeorgLuger
andintroducedin1902bytheGermanweaponsmanufacturerDeutscheWaffen-undMunitionsfabriken(DWM)for
theirLugersemi-automaticpistol.[5]Forthisreason,itisdesignatedasthe9mmLuger/9mmLuger+Pbythe
SAAMI[6]andthe9mmLugerbytheC.I.P.(differentiatingitfromthe9mmMakarovand9mmBrowning
cartridges).UnderSTANAG4090,itisastandardcartridgeforNATOforcesaswellasmanynon-NATO
countries.[7]
ThenameParabellumisderivedfromtheLatin:Sivispacem,parabellum("Ifyouseekpeace,prepareforwar"),
whichwasthemottoofDWM.[][]
Accordingtothe2006editionofCartridgesoftheWorld,the919mmParabellumis"theworld''smostpopularand
widelyusedmilitaryhandguncartridge."[]Inadditiontobeingusedbyover60%ofpoliceintheU.S.,Newsweek
credits919pistolsaleswithmakingsemi-automaticpistolsmorepopularthanrevolvers.[8]Thepopularityofthis
cartridgecanbeattributedtothewidelyheldconvictionthatitiseffectiveinpoliceandself-defenseuse.[9]Itslow
costandwideavailabilityareself-sustainingcontributorstothecaliber''scontinuingpopularity.
Origins
GeorgLugerdevelopedthe919mmParabellumcartridgefromLuger''searlier7.6521mmParabellum.In1902,
LugerpresentedthenewroundtotheBritishSmallArmsCommitteeaswellasthreeprototypeversionstotheU.S.
ArmyfortestingatSpringfieldArsenalinmid-1903.TheGermanNavyadoptedthecartridgein1904andin1906
theGermanArmyadopteditaswell.[]
Theinitialcartridgewascreatedbyremovingthebottleneckofthe7.65mmLugercartridge,resultinginatapered
rimlesscartridge.Theogiveofthebulletwasslightlyredesignedinthe1910sinordertoimprovefeeding.
ToconserveleadduringWorldWarIIinGermany,theleadcorewasreplacedbyanironcoreencasedwithlead.
Thisbullet,identifiedbyablackbulletjacket,wasdesignatedasthe08mE(mitEisenkern"withironcore").By
1944,theblackjacketofthe08mEbulletwasdroppedandthesebulletswereproducedwithnormalcopper-colored
jackets.Anotherwartimevariationwasdesignatedthe08sEbulletandidentifiedbyitsdarkgrayjacket,andwas
createdbycompressingironpowderathightemperatureintoasolidmaterial(Sintereisen"sinterediron").[10]
919mmParabellum3
Popularity
AfterWorldWarI,acceptanceofthiscaliberincreased.Nine-millimeterpistolsandsubmachinegunswereadopted
bymilitaryandpoliceusersinanumberofcountries.[11]The919mmParabellumhasbecomethemostpopular
caliberforU.S.lawenforcementagencies,primarilyduetotheavailabilityofcompactpistolswithlargemagazine
capacitythatusethiscartridge.[12]
Worldwide,itisoneofthemorepopularpistolcartridgeswhereitislegal,(somecountriesbancivilianuseof
weaponsthatchambercurrentorformermilitarycartridges)andcartridgesinthiscaliberaregenerallyavailable
anywherepistolammunitionissold.
Fromtheearly1980stothemid-1990s,therewasasharpincreaseinthepopularityofsemiautomaticpistolswhich
coincidedwiththeadoptionoftheS&WModel39bytheIllinoisStatePolicein1968,andtheBerettaM9(a
militaryversionoftheBerettaModel92)bytheU.S.Armyin1985.Previously,mostpolicedepartmentsissued.38
Specialcaliberrevolverswithasix-shotcapacity.The.38Specialwaspreferredtootherweaponssuchasvariantsof
theM1911becauseitofferedlowrecoil,wassmallandlightenoughtoaccommodatedifferentshooters,andwas
relativelyinexpensive.[]
The9mmisballisticallysuperiortothe.38Specialrevolvercartridge,[13]isshorteroverall,andbeinganautoloader
cartridge,itisstoredinflatmagazines,asopposedtocylindricalspeedloaders.This,coupledwiththeadventofthe
so-called''wondernines''ledtomanyUSpolicedepartmentsexchangingtheirrevolversforsomeformof9mm
automatichandgunsbythe1980s.[]
Cartridgedimensions
The919mmParabellumhas0.86ml(13.3grainsH2O)cartridgecasecapacity.
