提高建筑能源效率的办法 英文

Thetechnical,economicandpoliticalsolutionstoenhancetheenergy
performanceofthebuildingsectorinHongKongIntroductionAccord
ingtoLam,Wan,Tsang,andYang(2008),witheconomyandtechnol
ogydeveloping,thereisagrowingconcernaboutenergyconsumpti
onanditsprobableadverseimpactsontheenvironment(suchasga
spollution,greenhousegases).InChina,therehasbeenasteady
increaseinenergyconsumptionsincetheadoptionofthePolicy
ofReformingandOpeninginthe1980s.Andenergysavinghasbeco
meanimportantissuebotheconomicallyandenvironmentally.Energ
yperformancereferstotheabilityofusinglessenergytoperfo
rmthesametask,whichmeanseliminateenergywaste.Higherener
gyperformancebringsavarietyofbenefits:reducingemissionso
fgreenhousegas,reducingdemandforenergyimportsandlowering
ourcostsoneconomylevel.AccordingtoEMSD,buildingcontribu
tesabout90%oftotalelectricityconsumptioninHongKong.Acco
rdingtoEMSD,buildingenergyperformancecanbedividedintoma
nyaspectssuchasenergyperformanceoflightinginstallation,a
irconditioninginstallation,liftandescalatorinstallationand
electricalinstallation.AsWiel,Martin,Levine,Price,andSat
haye(1998)mentioned,reportsbytheUSDepartmentofEnergyand
theIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangenotethatbuildings
contribute.25–30%oftotalenergy-relatedcarbondioxide(CO2)
emissions.AccordingtoEMSD,throughenhancementofbuildingene
rgyefficiency,electricityconsumptionandgreenhousegasemissi
onscanbeeffectivelyreduced,whichisalsoverifiedbyWiel,M
artin,Levine,Price,andSathaye.AsCrawford,Bartak,Stephana
ndJensen(2016)illustrated,whileincreasingbuildingenergyper
formanceprobablyyieldsadditionalembodiedenergyrequiredfor
differentsystemsandinstallations,electricityenergysavingca
nbeincreased,andtotallifecycleenergybenefitscanbeimpro
ved.Besides,Jakob(2006)emphasizedthatsomemeasurestakento
enhancebuildingenergyperformancewereabletobringbenefitsu
chasimprovedcomfortofliving,improvedindoorairquality,be
tterprotectionagainstexternalnoise,etc.Wilkinson,Smith,Da
vies,Adair,Armstrong,Barrett,...andRidley(2009)alsofound
ifthestrategiesforimprovingbuildingenergyperformancearep
roperlydesignedandimplemented,suchmeasurescouldhaveco-ben
efitsforpublichealth.TechnicalsolutionsAccordingtoLoe(200
9),althoughenergyefficiencyisaprimeconsiderationforlight
ingbecausethethreatofclimatechangethroughburningfossilf
uelstosupplyelectricityaswellasrapidlyincreasingcosts.I
tmustbebalancedagainsttheneedforwell-litenvironmentsfor
ensuringproductivity,safetyandhealthofthepeopleintheli
ghtingenvironment.AsWenandAgogino(2011)illustrated,toimp
rovethelightingenergyperformance,itishelpfuliftasklight
ingcanbetunedtoeachoccupant''spreference,whichcalledadva
ncednetworkedlightingsystems.Inthiscontrollablesystem,eac
hluminairecanbedynamicallyadjustedatadifferentleveltor
ealizevariouslightingrequirement.Besides,simulationisused
tofindtheoptimallightoutputsforeachluminairedeliverings
pecifiedlightingtoeachareawhileusingtheleastamountofen
ergy.Nikolaenko,Kravets,NaumovaandBaranyuk(2017)alsoempha
sizeditwashelpfultoimproveenergyperformanceifLEDlighti
sadoptedinsteadoftraditionallightandiftheuseofsolaren
ergyfortheirpowersupplyisenhanced.Furthermore,inthestud
yofJohnson,Sullivan,Selkowitz,Nozaki,ConnerandArasteh(198
4),orientationofbuilding,totalwindowarea,glazingpropertie
s(suchasshadingcoefficientandtransmittance),windowmanagem
