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5. 常见语流现象:连读、加音、爆破、同化、省音、弱读
2018-06-09 | 阅:  转:  |  分享 
  
连读、加音、爆破、同化、省音、弱读、浊化

——英语常见语流现象



1.连读:

两个相邻单词首尾音素自然的拼读在一起,中间不停顿,被称为连读。连读只发生在同一意群之内,即意思联系紧密的短语或从句之内。

1)词尾辅音+词首元音,如:

Stand?up.

Not?at?all.

Put?it?on,please.

Pleasepick?it?up.

I''m?an?Englishboy.

It?is?an?oldbook.

Letmehave?alook?at?it.

MsBlackworkedin?an?office.

Icalledyouhalf?an?hour?ago.

2)词尾不发音r或re+词首元音,词尾r发音/r/。如:

far?away

Here?isaletterforyou.

Here?arefour?eggs.

where?ismycup?

Where?areyourbrother?andsister?

They''remyfather?andmother.

Ilookedfor?ithere?andthere.

There?isafootballunder?it.

There?aresomebooksonthedesk.

注:当有意群进行停顿时不可连读。如:

Is?itahator?acat?(hat与or之间不可以连读)

There?is?agoodbookinmydesk.(book与in之间不可以连读)

Canyouspeak?EnglishorFrench?(English与or之间不可以连读)

Shallwemeetat?eightortentomorrowmorning?(meet与at,eight与or之间不可以连读)

Sheopenedthedoorandwalked?in.(door与and之间不可以连读)





2.加音:

在连贯的语流中,人们往往会在两个元音之间加入一个外加音帮助发音,从而更加流畅地表达意思。

1)词尾元音/?,u:/+词首元音,在词尾加上一个轻微的/w/。如:

Gowaway.

Howwandwhydidyoucomehere?

Thequestionistooweasyforhimtoanswer.

2)词尾元音/?,i:/+词首元音,在词尾加上一个轻微的/j/。如:

IjamChinese.

Shecan''tcarryjit.

Ijalsoneedthejotherone.

Hejisveryfriendlytome.

ShewantstostudyjEnglish.

It''lltakeyouthreejhourstowalkthere.





3.失去爆破与不完全爆破:

1)失去爆破:爆破音+爆破音

当两个爆破音/p,b,t,d,k,g/相邻时,前一个爆破音只按其发音部位做好发音口形、形成阻碍,而不爆破出来,稍微停顿后即发出后面的辅音。前一个爆破音被称为失去爆破。失去爆破产生的原因大体上是由于省力原则造成的。如:

Kept/Blackboard/Notebook/Goodbye/September/Suitcase

Bigboy

Sharppencil

Whattime

Youmustpay.

AskBobtositbehindme.

Shetookgoodcareofthechildren.



2)不完全爆破:

A)爆破音+摩擦音

爆破音/p,b,t,d,k,g/与摩擦音/f,v,s,z,?,?,θ,e,r,h/相邻时,产生不完全爆破。发摩擦音时,发音器官并不形成阻碍而只形成一个很狭小的缝隙,让气流从缝隙中摩擦而出。如果一个爆破音与摩擦音相接,它爆破冲出的气流只能从狭小的缝隙中通过,这种爆破是不完全的。失去爆破产生的原因大体上是由于省力原则造成的。如:

Advance/Success

Agoodview

Oldfriends

Justthen

Getthrough

Makesure

Nightshow

Keepsilence.

Keepthatinmind.

B)爆破音+破擦音

爆破音与破擦音/t?,d?,tr,dr/相邻时,产生不完全爆破。如:

Picture/Object

Thatchild

Goodjob

Sweetdream

Greatchanges

Afasttrain

C)爆破音+鼻辅音

爆破音与鼻辅音/m,n,?/相邻时:在词中,不完全爆破;在词尾,鼻腔爆破。如:

Utmost/Admit/Midnight/Certain/Button/Garden

Goodmorning

Goodnight

Startnow

Idon’tknow

Justmoment

Agoodneighbor

D)爆破音+边辅音

爆破音与边辅音/l/相邻时:在词中,不完全爆破;在词尾,舌侧爆破。如:Lately/Badly/Mostly/Friendly

Abitlouder

I’dliketo

Straightline

Goodluck

Atlast

Atlunch





4.同化:

人们在说话的时往往会不自觉地让一个音受相邻音的影响,使它们变得与其相同或相似;或者两个音互相影响,变为第三个音。这两种现象被称为音的同化。同化可以发生在同一个词、复合词内或者句子相邻词之间。

1)因声带的影响而发生的同化:

A)浊辅音可变为清辅音,如:of(v→f)course,his(z→s)pen,with(e→θ)pleasure。

B)清辅音可变为浊辅音,如:like(k→g)that。



2)因发音部位的影响而发生的同化:

A)/t/+/j/→/t?/。如:

Don’thurtyourself!

I’llletyougothistime.

Don’tyoudothatagain.

It’sverynicetomeetyou.

B)/d/+/j/→/d?/。如:

Didyoursistercome?

Wouldyoupleasecomein?

Couldyoureadthisformeplease?

Youdidn’tlikeEnglish,didyou?

C)/s/+/j/→/?/。如:

Imissyou.

MayGodblessyou.

Wewillcomethisyear.

D)/z/+/j/→/?/。如:

Here’syourticket.

Iloveyoubecauseyouareyou.

Don’texpecthetellsyouthetruth.