919mmParabellummaximumC.I.P.cartridgedimensions.[]Allsizesinmillimeters(mm).
Thecartridgeheadspacesonthemouthofthecase.[14]Thecommonriflingtwistrateforthiscartridgeis250mm(1
in9.84in),6grooves,lands=8.82mm,grooves=9.02mm,landwidth=2.49mmandtheprimertypeissmall
pistol.
919mmParabellum4
Threeprojectiletypes:unjacketed(lead),full
metaljacket,andhollowpoint.
AccordingtotheofficialC.I.P.(CommissionInternationale
PermanentePourL''EpreuveDesArmesAFeuPortatives)guidelines
the919mmParabellumcasecanhandleupto235MPa(34,100psi)
piezopressure.InC.I.P.regulatedcountrieseverypistolcartridge
combohastobeproofedat130%ofthismaximumC.I.P.pressureto
certifyforsaletoconsumers.
TheSAAMIpressurelimitforthe919mmParabellumissetat
241.32MPa(35,001psi)piezopressure.[15]
TheSAAMIpressurelimitforthe919mmParabellum+Pissetat
265.45MPa(38,500psi)piezopressure.
Emptycaseweighsapproximately4g(0.14oz).
Performance
Anexpanded124grain919mmParabellum
jacketedhollowpoint.
Theroundwasoriginallydesignedtobelethalto50mbutthebullet
travelsandislethalatlongerranges.
The9mmcartridgecombinesaflattrajectorywithmoderaterecoil.
Accordingtothe1986bookHandloading:"themodernscienceofwound
ballisticshasestablishedbeyondreasonabledoubtthatthe9mmcartridge
ishighlyeffective."[9]
Theenergydeliveredbymost9mmloadsallowsforsignificant
expansionandpenetrationwithpremiumJHPbullets.IllinoisState
Police,BorderPatrol,FederalAirMarshalsandUnitedStatesSecret
Servicefavoredandused7.5g(115gr)+P+9mmloadsat400m/s
(1,300ft/s)foryearswithexcellentresults.[]MassadAyoobhasstated
thatthe"Tried,Tested,andTrue"7.5g(115gr)+Por+P+isthebest
self-defenseloadinthiscaliber.[]Proponentsofthehydrostaticshock
theorycontendthattheenergyofthe9mmcartridgeiscapableofimpartingremotewoundingeffectsknownas
hydrostaticshock,inhuman-sizedlivingtargets.[][16][17]
919mmParabellumpistolswithstandard(notextended)double-stackmagazinescanholdupto20cartridges,such
asthe9mmversionoftheSIGSauerP226TacticalOperations.
Thetablebelowshowscommonperformanceparametersforseveral919mmloads.Bulletweightsrangingfrom
115to147gr(7.5to9.5g)arecommon.Loadsareavailablewithenergiesfromjustover400J(300ftlb)toover
750J(550ftlb),andpenetrationdepthsfrom200mm(8in)toover1.0m(40in)areavailableforvarious
applicationsandriskassessments.
