了解基本逻辑,避免常见错误?要了解基本逻辑错误一定不能错过一篇英文小品文LoveIsAFallacy(作者MaxShulman),这 里仅列举出十种最常见的逻辑错误。?1.草率前提(DictoSimpliciter)?例如:Womenareonave ragenotasstrongasmenandlessabletoperformwellpolitical ly.Therefore,womencan''tpulltheirweightingovernmentwork.? 点评:虽然女性确实在政界担任较少工作,但这不意味着女性群体中所有的人都是这样。?2.过度概化(HastyGeneraliz ation)?例如:McDonald''sandKFCofferfoodswithlittlenutrition, andthuswecannotexpectanyfastfoodrestauranttoprovideus withnutritiousfoods.?点评:两个个例不足以推出一个真理。?3.因果颠倒(PostHoc)?例如: Mostyoungcriminalswatchviolentmoviesbeforetheycommitthei rcrimes;obviously,violentmoviesleadtojuveniledelinquency. ?点评:甲事情发生在乙事情之前,这并不代表着先发生的甲事情就是后发生的乙事情的原因。?4.矛盾前提(Contradictor yPremises)?例如:IfGodcandoeverything,canhemakeastoneso heavythathecan''tcarry??点评:前提条件中就有相互矛盾的地方,结论当然是错误的。?5.感性论证( AdMisericordiam)?例如:Thinkofallthepoor,starvingAfricanchi ldren!Howcouldrichcountriesbesocruelasnottohelpthem?? 点评:抒情是不能当作论证的。?6.错误类比(FalseAnalogy)?例如:Youngchildrenareli keflowers---flowersshouldstayawayfromterribleweathertogr ow,sochildrenneedtogetridofeverythingnegative.?点评:孩子和花朵 的区别太大。成长的过程也太复杂。最好不要用这两者来类比。?7.虚假假设(HypothesisContrarytoFact )?例如:IfTVwerenotinvented,todaypeoplewouldneverhavesuch wonderfulentertainmentbroughtbyTV.?点评:因为电视已经被发明了,对于过去的否定假设后 所得出的结论都是逻辑上的错误结论。?8.无关转移(RedHerring)?例如:Manypeoplesaywene edtoexploittheouterspace,apointwhichIbelieveiswrong, becausetherearesomanypoorpeopleonEarthwhohardlymakeen dsmeet.?点评:有一个问题没解决并不代表着另一个问题不值得解决。?9.从众错误(Bandwagon)?例如:Eve ryonesaysitisjustifiedtolearnasecondlanguagesowemust learnone.?点评:人人都说,或者大多数都说,这并不意味着该观点正确。?10.滑坡谬误(Slipperyslope )?例如:Ifwedon''tcareabouttheenvironment,theworldwilldiein50years.?点评:从环境问题到世界灭亡,中间有无数环节未提供论证。? |
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