entstrategyshouldbeconsideredtoimprovethelightingenergy
performancebecausethesevaluescanhelpimprovetheutilization
ratioofsunlight,whichconsequentlyhelpingreducetheusageo
fartificiallighting.AccordingtoChoinièreandCorsi(2003),for
HVACpart,thereisanewautomatedcommissioningtoolthatcan
evaluateandoptimizetheperformanceofbuildingHVACsystemsus
ingtheBuildingEnergyManagementSystems(BEMS),whichisable
toautomatesomepartsofthecommissioningprocess.Initssimpl
estform,thistoolcanmonitorHVACcontroldataandstoresiti
nastructureddatabaseforpossibleusingonlineuponrequest.T
hereisareasoningalgorithmwhichperformsanalysisforthemon
itoreddataandalsoperformsadditionalautomatedcommissioning
ofHVACsystems,diagnosingandverifyingfaultsandevaluatingt
hepotentialenergyefficiencyimprovements.Asforelevatorconsu
mption,asDeAlmeida,Hirzel,Patr?o,FongandDütschke(2012)m
entioned,theliftenergyperformancecanbeimprovedbyreplacin
gcurrentlyusedequipment(CT)withbest-availabletechnological
solutionswhichareBestavailabletechnologies(BAT)andBestn
ot-yetavailabletechnologies(BNAT).BATarecurrentlybeingcom
mercializedwhileBNATarenewtechnologiesthatarenotcommerci
allyavailableyet.Bothofthemimprovetheelectricityconsumpt
ionbyimprovingefficiencyofmotor,helicalgearandVSEandre
ducingfrictionlosses.Besides,theyalsoreducetheelectricity
consumedbyelectroniccontroller,inverter,dooroperator.And
theycanalsoturnoffallnon-essentialcomponentscontributing
tostand-byenergyconsumptionwhentheyarenotinuseandinth
iscircumstance,controllerandinverterwillbetransferredinto
sleep-mode.Papanikolaou,Loupis,Spiropoulos,Mitronikas,Τatak
is,Christodoulou,...andΤsiftsis(2017)suggestedmoredetaile
dmeasuresintheirstudytoreduceenergyconsumptionduringsta
nd-bymodeandtravelprocess.Forstand-byenergyreduction,the
ysuggestedthatpowersupplycircuitscanberedesignedtoachie
veahigherefficiencybecausemanyelevatorelectroniccircuits
uselinearpowersupplieswhichoperatewithlowefficiency.Toi
mproveenergyperformance,thelinearpowersuppliesshouldbere
placedbyhighefficiencyswitchingpowersupplies.Bythismetho
d,theenergyconsumptionduringstandbymodecanbereducedatm
ostapproximately20%.Besides,Oldintegratedcircuitscanbere
placedwithnewonestoimprovetheefficiency.Fortravelconsum
ptionreduction,theysuggestedthatthreephaseinductioninstal
lationaswellaspermanentmagnetsynchronousmotorswithhigher
numberofpoles(morethan8)canbeadoptedwhichcanreduceth
eenergyconsumptionbyapproximately5%.Besides,theyproposed
anappropriatedecision-makingsystemtobeused,whichcandefin
eserviceprioritybasedontheminimizationofdailytraveldist
anceoftheelevatorbytakingintoconsiderationofrecordeddat
a.Escrivá-Escrivá(2011)illustratedtherewerealsoothermeasur
estoimprovebuildingenergyperformance.Operationaldatameasu
rementandstoragecanbeadoptedtoacquireaccurateandautomat
icdataforreducingover-consumptionandevaluatingenergysavin
g.Adiaryofutilizationcanbeestablishedaccordingtotheele
ctriccurrentcontracttomaketheelectricitysupplyadaptedto
therequirementsofusers.Controlbuttonsandinstallationsofe
lectricalpanelsshouldbemodifiedtohelpbuildingusersforma
betterunderstandingandcontroltocreateaneasiermanagement
andlowerconsumption.Forcommercialbuilding,anindividualsho
uldbemaderesponsibleforbuildingenergyperformance,whichis
calledbuildingmanager.Pro-activeremote-controlactionsshoul
dbetakentoenablemanagerstoincreasetheenergyperformance.