919mmParabellum5
ManufacturerLoadMassVelocityEnergyExpansion[18]Penetration[18]PC[18]TSC[18]
Cor-BonJHP7.5g
(115gr)
410m/s
(1,350ft/s)
630J
(465ftlb)
14mm
(0.55in)
360mm(14.2in)56mL
(3.4cuin)
631mL
(38.5cuin)
ATOMIC
Ammo
JHP+P8.0g
(124gr)
400m/s
(1,300ft/s)
630J
(465ftlb)
15mm
(0.60in)
330mm(13in)0mL
(0cuin)
0mL(0cuin)
(est)
SpeerGoldDotJHP8.0g
(124gr)
400m/s
(1,310ft/s)
640J
(472ftlb)
18mm
(0.70in)
337mm
(13.25in)
84mL
(5.1cuin)
616mL
(37.6cuin)(est)
FederalHydraShok
JHP+P+
8.0g
(124gr)
370m/s
(1,220ft/s)
560J
(410ftlb)
17mm
(0.67in)
340mm(13.4in)77mL
(4.7cuin)
734mL
(44.8cuin)
RemingtonGoldenSaber
JHP
9.5g
(147gr)
300m/s
(990ft/s)
430J
(320ftlb)
16mm
(0.62in)
370mm(14.5in)72mL
(4.4cuin)
544mL
(33.2cuin)
WinchesterSilvertip7.5g
(115gr)
373m/s
(1,225ft/s)
519J
(383ftlb)
18mm
(0.72in)
200mm(8.0in)54mL
(3.3cuin)
274mL
(16.7cuin)
WinchesterWWBJHP9.5g
(147gr)
300m/s
(990ft/s)
430J
(320ftlb)
15mm
(0.58in)
400mm(15.9in)69mL
(4.2cuin)
321mL
(19.6cuin)
WinchesterFMJ7.5g
(115gr)
352m/s
(1,155ft/s)
462J
(341ftlb)
9.1mm
(0.36in)
620mm(24.5in)41mL
(2.5cuin)
174mL
(10.6cuin)
Key:
Expansion:expandedbulletdiameter(ballisticgelatin).
Penetration:penetrationdepth(ballisticgelatin).
PC:permanentcavityvolume(ballisticgelatin,FBImethod).
TSC:temporarystretchcavityvolume(ballisticgelatin).
Improvementsandvariations
Inadditiontothetraditionalpressurevaluesforthiscartridge,therearetwomainvariantsthatofferdifferent
pressurestandardsthantheSAAMIorC.I.Prequirements.
919mm+Pvariant
A9mmLugercartridgevariant.
Attemptstoimproveballisticsofthecartridgecameintheearly1990s
withthewidespreadavailabilityofhighpressureloadingsofthe9mm
cartridge.Suchoverpressurecartridgesarelabeled"+P"orinthecase
ofveryhighpressureloadings"+P+".[19]Ballisticperformanceof
theseroundswasmoderatelyimprovedoverthestandardloadings.In
addition,improvementsinjacketedhollowpointbullettechnology
haveproducedbulletdesignsthataremorelikelytoexpandandless
likelytofragmentthanearlieriterations,givinga9mmbulletbetter
terminaleffectiveness.[]
919mmParabellum6
9mmNATOvariant
Comparisonof7.62mmNATO,5.56mmNATO
and9mmNATO.
The9mmcartridgehasbeenmanufacturedby,orfor,morethan70
differentcountriesandhasbecomeastandardpistolcaliberforNATO
andothermilitaryforcesaroundtheworld.Itsofficialnomenclature
amongNATOusersis"9mmNATO".The9mmNATOcanbe
consideredasanoverpressurevariantofthe919mmParabellumthat
isdefinedbyNATOstandards.[20]TheservicepressurePmaxofthe
9mmNATOisratedat252MPa(36,500psi)whereC.I.P.ratesthe
9mmLugerPTmaxsomewhatlowerat235MPa(34,100psi).The
315MPa(45,700psi)proofingtestpressureusedinthe9mmNATO
prooftesthoweverequalstheproofingtestpressureusedinthe9mm
LugerC.I.P.prooftest.
WhiletheNATOstandardsdonotspecifythetypeofbullettobeused,
DeclarationIIIoftheHagueConventionof1899prohibitstheuseof
expandingammunitioninwarfarebysignatories,andthereforeofficial
9mmNATOammunitionisFMJ"ball"bullets.However,JAG
attorneysfortheU.S.militaryhaveissuedopinionsontheuseof"open-tip"ammunitionbysnipers,statingthatsuch
ammunitionislegalaccordingtothelawsofwarincludingtheHagueConvention("open-tip"ammunitionisstill
fullyjacketed,andnotdesignedtoexpandonimpact).[21]DeclarationIIIalsodoesnotapplyinconflictsinvolving
non-signatoriestotheHagueConvention,includingparamilitaryandothernon-governmentalfightingforces.[22]
9mmSESAMS
TheUnitedStatesMilitaryusesredandbluemarkingroundsinthe
9mmcaliberknownasSpecialEffectsSmallArmsMarkingSystems
(SESAMS).Commonlyusedfortrainingsimulations,theseroundsare
comparableinfunctiontothepaintballsusedinpaintballmarkers,
excepttheyarefiredwithapowdercharge,andcanbeshotinBeretta
M9servicepistolswithonlyabarrelmodification(TheGlock
19-series9mmpistol,commonamongpolicedepartments,hasa
similaravailablemodification).The9mmSESAMSroundsarefired
fromspeciallymodifiedpistolsaswellasM16andM4rifles,which
areincapableofchamberingstandardliveammunition.
