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高考英语一词多义、熟词僻义
2018-10-04 | 阅:  转:  |  分享 
  
最熟悉的“陌生人”——高考英语一词多义、熟词僻义厦门双十中学王庆华2017-12-08playavenue词汇阅读之本完形之根写作之
魂Wilkinson(1972)oncesaid:Withoutgrammar,verylittlecanb
econveyed;Withoutvocabularynothingcanbeconveyed.词汇应掌握的度?音p
ronunciation形spellingpolysemymeaning义性partofspeech用usage音、形、义、
性、用如:appreciate 音:英?[?''pri???e?t]美?[?''pri??et] 形:appreciate 义
:鉴赏;感激 性:动词appreciation名词 用:①后面接代词、名词或动词-ing形式作宾语,即appreciate
sth.,appreciatedoingsth.②Iwouldappreciateitif…如果……,我将不胜
感激。back?[b?k]名词:1.背部;背2.后部、后面;末尾3.脊柱;脊梁骨4.(椅子等的)靠背5.(书等的
)最后几页、末尾形容词:1.背后的;后面的2.过去的;旧时的abacknumberofthemagazine一份
过期杂志3.到期未付的;拖欠的backpay/tax/rent副词:1.向后;在后;在背面2.与(某物)有距离3.控制
住;忍住4.回原处;恢复原状5.以前动词:1.(使)后退,倒退2.帮助;支持3.下赌注于4.伴奏;伴唱5.位于
(某物的)后面Haveatry!1.A?warm?sunshine?announces?the?coming?of?spri
ng.2.Her?new?hat?certainly?becomes?her.3.Hewasachingforhome
.4.Who?did?it?still?remains?cloudy.5.The?dining?car?was?coupled
?onto?the?last?coach(车厢).6.Don’t?be?cross?with?him—after?all,he?
meant?to?help.7.We’reofthesamebuild.8.Iwillleaveyoutod
oasyoulike.9.Thewoodenbridgeisnotstrongenoughtoallow
thepassageoflorries.10.Shepicturedherselfatschoolinafo
reigncountry.显示、预告适于、适合渴望不明朗的联合、连接生气的体格、体型听任通过、通行想象所谓熟词生义的“生”,是
相对而言的。一般分为两种情况:1、一种是一词多义中的衍生义,只是这个衍生义与基本义间的联系不容易想到,这需要在日常词汇学习时,培养
结合具体的语境由词汇的基本义推测其衍生义的能力;2、另一种是“生义”与基本义联系不紧密,不需要建立彼此间的联系,这需要在词汇学习时
注意一些低义频的释义,特别是与基本义联系不大的释义。例:2017年全国I卷阅读理解D篇Abuild-it-yourselfso
larstill(蒸馏器)isoneofthebestwaystoobtaindrinkingwaterin
areaswheretheliquidisnotreadilyavailable.readily1.quicky
andeasily快速地,便利地e.g.Boatsarereadilyavailabletovisitors.
游客可以很方便地租到船只。Theinformationisreadilyaccessibleontheinter
net.这些信息在因特网一查就能找到。2.quickly,willinglyandwithoutcomplaini
ng乐意地e.g.Jackreadilyagreedtohelp.杰克爽快地答应帮忙。Toconstructa
workingstill,useasharpstickorrocktodigaholefourfeet
acrossandthreefeetdeep.across熟义:v.横过、越过生义:1.到/在……对面(adv.
/prep.)e.g.Helivesacrossthestreet.Theschoolisacrossthe
street.生义:2.宽(adv.)e.g.Theriveris50metersacross.Thenl
aythetubeinplacesothatoneendrestsallthewayinthecup
andtherestofthelinerunsup—andout—thesideofthehole.re
st(v.)生义:1.(目光等)停留e.g.Asshespoke,hereyesrestedonherhusb
and’sface.2.靠放;搁在e.g.Hisheadwasrestingonhershoulder.
3.取决;在于e.g.Thefinaldecisionrestedwiththepresident.4.使轻
松;使舒适e.g.Itrestsmetotakeawalkalongthelake.Next,covert
heholewiththeplasticsheet,securingtheedgesoftheplastic
withdirtandweightingthesheet’scenterdownwitharock.secu
re熟义adj.安全的;可靠的;稳定的生义v.1.获得,得到e.g.Boyd’sgoalsecuredhi
steam’splaceinthefinal.2.使安全,保护e.g.Troopsweresenttos
ecuretheborder.3.将【某物】固定;缚牢,系紧e.g.Johnsecuredthehorsefi
rmlytothetree.weight生义v.用重物固定;使负重E.g.Thefishingnetsare
weighteddownwithlead.渔网是靠铅坠下沉的...Thelowpointofthesheetmu
stbecentereddirectlyover,andnomorethanthreeinchesabove
,thecup.center熟义:n.中间、中心、中央生义:n.中锋v.1.集中;使聚集于一点e.g.The
coalminesarecenteredinShanxiProvince.v.2.把……放在中部;居中e.g
.Theycenteredthemirroronthewall.他们把镜子挂在墙的中央。Whentheco
ntainerisfull,youcansucktherefreshmentoutthroughthetub
e,andwon’thavetobreakdownthestilleverytimeyouneedad
rink.refreshment熟义(精力或精神上的)恢复生义:1.(u.)饮食、食物和饮料e.g.Weworke
dalldaywithoutrefreshment.我们不吃不喝地工作了一整天。2.(plural)茶点、点心e.g.