Facilitiesshouldbemodifiedtoenableeasiermanagement.Autom
aticsystemshouldbeabletoalertbuildingmanagerswhenconsum
ptionofelectricityincreasessobuildingmanagerscanrepairor
solvemalfunctions.Acommunicationshouldbeestablishedbetwee
nusersandbuildingmanagerstomakeanoptimaluseofthefacil
ities.EconomicalsolutionsGovernmentshouldproposevariousecono
micincentivestohelpbuildingownertoimprovebuildingenergy
performance.AsLo(2014)mentioned,oneofeconomicalsolutionsi
scalledsubsidiesforenergy-efficientandrenewableenergyappl
iances.Oneofthereasonsmanybuildingownersdonotadoptany
measurestoenhancebuildingenergyperformanceisthattheydon
otknowwhethertotalcostcanbereducedbythesemeasures.Ther
efore,releasingdiscounts,subsidiesandotherrelatedincentive
scanbeeffectiveinhelpingbuildingownersovercomethecostb
arrierofadoptingenergy-efficientmeasuresandpurchasingrenew
ableenergyappliances.TakeChinaforanexample,MinistryofFi
nance(MOF)andNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission(NDRC)
initiatedasubsidyprogramtargetingair-conditionersandlight
bulbsinJune2009.Buildingwhichusesair-conditionersandlig
htbulbsofmoreenergy-efficientcanacquirethesubsidy.Thisp
rogramprovedeffective.In2008,whentheprogramwasnotlaunche
d,themarketshareofgrade1(1meansthemostenergy-efficient
grade)ofair-conditionerswaslessthan5%,whilethemarketsh
areofgrade5(5meanstheleastenergy-efficientgrade)wasappr
oximately70%.ByMay2010,themarketshareofgrade1ofair-co
nditionershadincreasedtoabout80%.Becausethesuccessoftha
tprogram,subsidieswereintroducedforfivenewtypesofapplia
nceswhichcanimprovebuildingenergyperformancein2012toenc
ouragebuildingownersenhancebuildingenergyperformancemore.
Tosupportthesetwoprograms,totally25.5billionRMBwasalloc
ated.Solarwaterheaterisanexampleamongthosenewtypesofap
pliances.InApril2009,theMOFinitiatedaprogramtosubsidize
ruralconsumersforpurchasingsolarwaterheatersforresidenti
albuilding.Thisprogramprovidedanallowancetoruralconsumer
sequalto13%ofthetotalproductprice,notmorethan5000RMB
foronesolarwaterheater.InJune2012,theMOFlaunchedanoth
ersubsidyprogramforurbanconsumersforpurchasingsolarwater
heaters,offeringupto550RMBperunitofsolarwaterheater.
TheseprogramshelpChinabecomethecountrywhichownsthemost
solarwaterheatersintheworldandeventuallyhelphouseholdow
nersenhancetheirbuildingenergyperformance.Increasingblockt
ariffsisalsoaneconomicsolutiontoimprovebuildingenergype
rformance,whichisameasuredifferentfromsubsidizingenergy-e
fficientappliances.Usingthismethod,governmentscanofferinc
entivesforbuildingenergyconservationbyrewardinglowenergy
consumptionandchargingforenergyoverconsumption.Increasingb
locktariffs(IBTs)isacommonpricingmechanism,dividingenerg
yconsumptionintoseveralblockstocalculateelectricitytariff
s.Electricitypriceislowestforconsumptionnotmorethanace
rtainlimit,andanyconsumptionexceedthelimitoflowergrade
willbechargedatahigherprice.InChina,IBTsystemwasimple
mentednationallysinceJuly2012,shiftingfromsingletariffsy
stemtoanincreasingblocktariffssystembytheNDRC.Itispro
vedtobeefficientbecauseitnotonlyaffectselectricitybills
fortenants,butalsoleadstoachangeinelectricityconsumpti
onbehaviors.Buildingenergyperformanceofmorecommercial,ind
ustrial,andresidentialbuildingsarealsoincreasingsincethe
systemwasadopted.(Fu,Zeng,FengandCai,2018)Politicalsolut
ionsTohelpimprovebuildingenergyperformance,governmentshoul
dalsolaunchlawsandstandardsforenergyconsumptionlimit.Acc