919mmParabellum7
Boxof"Cartridge,9mmFXBlueMarking
(DODICAA21)withamodifiedBerettaM9
pistol
SESAMSweaponsorcomponentsarenormallypaintedblueor
otherwiseclearlymarked,inordertodenotetheirinertstatusandavoid
apotentiallycatastrophicmixupwithlive-fireweapons.[23]Thisallows
thearmedforcestotrainwithnearlyidenticalequipmentasusedin
reallifesituations.[24]Thebrandnameforthisammunition,whichis
soldcommerciallyandtolawenforcement,isSimunition.
Russianmilitaryoverpressurevariants
TheRussianmilitaryhasdevelopedspecialized919mmcartridges
thatutilizerelativelylightbulletsathighmuzzlevelocitiesforboth
pistolsandsubmachinegunstodefeatbodyarmour.[25]
Besidesenhancedpenetrationcapabilitiestheseoverpressurevariants
offeraflattertrajectoryandlessenedrecoil.Theincreaseinservice
pressurecausesariseinboltthrust,sotheuseofthisoverpressure
ammunitioninducesmorestressoncriticalweaponpartsduringfiring.
Afterinitialresearch,conductedsincethelate1980sunderthe
codename"Grach",theRussianarmedforcesadoptedtwospecialized
919mmvariants.[]
Chambering721(7N21)731(7N31)/PBP
Cartridgeweight9.5g(147gr)8.1g(125gr)
Bulletweight5.2g(80.2gr)4.1g(63.3gr)
Muzzlevelocity460m/s(1,509ft/s)600m/s(1,969ft/s)
Muzzleenergy561J(414ftlbf)756J(558ftlbf)
Accuracyoffireat
25m(27yd)(R50)
25mm(1.0in)
Maximumpressure280MPa(41,000psi)
R50at25m(27yd)meanstheclosest50percentoftheshotgroupwillallbewithinacircleof25mm(1.0in)diameterat25m(27yd).
The7N21(Cyrillic:721)919mmoverpressurevariantfeaturesanarmourpiercingbulletandgeneratesapeak
pressureof280MPa(41,000psi).[]The7N21bulletfeaturesahardened(sub-caliber)steelpenetratorcore,enclosed
byabimetaljacket.Thespacebetweenthecoreandjacketisfilledwithpolyethylene,andthetipofthepenetratoris
exposedatthefrontofthebullet,toachievebetterpenetration.Thepenetrationrangeforbodyarmorisspecifiedat
upto40m.TheMP-443GrachandGSh-18pistolsandPP-19-01,PP-90M1andPP-2000submachinegunswere
designedforusagewiththisoverpressurecartridge.Jane''sInfantryWeaponsstatedin2003thatthe7N21cartridge
combinesthe919mmParabellumdimensionswitha921mmGyurzabulletdesignandwasdevelopedspecifically
forthepenetrationofbodyarmorandfortheMP-443Grachpistol,thelatestRussianservicepistol.[]
The7N31(Cyrillic:731)/PBP919mmoverpressurevariantusesthesameconceptwithasimilarbutlighter
bulletthatachieveshighermuzzlevelocity.Thepenetrationofan8mmthicksteelplateisspecifiedatupto10m.
The7N31cartridgewasdevelopedinthelate1990sfortheGSh-18pistol.The7N31wasadoptedforthePP-90M1
andPP-2000submachineguns.Itsmaximumservicepressureremainsunclear.
919mmParabellum8
9mmmajor
"9mmmajor"isatermcommonamonghandloadersinIPSCandUSPSAcompetitionsintheopendivision.It
describesa919mmloadedtoreachorsurpassthe"major"powerfactorinthosecompetitions,somethingthatvery
fewcommercialself-defenseloadsdo.SuchloadsareonlyrarelywithinthelimitsdefinedbySAAMIorCIP,
exceedingeven+Ploads.Usually,theyarerelativelylargechargesofarelativelyslow-burningpowdercombined
withlightbulletsandalongerthanstandardOAL.Sincetheycanbeusedwithcommon919brass,theyare
consideredacheaperalternativeto.38Super.Thisammunitionputsagreaterstrainonthegunthannormal
ammunition.
