DoDo:formsDoisanirregularverb.Itsthreeformsaredo,did,done.
Thepresentsimplethirdpersonsingularisdoes:Willyoudoa
jobforme?Ididsomeshoppingthismorning.Haveyoudoneyour
essayyet?Heusuallydoeshishomeworkinfrontofthetelevisio
n.DoasamainverbPerformortakepartinanactionWeusedoto
talkaboutactionsingeneral,whenwedonotspecifyexactlywha
ttheactionis:Whathaveyoubeendoingtoday,anythinginteres
ting?Thereisnothingwecandoexceptwaitandseewhathappens
.CanIdoanythingtohelp?DoasamainverbAchieve,completeor
dealwithsomethingWeusedoasamainverbtotalkaboutachiev
ingorcompletingthings:A:I’vedonethewashingup.B:Oh,tha
nkyou.Wedid80milesonthefirstdayofourcyclingholiday.
Shedoesthecrosswordinthenewspapereveryday.Doasamainve
rbWorkandothertasksWeusedowithnounssuchashomework,job,
task,work:Shehasalotofhomeworktodotonight.I’mgoingt
odosomeworkinthegardenthisweekend.Ifyouwanttoknowwha
tsomeone’sjoborprofessionis,youcanusethemainverbdoin
aquestion:A:WhatdoesJackie’sbrotherdo?B:He’sanelectri
cian.Not:WhatdoesJackie’sbrother?DoasamainverbStudyasu
bjectWeusedototalkaboutstudyingsubjects:A:Whatdidyoud
oatuniversity?B:Idideconomics.AllchildrenhavetodoEngl
ishinprimaryschool.DoasamainverbProduceorcreateSpokenEn
glish:Weoftenusedowithnounssuchascopy,design,drawing,
painting,especiallyininformalspeech:Ilikethatphotoofyou
andme.Canyoudomeacopy?Whodidthedesignforthewebsite
?Shedidalovelypaintingofthelakewherewestayedlastsumm
er.DoasamainverbCleanormaketidyWeusedoasamainverbto
talkaboutcleaningthingsormakingthemtidy:Thecleanerwas
doingmyroomwhenIcameback.I’lljustdomyhairandthenI’l
lbeready.DoasamainverbBeenoughoracceptableWeusedoasa
mainverbwithwillorwon’ttotalkaboutthingsbeingenougho
racceptable:A:Whatsizebagdoyouneed?B:Asmallonewilld
o.(asmalloneisenough/acceptable)Doasanauxiliaryverbmeani
ngexamplenegativeIdidn’tseeyouattheconcerttheothernight.
questionformDotheyopenatnineo’clockonweekdays?emphaticHe
doeslooksmartinhisnewsuit!Doisoneofthreeauxiliaryverb
sinEnglish:be,do,have.Weusedotomakenegatives(do+not
),tomakequestionforms,andtomaketheverbmoreemphatic.Do
asanauxiliaryverbQuestion(?)formTomakethequestionformof
mostmainverbs,weusedo,does(presentsimple)anddid(past
simple)followedbythesubjectandthemainverb:Doyouplayfo
otball?Doesn’thephoneyounowandthen?Didyourmothercomef
romthesameplaceasyourfather?DoasanauxiliaryverbNegative
(?)formThenegativeofthepresentsimpleandpastsimpleofal
lmainverbs(exceptforbeandsomeusesofhaveasmainverbs)
ismadewithauxiliarydo+not,whichisshortenedtodon’t(do
not),doesn’t(doesnot)anddidn’t(didnot).Weusetheshortf
ormsineverydayinformallanguage,andthefullformsinmorefo
rmalsituations:Idon’twanttowaitforabus.Let’sgetatax
i.Jackdoesn’tliveinthetowncentre.He’soutinthesuburbs.
Didn’tyougetmyemail?Isentitataboutfouro’clock.ThePr
imeMinisterdoesnottakepersonalphonecallsfrommembersoft
hepublic.(moreformal)Didtheparentsnotrealisethatsomethi
ngserioushadhappenedtotheirchild?(moreformal)Doasanaux
iliaryverbEmphaticformsWeusedo,does(presentsimple)ordid
(pastsimple)togiveextraforcetothemainverb.Weusethein
finitiveofthemainverbwithoutto,andstressdo/does/didwhen
speaking.Compare:neutralemphaticIlikeyournewjacket.Idolike
yournewjacket!Shelookssotired.Shedoeslooksotired!Ididn
’trecogniseyourdad,butIrecognisedyourmumIdidn’trecognis
eyourdad,butIdidrecoginseyourmumDoasanauxiliaryverbWe
alsouseemphaticdowithimperatives.Docomeandhavedinnerw
ithussometime.Dostoptalking,Harry!You’reboringeverybody
!DoasanauxiliaryverbQuestiontagsWeuseauxiliarydotoform
questiontagsforclauseswhichdonothaveamodalverb,averb
intheperfectwithhaveorclauseswithbe.Thetagusesthesam
epersonandtenseasthesubjectofthemainverb.Thetagmayb
eaffirmativeornegative,dependingonthetypeoftag:Youwork
withPeter,don’tyou?(affirmativemainverb,negativetag)She
playsthepiano,doesn’tshe?Littlechildrendon’tusuallylike
spicyfood,dothey?(negativemainverb,affirmativetag)They
didn’tstayverylong,didthey?YoulivenearHarkness,doyou?