Refreshmentswillbeservedafterthemeeting.历届高考单选题举例Encourage
yourchildrentotrynewthings.Buttrynotto______themtoo
hard.(2009全国I卷)A.drawB.strikeC.rushD.
pushpush:逼迫,敦促2.If?you?leave?the?club,?you?will?not?be?_____ba
ck?in.(2009全国II卷)?A.?received??B.?admittedC.turned
D.movedadmit:准许进入、加入(俱乐部、组织)等;接收入学3.—Doyouhaveenough
to______allyourdailyexpenses?(2009年山东省)—Oh,yes,enough
andtospare.A.cover B.spendC.fillD.
offercover:包括;采访,报道;涉及;钱足够……之用;走过……4.Though?having?lived?abroad?
for?years?,?many?Chinese?still?_____the?traditional?customs.?(200
8湖北)A.?perform??B.?possess???C.?observeD.?supportobserve:遵
守规则,法律等;庆祝5.Theprofessorcouldtellbythe______lookinMari
a’seyesthatshedidn’tunderstandasinglewordofhislecture.
(2011浙江)A.coldB.blankC.innocentD.freshbl
ank:茫然的6.Thefactthatsheneverapologized______alotaboutw
hatkindofpersonsheis.(2008山东)A.saysB.talks
C.appearsD.declaressay:v.显示,表明;n.决定权;发言权e.g.Thecha
irman?hasthefinalsay?(=?hastherighttomakethefinaldecisi
onaboutsomething?).主席有最后决定权一词多义:在英语词汇学习中给中国学生带来最大困难的是一些出现频率较高
、词义较多、用法灵活且与其他词搭配能力强的“高频多义词”。在处理高频多义词时我们提倡建立基本义(或词源义)——也称“根义”(
通常放在第一层释义)和衍生义之间的联系,紧紧抓住贯穿始终的基本义,从而理解并记住其他相关义项。这种方法可以避免死记硬背词汇的各个
义项,轻松攻克高频多义词这一难关,同时还培养依据基本义在语境中推测词义的能力和理解语用意义的能力。以《考试说明》附录词汇为核心So
lution基本词汇study,accuse,beauty,crime,memory,Monday,July,fort
y,ninth,eightieth,biology,handsome,etc.重点词汇take,get,promot
e,however,although,convenient,experience,develop,inturn,f
orgive,accessible,etc.algebra,bent(n.),arbitrary,buffet,bun
galow,belly,appendix,alley,tentative,explicit,etc.生僻词汇其他词汇:
gap,complain,charity如:minepron.我的minev.&n.n.矿,矿藏,矿山,矿井;
地雷,水雷v.开采,采矿;埋设地雷commandn.&v.命令,指挥,掌握commandrespect赢得尊重
commandtemper控制脾气heart,club,diamond,spadeCallaspadeaspade
suitsofpokercardsWordFormationimpuritypure→purely→purify→
purity→impure熟练掌握英语构词法一、【派生法】在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀,从而构成一个与原单词意义相近或截
然相反的新词的方法叫作派生法。二、【合成法】英语构词法中把两个单词连在一起合成一个新词,前一个词修饰或限定后一个词,这样的方法
就是合成法。三、【转化法】英语构词法中把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法,有的名词可以作动词,有的形容词可以作
副词或动词等。WordFormation1.Compoundingcowboy,snowstorm,eggplant,s
ad-looking,not-for-profit,forget-me-not,fun-loving,short-sight
ed,English-speaking2.Conversionhand(n.)→hand(v.)
clean(v.)→clean(adj.)better(adj.)→better(v.) present(n
.)→present(v.)out(adv.)→out(v.) nurse(n.)→n
urse(v.)3.Derivationprefix:anti-smoking,dishonest,pre-profe
ssional,incorrect,multicultural,enable,reconsider,nonsense,i
mpatient,unfair2)suffix:abusive,acceptable,participation,po
pularize,cancerous,countless,official,courageously,wisdom,f
orgetful,eastwards,foolish,warmth,shorten,thirsty,simplify,
musician四、【截短法(缩略法)】将单词缩写,词义和词性保持不变的英语构词法称为截短法,主要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等形式。
1.截头telephone→phoneairplane→plane2.去尾mathematics→mat
hexamination→examkilogram→kilolaboratory→lab
taxicab→taxi3.截头去尾influenza→flurefrigerator→fridgepr
escription→script五、【混合法(混成法)】英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词,前半部分表
属性,后半部分表主体。这样的英语构词法就是混合法。newsbroadcast→newscast新闻广播television
broadcast→telecast电视播送smokeandfog→smog烟雾photoandgraphy→
photography摄影,摄影术helicopterairport→heliport直升飞机场breakfastand
lunch→brunch六、【首尾字母缩略法】用单词首尾字母组成一个新词的英语构词法叫做首尾字母缩略法。这种形式的英语构词生成的新词,读音主要有两种形式,即各字母分别读音;作为一个单词读音。TestingofEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TOEFL托福TeachEnglishasaForeignLanguage→TEFLTeachEnglishasaSecondLanguage→TESLGraduateRecordExamination→GRE美国研究生入学考试UnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization→UNESCO联合国教科文组织英语是学会的,不是老师教会的。单词是写会的,不是背会的。Ifyoustudytoremember,youwillforget,butifyoustudytounderstand,youwillremember.
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