Othervariants
VBR-Bproducesspecializedbulletsforthiscartridge,a2-partcontrolledfragmentingprojectileandan
armor-piercingbulletthatfeaturesabrasssabotandahardenedsteelpenetrator.Thesearedesignedforincreasing
thecontentofthepermanentwoundcavityanddoublethechancetohitavitalorgan.[26]
Synonyms
919
9mm
9mmLuger
9mmNATO
919mm
919mmNATO
9mmParabellum
9mmPara
References
[5]Hogg,IanV.;Weeks,JohnS.MilitarySmallArmsofthe20thCentury(7thEdition),p.40.KrausePublications,2000
[6]SAAMI9mmLuger/9mmLuger+Pcartridgeandchamberdrawings(http://www.saami.org/PubResources/CC_Drawings/Pistol/9mm
Luger-9mmLuger+P.pdf)
[7]NATOInfantryWeaponsStandardization,PerG.Arvidsson,ChairmanWeapons&SensorsWorkingGroupLandCapabilityGroup1-
DismountedSoldierNATOArmyArmamentsGroup(http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2008Intl/Arvidsson.pdf)
[8]Adler,Jerry,etal."StoryofaGun."Newsweek149.18(30Apr.2007):36-39.MasterFILEPremier.EBSCO.DallasPublicLibrary,Dallas,
TX.retrieved10June2009.Newsweekonlineedition(http://www.newsweek.com/id/35253)
[9]Davis,WilliamC.(1986).Handloading,SecondPrinting:NationalRifleAssociation.ISBN0-935998-34-9p242-243
[12]CCI/SpeerInc.(2007).ReloadingManual#14ISBN978-0-9791860-0-4
[14]Wilson,R.K.TextbookofAutomaticPistols,p.239.Plantersville,SC:SmallArmsTechnicalPublishingCompany,1943.
[16]SturtevantB,ShockWaveEffectsinBiomechanics,Sadhana,23:579596,1998.
[18]MarshallandSanow,StreetStoppers,AppendixA,Paladin2006
[19]Whatis+Pand+P+ammunition?(http://www.frfrogspad.com/miscellk.htm#+P)
[20]ProofofOrdnance,Munitions,ArmourandExplosives,MinistryofDefenceDefenceStandard05101Part1(http://www.dstan.mod.uk/
data/05/101/01000100.pdf)
[21]http://www.thegunzone.com/opentip-ammo.html
[22]http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/dec99-03.asp
[23]Bianco,Michael(2009-06-04)"Marinesconducturbanwarfaretraining(http://www.marines.mil/unit/31stmeu/Pages/
Marinesconducturbanwarfaretraining.aspx)",marines.mil,Retrieved2009-12-21.(ArchivedbyWebCiteathttp://www.webcitation.org/
5mCeN99CA)
[24]SeniorMasterSgt.StevenBliss(2009-08-06)"CommandoWarrioraddsrealisticcombattrainingwithsimunitions(http://www.andersen.
af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123109380)"Retrieved2009-12-21
[25]Russian919mmPistolRounds,LandForcesWeaponsExportCatalog,page109(http://www.military-today.com/russian_land_forces.
pdf)
919mmParabellum9
Externallinks
Articleon919mmParabellumcartridgecollectingincludinghistorywithphotosanddescriptionsofvariations
includingheadstamps(http://cartridgecollectors.org/documents/Introduction-to-9mm-Luger-Cartridges.pdf)
BallisticsByTheInch919mmParabellumResults.(http://www.ballisticsbytheinch.com/9luger.html)
ArticleSourcesandContributors10
ArticleSourcesandContributors
919mmParabellumSource:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=553443639Contributors:3006fan,777sms,8000Shooter,Alatari,AliveFreeHappy,AllisterMacLeod,Amk10003,
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UNHchabo,Vandervahn,Ve3,VoxLuna,VyznevXnebara,WatchingDragon,Wavehunter,Welsh,WikHead,Wikibofh,Wikidenizen,Winterheart,Workpermit,Wterrell,Wwoods,
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