WeldingHealthandSafety焊接作业的健康与安全Hazards危害性Weldinghasboth“Appare
nt”hazardsand“Hidden”hazards.Apparenthazardsarethosewhic
hcanbeeasilyidentified.Hiddenhazardsarethosenotseenand
oftenforgotten.焊接分明显的危害和隐藏的危害，明显的危害是容易鉴定而隐藏的危害是不明显而且容易忽略的。Some
oftheseare:ElectricalShock触电Overexposuretoarcradiation电弧
光辐射Fumesandgasses有害的烟和气Burnsandfire灼伤和火灾Compressedgascyli
nders压力容器Noise噪音EHS俱乐部①ElectricalSafety电气安全Electricshockand
electrocutionarepossiblehazardswithallweldingprocesses.在整个
焊接过程中，触电和电击是可能存在的危害。EHS俱乐部①ElectricalSafety电气安全Therearetwodif
ferentareasofconcern.有两个不同的区域需要注意。Theprimaryside:主要方面:Thes
econdaryside:次级方面:Exposedwiresontheweldinglead.焊接端面上的裸线Con
tactwiththeelectrodeandtheworkpiece.电极和工件之间的连接Wetgloveso
rskin.湿的手套或者外套FuseorBreakerpanel保险丝或者断路面板PowerSupplycable
s电源线Internalpartsofthepowersource电源内部零件EHS俱乐部Notice:注意：Prim
arysidepowerisnormallyishighamperage/highvoltage.Thewe
ldershouldnotworkinthisarea.Itshouldleftuptoaqualifi
edmaintenanceperson.初级电源通常是高电流/电压,焊工不应工作在这个区域。它应该由一个合格的维护人操作。EH
S俱乐部①ElectricalSafety电气安全Question:Whichismoredangerous?哪个更危险？
ACCurrentorDCCurrent？交流电或直流电？ACCurrent交流电Paralyzesvoluntary
muscles.肌肉麻痹ACistheprimarypowerforweldingwhichismuchh
igherthantheoutputweldingcurrent.交流电主电源处电压比输出端高很多DCCurrent直
流电Answer:InGMAW,ACcurrentismoredangerous.气体保护电弧焊中，交流电是更加危险的
。DCCurrentcancauseseverinternalburnsbutdoesnotparalyze
muscles.直流电能引起严重的内部燃烧，但不会使肌肉麻痹EHS俱乐部①ElectricalSafety电气安全WorkR
eturnLeadvs.Ground.工作回路引线和接地Theworkreturnleadisoftenref
erredtoastheground.工作回路引线有点像接地Workreturnandgroundingare
twodifferentthings.但是接地和工作回路引线是两种不同的事情。EHS俱乐部①ElectricalSafe
ty电气安全Groundingis：接地是：AWorkReturnLeadis:工作回路引线是:Acableatta
chedtoacopperroddrivenintotheground.电缆联接铜棒插入地下。Itspurpos
eistocarryawaycurrentincaseofatransformerfault,power
surge,orstrayvoltage.它的目的将使在变压器故障,电力高峰及短路情况下把电流导入地下。Acableat
tachedtotheworkpiece.电缆被连接到工件上。Itspurposeistocreateacom
pletecircuitforwelding.它的目的是使焊接时建立一条完全回路。EHS俱乐部①ElectricalSa
fety电气安全ConnectingtheWorkReturnlead连接工作回路引线Properconnection
isveryimportant，becausetheweldingcurrentwillfindtheeas
iestpathbacktothePowersource.正确的连接非常重要,因为焊接电流将容易找到返回到功率源的路
径。Throughpowertoolsifotheroperationsbeingperformedonth
eassemblyyouareweldingon.当在焊接时如果有组装的时候，通过一个手动工具。Throughana
ttachedliftingdevicesuchasanoverheadcrane.通过一个附属的起重装置例如一架吊
车。Possiblythroughthebuildingifthereisametalfloor.容易通过金属
平台穿过建筑。EHS俱乐部①ElectricalSafety电气安全Possiblecurrentreturnpaths.
