1stExamAnswers–AGP496Viticulture–March7,2017–101ptsName:1
.Grapesalongwitholive,fig,date,andpomegranateweresomeof
thefirstperennialstobecultivatedinearlyhumansettlements
.Whywerethesethefirsttobecultivated?(2pts)Theywereth
eeasiesttopropagate2.Givetworeasonswhygrapeswereanimpor
tantfoodsourcetoearlyhumancivilizations?(2pts)Highcalori
ccontentbothfresh(25%)anddried(75%)Winelesslikelytobe
contaminatedthanwaterInebriatingeffectsofwineYeastsediments
providedimportantcompoundsforhumanhealth3.Givetwohumanac
tivitiesthatcontributedtothemovementofgrapespeciesaround
theworld.(2pts)Migration,trade,exploration,wars4.Vitisvini
feraplantedinNorthAmericabyearlysettlersincloseproximit
ytoothernativeVitisspeciesresultedinwhat?(2pts)Natural
hybridizationNewvarietiesselected,example‘Concord’5.Whatwas
theresultofnativeNorthAmericanVitisspeciesbeingtakenbac
ktoEuropebyexplorers?(2pts)Non-indigenousinsectsanddisea
seintroduced6.SomeCaliforniaregionshaveanidealclimatefor
viticulture.Whatistheclimatelike?(2pts)Warmtohotsummer
days,coolnights,littlesummerrainfall,mostraininwinter7.
Whatgrapeplantstructuresorpartshavethefollowingfunctions
?(3)cordonssupportscanesrootsanchorageinsoilandstorageoff
oodreservesleavesphotosynthesistrunksupportscordonsandcanessh
ootsleavesandflowerclustersdevelopalongcanesmatureshootswi
thoutleaves8.Whatgrapeplantstructuresorpartscanoccurata
nodealongtheshoot?(2pts)Leaf,buds,tendril,flowercluster
9.Whatisthecompoundbudofagrapevinemade-upof?(2pts)Prim
ary,secondary,andtertiarybuds10.Whatgrapebudstartsgrowth
inthespringifitisnotdamagedbylowwintertemperature?(2)
Primary11.Whatgrapebudstartsgrowthinthespringifdamagedb
ylowwintertemperaturehasoccurred?(2)Secondaryortertiary12
.Flowerclustersformcontinuouslyalonggrapeshoots.(2pts)To
rF13.Branchingofshootsduringthegrowingseasonisduetothe
growthofwhichbud?Wheredoesthisbudoccurontheshoot?(2)
LateralAtthenodeadjacenttothecompoundbud14.Whatgrapeplan
tstructureorpartgetsprunedawaysubstantiallyinthedormant
season?Howmanynodesareusuallylefttobearnextseason’sc
rop?(2pts)Canes50to7515.Whatisthebinomialnomenclaturefor
theimportantEuropeanwinegrape?Whatpartofthescientific
plantclassificationdoesthebinomialnomenclaturerepresent?(2
pts)VitisviniferaGenusandspecies16.Givetwoplantcharacteris
ticsforeachofthefollowingsubgeneraofVitis.(2pts)Euvitis
:barkshedsatmaturity,nodeswithdiaphragmsacrosspith,fork
edtendrils,elongatedclusters,berriesthatadheretopedicels
atmaturity,seedspyriform,manyfruitflavorsMuscadinia:tight
non-sheddingbarkwithprominentlenticels,nodeswithoutdiaphra
gmsacrosspith,simpletendrils,smallclusters,berrieswithto
ughskins,berriesthatdetachonebyoneastheymature,seedso
blong,muskyfruitflavor17.WhichofthefollowingAmericanspeci
esareusedforA.fruitingorB.rootstock?Someareusedforb
oth.(4pts)ABripariaABlabruscaBcinereaBberlandieriABaestivalisBm
onticolaBrupestrisBcandicans18.Whatdothefollowinggrapeclass
ificationsmean?(3pts)Geographic:locationorcountry(French,
German,Italian,Spanish,Portuguese,US,China)Use:table,raisi
n,wine,distillationAmpelographic:botanicalcharacteristics(le
aves,shoots,flowers,clusters)19.WhywereAmericanVitisspecie
susedasrootstockforVitisvinifera?(2pts)Obtainphylloxera
andnematoderesistance20.TheFrench-Americanhybridgrapeswere
bredtobenon-graftedandgrownontheirownroots.(2pts)Tor
F21.TheAmericanhybridgrapeshavemostlyAmericanspeciesi
ntheirparentage;whereas,French-Americanhybridshavemostly
Vitisviniferaspeciesintheirparentage.(2pts)22.Someitems
inthemodelvineyardinchapterone,likeequipment,haveboth
fixedandvariablecostsassociatedthem.Distinguishbetweenth
esetwoterms.(2pts)Fixed:costtobuyVariable:costtooperate
23.Forthemodelvineyardinchapteroneofthetextbook,whatis
theownerequity?(2pts)Land24.Themodelvineyardinchapteron
eofthetextbookdecribesalotofcostsassociatedwithyears1
and2.Whataretwolargecostitems?(2pts)Planting,trellis
construction,equipment25.Whatoccursstartinginyear2ofthem
odelvineyardandincreasesthroughyear5thatstartstooffset
totalcostsplusinterest?Whatcostsareassociatedwithit?(2