ordingtoYang,LamandTsang(2008),mostcountrieshaveimpleme
ntedenergybuildingcodes(EBC)topreventenergyoverconsumptio
n.InChina,EBCwereintroducedbytheMinistryofHousingandU
rban–RuralDevelopment(MOHUR)toregulatetheenergydesignofr
esidentialbuildingsinnorthernChina,whereincoldseasonsene
rgyisprimarilyconsumedforheatingintheseseasons.Besides,
EBCalsoregulatesthosehotsummerzoneswhereenergyisprimari
lyconsumedforcoolinginsummer.EBCsetnationalstandardsfor
thedesignandmaterialrequirementsofbuildingenvelopesaswe
llasHVACsystems.Besides,itisrequestedthatlocalgovernmen
tshouldsetmorespecificlocalstandards.EBCalsorequestedth
atnewbuildingsmustachievecertainreductioninenergyconsump
tioncomparedtobuildingsbuiltbefore.TheimplementofEBCsha
sbeengreatlyimprovedtheseyearsanditisprovedtobeeffici
entinimprovingbuildingenergyperformance.AsLiu,Liu,Yeand
Liu(2018)mentioned,amongexistingresidentialbuildingsinthe
northernchina,around75%werereportedtobeenergyinefficient
withinsufficientinsulation.Tosolvethisproblem,theMOFand
theMOHURDlaunchedtheExistingBuildingRetrofitprograminDe
cember2007,whichaimedtoretrofitbuildingsfromthreeaspects
:retrofitsforbuildingenvelopes(suchasusingdouble-glazedw
indows),retrofitsforefficiencyofheatgeneratorsandretrofit
sfortemperatureregulation.Toimproveenthusiasmoflocalgove
rnments,rewardswithanadditionalbonusareofferedforimpleme
ntation.Itiswellknownthatelectricappliancesconsumealarge
amountofenergy.InChina,toeliminateapplianceswhicharelo
wenergy-efficient,thegovernmentinitiatedapplianceenergysta
ndardsrequestingmaximumallowableenergyconsumptionfor30typ
esofappliances.However,itisdifficultforthispolicytobe
implementedtherearealargenumberofmanufacturersandaneven
largernumberofappliances.Energylabelingissimilartoenerg
ystandards,butitisencouragingenergyconservationbymaking
applianceenergyinformationavailabletoconsumers,andithasb
eenprovedtobesuccessfulinmorethan40countriesandregion
s.Chinaimplementedamandatoryenergylabelingsystem(alsocall
edChinaEnergyLabel)whichcovers23productsin2005.Thisman
datorylabelingsystemhas5categoriesofefficiency,rankedfro
m1(bestinefficiencyaccordingtointernationalstandard)to5
(justmeetingtheenergystandards),basingonelectricityconsu
mptiondatafromthemanufacturers.(Lin,2002)ConclusionItisim
portantandurgenttoimprovebuildingenergyperformancebecause
theadverseimpactofenergyconsumptionissevere.Tosolvethe
problemoflowbuildingenergyperformance,therearesolutions
ofthreeaspects:technical,economic,andpolitical.Therearema
nydifferenttechnicalsolutionssuchasadvancednetworkedlight
ingsystems,newtypelightadoption,orientationdesign,window
managementstrategy,BEMSforHVACsystem,BATandBNATforlift
system…etc.Therearealsoseveraleconomicsolutionssuchassub
sidiesforenergy-efficientandrenewableenergyappliancesandi
ncreasingblocktariffsinChina.Besides,forpoliticalsolution
s,thereareenergybuildingcodes,existingbuildingretrofitpr
ogram,applianceenergystandardsandenergylabeling…etc.Sincet
hefundamentalsolutionsofimprovingbuildingenergyperformance
istousetechnicalmethods.Itisrecommendedthatthegovernme
ntshouldofferspecializedresearchfundingforimprovingbuildi
ngenergyperformance.Besides,thegovernmentshouldpaymoreat
tentiononlegislationofimprovingbuildingenergyperformancea
ndenforcepoliciesmorestrictly.Finally,theeducationofbuil
dingenergyperformanceshouldbepropagatedbythegovernmentto
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