目前可能的返回路径。Throughoverheadliftingdevices.通过起重设备Throughpowerto
olsusedforotheroperationsonthesameunit.在同一个产品上操作时，通过电动工具T
hroughmetalplatesthatmaybeplacedinthefloorforotherfun
ctions.通过放在地上的金属板或类似物品EHS俱乐部①ElectricalSafety电气安全ElectricalSafe
tyTips:PowerSource电气安全提示：电源Shouldbeinstalledandservicedby
aqualifiedelectricianormaintenanceperson.持有电工证的电工或则维修人员安装电源
和维护。Avoidworkingnearprimarysidepowercables.避免在主要电源端附近工作。Nev
errunoverprimarysideoranyotherpowercableswithaforklif
t.Also,becarefulnottodropheavyobjectsonpowercords.Dam
agetotheoutercasingcanresultandexposetheconductorunder
neath.绝对不能使用叉车压住主要电源端和任何电源线。同样，小心不要掉重物在电源线上。破坏电器箱将会是使导体裸露。EHS俱乐部①
ElectricalSafety电气安全ElectricalSafetyTips:WeldingEquipment电气安
全提示：焊接设备Checkcablesforwornorcutinsulation.检查电源线是否磨损或者绝缘断开。
Letyoursupervisorknowifdamageisfoundsomaintenancecanbe
called.如果发现破坏，通知你的主管让维修人员去修理。EHS俱乐部①ElectricalSafety电气安全Electr
icalSafetyTips:ProtectiveClothing电气安全提示：防护服Wearpropergloves
thataredryandfreeofholes.穿那些干燥的且有通气孔的特制的手套Wearrubbersole
dsafetyshoes.穿橡胶制作的安全鞋EHS俱乐部①ElectricalSafety电气安全ElectricalSa
fetyTips:WorkReturnLead电气安全提示：工作回路引线Makesuretheworkreturn
leadisproperlyconnectednearthepointofweldingandmakesg
oodelectricalconnection.确定工作回路引线是被正确的夹在焊接点的附近和确保有好的电气连接。Donot
placethepowersourceonafloorthatcouldconductweldingcur
rent.不要将电源放置在能导电的地面上。Neverleaveanoverheadcraneorotherlifti
ngdeviceconnectedtotheassemblybeingwelded.Currentcantra
velbackthroughthesedevicesandcauseveryseriousdamage.不要把吊
机或是其它起重设备连接在正在焊接的产品上。通过这些设备电流能够回流，也能引起非常严重的破坏。EHS俱乐部①ElectricalS
afety电气安全ElectricalSafetyTips:IncaseofElectricalShock电气安全提
示：假如发生电击Ifpossible,turnthepoweroffimmediately.如有可能，立即关闭电源。D
onottrytopullthevictimfreewhileincontactwiththeelect
ricalpower.不要试图去推开那些正触电的受害者。ActivatetheEMS(emergencymedical
system),call120.Alertfirstrespondersaccordingtoprotocols
postednearthephonesintheshop.启动急救系统，呼叫120。向厂房里电话边张贴的负责人提供警
报。EHS俱乐部②ArcRadiation电弧辐射Theweldingarcemitsthreetypesofr
adiation.焊接时有三种辐射产生。Ultraviolet–UV紫外线Visible可见光Infrared-(IR)红
外线EHS俱乐部②ArcRadiation电弧辐射ShortwavelengthUVcauses“Arceye”o
r“Weldersflash”短波紫外线引起的眼病。UVintherangeof300-400Nano-Meter
s(NM)hasbeenassociatedwiththeformationofcataracts.紫外线引起白
内障。InfraredandVisiblelightcancauseburnsandretinallesions
.红外线和可见光损坏视网膜。EHS俱乐部②ArcRadiation电弧辐射Themostcommontypeofey
einjuryfromradiationis“arceye”or“weldersflash”.最常见的眼病，从辐
射是“红眼”或“电光性眼炎”。Severalhoursafterexposure,you’reeyeswillfee
llikethereissandinthemandwillberedandswollen.眼睛曝光几个小时
后，会觉得像有沙子，他们将变红和肿胀。Theeffectsareshortlivedandcanbetreated
byavisittotheemergencyroomwheredropscanbeadministered
tocorrectthiscondition.影响是短暂的。到急诊室处理有助于缓解和改善这样的状况。However,th
eeyescanbepermanentlydamagedbyintenseexposureovertime.然
而，曝光时间过长的话，视力将会永久的伤害。EHS俱乐部②ArcRadiation电弧辐射ClearPlasticlense
sandsideshieldswillblockshortwaveUVandhelpavoidexposu
re.透明胶镜片将阻止短波紫外线，并有助于避免曝光。UVintherangeof300to400Nano-Mete
rs,Infrared,andvisiblelightarenotblockedbyclearplastic.