pts)HarvestincomeLaborandharvestmaterials26.Whatdoesahigh
erpricepertonorhigheryieldperacredoforcumulativecash
flowor‘profitability’inthemodelvineyarddescribedinchapte
roneofthetextbook.(2pts)Becomespositivesoonerinthelife
ofthevineyard27.Yieldstabilityisimportantinthemodelvin
eyard.Whatdoesthismeanandwhateffectsit?(2pts)Vineyard
yieldsarestableorconsistentfromyeartoyearat5tonspera
creAdaptationofthegrapespeciesandcultivatedvariety,growin
gsite,climate28.Whataretwowaystheamountofmoneyinvested
(capitalinvestment)inthismodelvineyardcouldbereducedona
peracrebasis?(2pts)BuyusedequipmentHiringcustomservices
orleasingequipmentBorrowlessmoney,usemoreofyourownmoney
Increasevineyardacres29.Theowner/operatorofthismodelvineya
rdearnsmoneyinitsearlyyearsiftheyperformthe‘skilled’o
r‘unskilled’labor.(2pts)TorF30.Whataretwoabioticthreats
thatagoodvineyardsitewillminimize?(2pts)Lowwintertemper
atureSpringorfallfrostDroughtorexcessiverainfallHighwinds
Higherthanoptimumsummertemperature31.Ifasiteisnotsuitabl
eforgrowingaspecificgrapespeciesandcultivatedvariety,wh
atoptionsdoesagrowerhave?(2pts)ChooseanothersiteChoosea
nothergrapespeciesandcultivatedvariety32.Thetimeperiodbet
weenthefrostfreedateinthespringandthefirstfallfrostc
anbecalledwhat?Howlongshouldthisapproximatelybeformos
tgrapes?(2pts)Growingseason150to180days33.Giveagrapevine
plantpartthatcanbedamagedbyeachofthefollowingcoldeve
nts?(3pts)Springfrost:youngshootsFallfrost:leaves,shoots,
fruitWintercold:buds,canes,trunk34.Daytimetemperaturesof6
8to77degreesF(56to61degreesC)andnighttimetemperatures
of59to68degreesF(50to56degreesC)aredesirableforgro
winggrapesbecausephotosynthesisisincreasedduringtheday
andrespirationisreducedatnight.Thisleadstomaximumac
cumulationofcarbohydrate(sugar)inthevineandfruit.(3p
ts)35.Ahigherelevationvineyardsitewillhavewarmertemperatu
resandagreaternumberoffrost-freedaysduringthegrowingse
ason?(2pts)TorF36.Whatdoesplantingavineyardonaslightto
moderateslopeprovide?(2pts)SurfacewaterdrainageColdairmo
vementoutofthevineyard37.Whatdoesplantingavineyardneara
largebodyofwateratalowerelevationprovide?(2pts)Tempera
turemoderationWarmerwintersandcoolersummers38.Soilstructure
,micronutrients,waterholdingcapacity,andbioticdiversityar
eallincreasedbysoilorganicmatterintherangeof1to3%
inthesoil.Itisincreasedbyaddingmanure.(3pts)39.Ma
tchthefollowingtermsanddescriptions.(2.5pts)EpistillateA.
windpollinatedDself-fertileB.justmaleorganspresentorfe
maleorgansalsopresentbutnon-functioningBstaminateC.malean
dfemaleorganspresentAgrapepollinationD.self-pollinatingCp
erfectflowerE.justfemaleorganpresentormaleorgansalsopr
esentbutnon-functioning40.Whatdoes‘certified’grapenurseryst
ockimply?(2pts)GoodvinehealthDiseaseandpestfreeTrue-to-ty
peorname41.WhataretworeasonsthatVitisviniferaisdifficul
ttogrowinaclimatethathascoldwintersandahumid,rainyg
rowingseason?Thisistheclimateoftheeasternandmidwestern
UnitedStates.(2pts)LackscoldhardinessDiseasesusceptible42.Ma
tchthefollowing.(2.5pts)BVitisviniferaforredandrose’wi
neA.Catawba,Chambourcin,Concord,NortonCAmericanandhybrids
forwhitewineB.CabernetFranc,CabernetSauvignon,Merlot,Nebbi
olo,Pinotnoir,SangioveseEVitisviniferafortableandraisinC
.CayugaWhite,Chardonel,Delaware,Niagara,Seyval,Traminette,
VidalblancAAmericanandhybridforredandrose’wineD.Chardo
nnay,Gerwürztraminer,RieslingSauvignonblancDVitisviniferafo
rwhitewineE.FlameSeedless,ThompsonSeedless,Redglobe43.Grape
scionsaregraftedtorootstockwhenVitisviniferaisinthesc
ionparentageatwhatpercentageorhigher?(2pts)Selectonlyone.100%?75%X?50%?25%?10%44.Whatisthepotentialproblematharvestwhengrowingcompactcluster(berriespressingagainsteachother)grapevarieties?(2pts)Fruitorclusterrots45.CultivatedvarietiesofgrapesthatmaturelaterintheseasonarebettertogrowinMissouri.(2pts)TorF46.Inyouropinion,whatarethreeimportantconsiderationsinselectinggrapespeciesandvarietiestoplant?(3pts)Use(wine,table,raisin)FruitqualityWinterhardinessVinevigorVineresistancetopestproblemsVineorfruitcharacteristicsthataredesirableSeasonofmaturity |
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