5.省音:

在快速、随便的言语中,一些音素被省略掉,被称为省音。省音能提高语速,使说话省力。在正式场合和语速慢的情况下,省音不是必须的。

1)同一单词内元音的省略,主要是非重读音节中的/?/和/?/,如:ord(i)n(a)ry。

2)当前一单词以辅音结尾,后一单词以/?/开头时,/?/常被省略,如:walk(a)way。

3)当前一单词以否定形式-n''t结尾,后一单词以辅音开头时,/t/常被忽略,如:

Sheisn''(t)there.

Ididn’(t)hearyou.

Hecan’(t)believethat.

4)任何一个辅音,若后面紧跟着/h/,/h/可以不发音。如:

Come(h)ere!

Must(h)e/ti/go?

Whatwill(h)e/wili/do?

Has(h)edoneitbefore?

Tell(h)imtoask(h)er…

5)将多个单词利用连读爆破等拼和在一起。如:

gotta(gotto)

gonna(goingto)

kinda(kindof)

lotsa(lotsof)

gimme(giveme)





6.强读式和弱读式:

在一个句子,有些词说得又轻又快,而且较为含糊,有些词则说得又重又慢,而且较为清晰。那些说得响亮而清晰的词就是句子重音所在。实词(包括名词、实义动词、形容词、副词、数词疑问词等)一般都接受句子重音,为重读词,采用强读式;虚词(包括介词、代词、连词、冠词、助动词、情态动词等功能词)一般都不接受句子重音,为非重读词,采用弱读式。

6.1一般规律:

1)弱读式只出现在句子的非重读词中。如:Passme/m?/the/e?/book.me、the弱读。

2)单词单独出现或在句首或句尾时,都采用强读式。如:Whatareyoulisteningto/tu:/?

3)被特别强调的词,无论实词还是虚词都采用强读式。如:Iam/?m/Peter.我就是皮特。



6.2虚词弱读规律:

1)长音变短音,如:she/?i:/弱读/??/。

2)元音前面的辅音被省略,如:him/h?m/弱读/?m/。

3)辅音前面的元音被省略,如:am/?m/弱读/m/。

4)元音一般弱读为/?/,如:can/k?n/弱读/k?n/。

5)部分虚词有多种弱读式,如:would/w?d/弱读/?d,d/。





7.浊化:

1)/s/后面的清辅音要浊化。如:

/k/浊化成/g/:scar/school/discussion

/t/浊化成/d/:stand/student/mistake

/p/浊化成/b/:spring/spirit/expression

2)美音中,当/t/出现在两个元音之间并且处于非重读位置的时候,/t/需要浊化成一个近似于/d/的音。这样,writer听起来和rider的发音几乎没有区别。如:

Letter/water/better/duty/bitter/city

Igotit.

Wouldyoupleasepickitup?

注:/t/如果处于重读位置的话,即使在两个元音之间也不需要浊化。请比较:

清晰的/t/ 浊化的/t/

I''talian ''Italy

a''tomic ''atom

La''tino ''Latin

pho''tographer ''photograph

3)美音中,当/t/前面是一个元音,后面是一个模糊的/l/,且处于非重读位置,/t/也需要浊化成一个近似于/d/的音。如:

Battle/bottle/cattle/little/rattle/settle

4)美音中,当/t/前面是一个清辅音或前鼻音/n/,后面是一个元音,且处于非重读位置,/t/也需要浊化成一个近似于/d/的音。如:

Twenty/fifty/center/after/faster/actor/sister/yesterday

朗读练习:

Therearemanythingstoconsiderwhenyouarelookingforahouse,whetheryouintendtobuyoronlyrent.Afterall,itisgoingtobeyourhome,perhapsforquitealongtime,andyouwanttobehappywithit.Youhavetodecideexactlywhatkindofhouseyouwant,howmuchyoucanaffordtopay,andthetypeofneighborhoodyouwishtolivein.However,it’salwayseasytoforgetallabove,becauseit’smostprobablythatyou’llfallinlovewiththehouseforsaleatthefirstsight.



Youth

Youthisnotatimeoflife;itisastateofmind;itisnotamatterofrosycheeks,redlipsandsuppleknees;itisamatterofthewill,aqualityoftheimagination,avigoroftheemotions;itisthefreshnessofthedeepspringsoflife.

Youthmeansatemperamentalpredominanceofcourageovertimidity,oftheappetiteforadventureovertheloveofease.Thisoftenexistsinamanofsixtymorethanaboyoftwenty.Nobodygrowsoldmerelybyanumberofyears.Wegrowoldbydesertingourideals.

Yearsmaywrinkletheskin,buttogiveupenthusiasmwrinklesthesoul.Worry,fear,self-distrustbowstheheartandturnsthespiritbacktodust.

Whethersixtyorsixteen,thereisineveryhumanbeing''sheartthelureofwonder,theunfailingchildlikeappetiteforwhat''snext,andthejoyofthegameofliving.Inthecenterofyourheartandmyheartthereisawirelessstation;solongasitreceivesmessagesofbeauty,hope,cheer,courageandpowerfrommenandfromtheInfinite,solongareyouyoung.

Whentheaerialsaredown,andyourspiritiscoveredwithsnowsofcynicismandtheiceofpessimism,thenyouaregrownold,evenattwenty;butaslongasyouraerialsareup,tocatchthewavesofoptimism,thereishopeyoumaydieyoungateighty.



































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