Thecorrectshadeoffilterplateneedstobeusedtopreventex
posure.透明胶镜片不可以拦住300~400纳米范围的紫外线，红外线和可见光的。需要选用正确的滤光片来防止曝光。EHS俱乐部
②ArcRadiation电弧辐射Thefollowingslideisachartofrecommended
filterplateshadesfordifferentweldingprocessesandcurrentl
evels.以下说明不同的焊接时需要不同滤光片的种类。EHS俱乐部②ArcRadiation电弧辐射Arcradiation
cancauseaconditionverymuchlikesunburn.电弧辅射可能导致很多象晒斑的情况The
hazardisincreasedbyhigheramperageandargonbasedgas.更高的安培
数和氩气体会增加危险Properweldingclothessuchassleeves,capesleeves,
aprons,andahelmetshouldbewornforprotection.穿适当的焊接服装例如袖子，护
袖，围裙，头盔将保护身体。Screensandprotectivebarriersshouldbeinplace
toprotectnon-weldersinthearea.防晒霜和防护墙在焊接区域应该是保护非焊工。Sunscre
encanbeusedtoprotectexposedskin.防晒霜可以被用于保护暴露的皮肤EHS俱乐部②Ar
cRadiation电弧辐射Highlyreflectivematerialssuchasaluminum,sta
inlesssteel,andgalvanizedincreasetheriskofexposure.高度反射性材
料例如铝，不锈钢和镀锌增加曝光的风险Arcradiationisreflectedoffthesematerials
andcausesinjurytothebackoftheneckorotherexposedareas
.弧辐射被反射这些材料并且造成伤害到脖子或其他被暴露的区域的后面Properclothingorsunscreenca
nhelpeliminateorminimizetheexposure.适当的衣物或遮阳霜可能帮助消灭或使曝光减到最小
EHS俱乐部③FumesandGasses烟尘和废气CausesofFumesandGasses.烟尘和废气产生的
原因。Becauseofthevariablesinfumeandgasgenerationwithdiffe
rentweldingprocesses,wewillneedtotreatthesubjectinave
rygeneralizedway.由于发烟和气体不同的焊接过程产生不同烟和气，我们将需要制定一个广泛的方式对待这个问题。Fu
meandgassescanbehazardousifproperventilationisnotused.
如果没有适当的空气流动，发烟和气体是很危害的。EHS俱乐部③FumesandGasses烟尘和废气Contaminants
intheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Particulatematterintheweldplumegi
vestheplumeit’scolor.特殊的物质在焊接中产生它自己特有的颜色。Theparticulateis
composedprimarilyofoxidizedfillermetal,basemetal,andany
coatingsfoundonthebasemetal.微粒物质主要由被氧化的填充金属、母材和所有覆盖在母材上的东西。
Weldersshouldtakecaretoavoidbreathingthefumesbecauseof
thepotentialassociatedhealthhazards.焊工应当心避免吸入烟尘,因为它与身体建康相关联。A
luminumandIronparticlescancausedustdiseaseofthelungesi
flevelsarehighenoughandoccuroveralongperiodoftime.铝和铁
微粒可能导致刺的积尘病，如果量是足够多和长时间。。EHS俱乐部③FumesandGasses烟尘和废气Contaminan
tsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Somemetalsposeamoreseriousheal
thhazard.一些金属构成更严重的健康危害Itisveryimportanttouseallavailable
safetydeviceswhenworkingwiththesematerials:它是很重要的当与这些材料一起使
用时，使用所有可利用的保险装Manganese,foundinAluminum(3003),caneffectthe
centralnervoussystem,resultinginimpairedspeechandmovemen
t.锰与铝(3003)焊接，可能影响中央神经系统，造成语言和行动功能受损。Fumesfromstainlesssteela
ndotherspecializedconsumableshavethepotentialtocontaince
rtaincompoundsofChromiumand/ornickel.Someofthesecompound
sareknownorsuspectedtohavecausedlungcancerinprocesses
otherthanwelding.从不锈钢的发烟和其他专业消费品有潜力包含铬和镍某些化合物。除焊接之外，其中一些化合物在过程
中知道或被怀疑有导致的肺癌。EHS俱乐部③FumesandGasses烟尘和废气Contaminantsinthew