(affirmativeverb,affirmativetag)Theyarrivedlate,didthey?D
oasanauxiliaryverb:typicalerrorsWedon’tuseauxiliarydot
omakequestionsornegativesforclauseswithmodalverbs:Will
youbehereintimeforlunch?Not:Doyouwillbehere…Ican’t
swimverywell.Not:Idon’tcanswim…Weuseauxiliarydo,notau
xiliarybe,forquestionswithmainverbsinthepresentsimple:
Doyouliveinanapartment?Not:Areyoulivein…Weusedoes,no
tdo,forthethirdpersoninthepresenttense:Doesyoursister
havebrowneyestoo?Not:Doyoursisterhave…Doasasubstitute
verbWeoftenusedoinsteadofrepeatingallthewordsinaclau
se.Dosubstitutesforthewordswedon’trepeat:A:Wewenttot
heconcertintheparkthisyear.B:Yes,wedidtoo.(Yes,wewe
nttotheconcertintheparktoo.)Wedon’tusedoaloneifthes
ubstituteverbisintheto-infinitiveform.Inthosecases,weo
mittheverbbutkeepto,orweusedoso,doitordothat:It’s
notoftenIwriteletterstonewspapers,butthatdayIdesperat
elyfelttheneedto.or…theneedtodoso/it/that.(Idesperat
elyfelttheneedtowriteletterstonewspapers.)Not:…thenee
dtodo.DoasasubstituteverbDoso,doit,dothatWesometimes
addso,itorthatafterthesubstitutedo.Doso,doitanddot
hataresometimesuseddifferently,buttheyareofteninterchang
eable:HesaidhewasgoingtomovetoNewZealandand,toeveryo
ne’ssurprise,hedidso/didit/didthat.DoasasubstituteverbD
osoWeusedosomostlytorefertoactionswherethesubjectand
verbarethesameastheoneswehavementioned.Dosoisgenera
llymoreformalthandoitanddothat:Iwantedthemtoleave,a
ndpolitelyaskedthemtodoso,buttheywouldn’tgo,soIcalle
dthepolice.(IwantedthemtoleaveandIpolitelyaskedthemt
oleave.)Warning:Dosoismoreformalthandoonitsown:A:Do
youmindifIopenthepresentnow?B:Yes,pleasedoso.(Doso
substitutesforopenthepresentnow)Weoftenusedosowhenwem
akeageneralreferencetoaseriesofactionsorevents:Thebird
smaketheirnestsonthenorthsideoftheislandinlittlehole
sintherocks.Thereasonwhytheydosoisbecausethesouthsi
deoftheislandisexposedtoextremewinds.Doasasubstitutev
erbDoitWeusedoitwhenwerefertoanactionoraneventinvol
vingaverbandanobject,especiallywhenthesubjectisdiffere
ntfromtheonealreadymentioned:A:Heaccidentallydeletedsom
eemailsonhiscomputer.B:Idoitallthetime.(Ideletefile
sallthetime.)DoasasubstituteverbDothatDothatismoreemp
haticandweuseitfordeliberateactions:A:Wouldyouevergiv
eacompletestrangeryourphonenumber?B:No.Iwouldneverdo
that.(Iwouldnevergiveacompletestrangermyphonenumber.)We
oftenusedothatinsituationswherewearecontrastingthings:
A:Wouldyouliketohaveafewnightsinamotel?B:No,we’dp
refernottodothat.We’dratherhaveanicehotel.(We’dprefer
nottohaveafewnightsinamotel.)A:I’vedecidedtowaita
yearbeforestartingcollege.Iwanttotravelabitandseetheworld.B:Ireallythinkyoushoulddothatratherthanstartingcollege.You’restillsoyoung.Collegewillstillbeanoptionthistimenextyear.(Continued)DoasasubstituteverbDothatWecanuseamodaloranauxiliaryverb+dotosubstituteforamainverbandwhatcomesafterit:A:Ifeelterrible.B:Youshouldgotothedoctor.A:Ishoulddo,Iknow,butIhavesomuchworktofinish.A:HasMartinmetPaulbefore?B:Hecouldhavedoneatthesalesmeetinglastyear,butI’mnotsure.ThankYou |
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