eldplume:焊接中的污染物：ThemostcommoncoatingfoundatGreenheckisZ
inc,whichisthecoatingfoundonGalvanizedorGalvanealmateri
al.在格林瀚克最主要的涂层材料是镀锌板,是一种电镀或热镀锌的材料。Zincmeltsbetween800°and900
°andiseasilyvaporizedbytheweldingarc.锌融化在800度到900度之间,通过焊
弧很易蒸发,。TheresultingfumeisZincOxide.随之发生烟是氧化锌。ZincOxide,in
largeenoughquantitiescancause“ZincFever”or“MetalFumeFev
er”.氧化锌，在足够大的数量，可引起自然或金属灰发烧。EHS俱乐部③FumesandGasses烟尘和废气Contamin
antsintheweldplume:焊接中的污染物：Cause原因Effect结果Zinc（GalvanizedS
teel）涂锌（镀锌钢）Exposuretozincfumescanresultin“ZincFever”or“Me
talFumeFever”暴光的锌可能引起自燃或金属灰发烧CadmiumPlating电镀铬Exposuretocad
miumfumescanbetoxic暴光的铬气可能引起中毒Lead-Containingpaints含铅油漆Expo
suretoleadfumescanbetoxic可能引起中毒Zincchromatepaints含锌铬酸盐的油
漆Hexavalentchromiumisassociatedwithlungcancer六价铬离子可能引起肺癌EHS
俱乐部③FumesandGasses烟尘和废气CarbondioxideArgonCarbonmonoxideAsph
yxiates(inert)使窒息(惰性气体)二氧化碳氩气一氧化碳OzoneChloridesFluoridesSulfurd
ioxideGasses废气Fluorides,OxidesofNitrogenPhosgeneSystemicpoison
s全身的毒气Irritants刺激性气体臭氧氯化物氟化物二氧化硫氟化物氧化氮光气EHS俱乐部③FumesandGasses烟尘
和废气ConfinedSpace:狭小的空间：Asphyxiatescanbeveryhazardousincon
finedspaces.在狭小的空间内,呼吸不畅是很危险的。Thesegasesareheavierthanaira
ndcansettleinenclosedareasanddisplaceoxygen.这些气体比空气重，并能解决
在封闭区和取代氧气。Alwaysusesometypeofventilationtokeepfreshairf
lowinginthistypeofenvironment.总要使用一些通风器以保持新鲜空气的流动，在这种类型的环境。T
heremaynotbeanywarningsignsofoxygendeficiency.Youmays
implyloseconsciousness.可能没有任何警告标志的氧气不足。你可能很容易失去意识。EHS俱乐部③Fumes
andGasses烟尘和废气Gasesproducedbywelding:焊接产生的气体：Caremustbeta
kenwhenusingcleaningsolventsformulatedwithchlorinatedhydr
ocarbons.必须注意当使用清洗溶剂与氯化碳氢化合物TrichloroethyleneandPerchloroethyle
neareexamplesofthese.氯乙烯和全氯乙烯是这些的例子。Whenvaporsfromthesecl
eaningsolventsareexposedtoUVfromtheweldingarc,Phosgene
gasisproduced.当蒸汽从这些清洗溶剂是暴露在紫外线从焊接电弧，光气是天然气生产。EHS俱乐部③Fumesand
Gasses烟尘和废气Gasesproducedbywelding:焊接产生的气体：Ozonecanbeapro
blemwhenweldingAluminum当焊接铝件时臭氧是一个问题。Cancauseheadache,chest
pain,andshortnessofbreath.能导致头痛,胸闷和呼吸短促。Veryhighlevelsof
exposuretoozonecancausefluidtobuildupinthelungsandev
endeath.非常严重的暴露于臭氧中能使流进肺中和甚至死亡。EHS俱乐部③FumesandGasses烟尘和废气Gase
sproducedbywelding:焊接产生的气体：TheproductionofOzonedependson
thetypeoffillermetalused.臭氧的产生主要依靠那种焊丝被使用。Theuseof4043fi
llermetalcausestheformationofozone.使用4043焊丝能导致臭氧的产生。EHS俱乐部③
FumesandGasses烟尘和废气ReducingtheRisk:减少危险：Keepyourheadouto
ftheweldingplume.保持你的头部离开焊接废气。EHS俱乐部③FumesandGasses烟尘和废气Red
ucingtheRisk:减少危险：Uselocalfumeextractiondevicestohelprem
ovethefume.利用局部的排烟装置，以帮助排走烟气。EHS俱乐部③FumesandGasses烟尘和废气Reduc
ingtheRisk:减少危险：Usefiltersorotherdevicestofiltertheair
inyourbreathingzone.在你呼吸地方使用过滤器或其他装置，以过滤空气。EHS俱乐部③FumesandGa
sses烟尘和废气ReducingtheRisk:减少危险：Insomecasesitmaybenecessar
ytoremovethecoatingfromthebasemetalbeforewelding.在某些情况下
，也许要先清理涂层从金属母材上在焊前Makesureyouknowtheproperwaytoremovethe
coating.Grindingsomecoatingsmaybejustashazardousasweld
ing.确保您知道正确的做法对于清理涂层。磨削有些涂料可能只是为减少焊接危险EHS俱乐部④BurnsandFire烧伤和火灾
Burnsareoneofthemostcommonhazardsfacedinallweldingpro
cesses.烧伤是最常见的危险在所有焊接工作中。Arcradiation,sparks,spatter,andthe
partsthemselvescancauseseriousinjury.电弧辐射，火花飞溅及零件本身可能导致严重伤害。
EHS俱乐部④BurnsandFire烧伤和火灾Propergearandclothingcanhelpprot
ectyoufromthesehazards.适当的装备和服装可以帮助您避免这些危害。ProtectiveClothin
gandGear.防护服和手套。WeldingMaskWeldingGlovesDustMaskProtective
ClothingWeldingApronEHS俱乐部④BurnsandFire烧伤和火灾Fireisalsoam
ajorconcernassociatedwithwelding.火灾也是焊接时主要要考虑的。Cleaningsolve
ntsanddegreasersareflammableandposeaseverefireandexplo
sionhazard.清洗溶剂和脱脂剂是易燃的及构成严重火灾和爆炸危险。Thesesubstancesshouldbek
eptoutoftheweldingarea.这些物质应远离焊接区域贮存。EHS俱乐部Notice:注意：Materia
lssuchaspaperandragsarecombustibleandcanbeignitedbys
parksandspatterfromtheweldingprocess.材料如纸张和抹布都是易燃物，可点燃的火花飞溅
从焊接过程中。Thesematerialscansmolderforhoursbeforecatchingfire
.这些材料在着火前能闷烧几个小时。Allcombustiblematerialsshouldbekeptoffthe
floorandoutoftheimmediateweldingarea.所有可燃材料应保存在地面上，且于眼能看到
的焊接区域。Thesematerialsshouldbeplacedinafireproofcontainer
attheendoftheshift.这些材料应保管在防火的柜子的最里面。Keepgarbagecanscove
redneartheweldingarea.确认焊接区附近的垃圾桶要盖上。EHS俱乐部④BurnsandFire烧伤和
火灾Cigarettelightersshouldbekeptoutofpantsorshirtpocket
sasthesecanexplodewhenweldingspattercomesincontactwith
andmeltsthroughtheplasticshell.打火机不应该放在裤子或衬衣口袋里，因为这些焊渣飞溅能接触
到塑料外壳使其可能发生爆炸。Canexplodewiththesameforceas3sticksofdyna
mite.其爆炸的破坏力相当于3倍量的炸药。EHS俱乐部⑤CompressedGasCylinders压缩天然气气瓶Store
cylindersawayfromheat.贮存气瓶远离热。Besurecontentsareclearlyid
entified.确保所称装气体是明显的。Markemptycylinders“EMPTY”用”EMPTY”标记空瓶。Useonlyinanuprightandchainedposition.仅在竖立状态下和束缚位置使用。Makesuretheprotectivecapisinplacewheneverthecylinderisnotconnectedforuse.无论在使用或是不使用时，气瓶的保护盖一直要使用。⑤CompressedGasCylinders压缩天然气气瓶Donotdrag,droporrollcylinders.不能扯拽，投下及滚动气瓶Neverstrikeanarconcylinders.不能在气瓶上触击电弧Keepweldingcablesandtheweldingcircuitawayfromcylinders.保持焊接电缆及焊接电路远离气瓶Keepoilandgreaseawayfromoxygen,itcanexplodewhenpressurized.保持油和油脂远离氧气，当加压是它可能发生爆炸Alwaysleavesomegas(50psi)inthecylindertopreventcontaminationandmixingofgasses.保持气瓶里剩余一些气体（50磅压力），防止气瓶污染或者混入其他气体。EHS俱乐部⑥Noise噪音Noiseisaproblemwithmanyoperationsontheshopfloor.Earplugsarerequiredwhenontheshopfloor.噪音是车间里许多作业都有的问题，所以在车间里需要耳塞。Notonlywilltheyprotectyoufromnoise,butwillkeepspatteroutofyourearsaswell.耳塞既能帮你减少噪音，还可以防止飞溅物进到耳朵里。EHS俱乐部TakeResponsibilityforyourownpersonalsafety. |
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