Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestars
TPeriod1and2:Warmingupandreading
Warmingup:Lead-in
Goodmorning,class!Today,waregoingtotakeUnit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestars.Beforewereadthetext,let’sturntopage97andgetfamiliarizedwiththevocabularyfirst.Payattentiontothemakingoftheword.Studytheprefixes,rootsandsuffixesinthewords.
Playagametolearnthenamesandpositionsoftheplanets:
VenusisnexttoMercury.
Earthisthethirdplanet.
MarsisbetweenEarthandJupiter.
Neptuneisthefurthestplanetfromthesun.
SaturnisbetweenUranusandJupiter.
Mercuryisclosesttothesun.
II.Pre-reading
1.Lookingandsaying
Haveyoueverwonderedhowtheuniversebegan?WellI''msureyoumayhavemanyanswerstothisquestion,butIhaveonethatperhaps,youmaynothaveheardofyet.Iwillbegivingyoumytheoryonthissubject.Nowlookatthescreenandlistentometellingyousomethingexciting.
科学家透露：宇宙可能有两个
我们的宇宙和一个"隐藏的"宇宙共同"镶嵌"在"五维空间"中。在我们的宇宙早期，这两个宇宙发生了一次相撞事故，相撞产生的能量生成了我们宇宙中的物质和能量。 2.Talkingandsharing
Doyouknowhowtheuniversebegan?
Inthe1920sinCalifornia,astronomerEdwinHubbleobserveddistantgalaxiesusing
anextremelypowerfultelescope.Hemadetwomind-boggling(unbelievable)discoveries.
First,HubblefiguredoutthattheMilkyWayisn’ttheonlygalaxy.Herealizedthatfaint,cloud-likeobjectsinthenightskyareactuallyothergalaxiesfar,faraway.TheMilkyWayisjustoneofbillionsofgalaxies.
Second,Hubblediscoveredthatthegalaxiesareconstantlymovingawayfromeachother.Inotherwords,theuniverseisexpanding.Thebiggestthingthatweknowaboutisgettingbiggerallthetime.
Afewyearslater,BelgianastronomerGeorgesLema?treusedHubble‘samazingdiscoveriestosuggestananswertoabigastronomyquestion:“Howdidtheuniversebegin?”
III.Reading
1.Listeningandreadingaloud
Nowpleaselistentotherecordingandthenreadthetextaloud.Payattentiontohowthenativespeakerisreadingalongandwherethepausesarewithineachsentence.Iwillplaythetapetwiceandyoushallreadaloudtwice,too.
Readingandunderlining
Nextyouaretoreadandunderlinealltheusefulexpressionsorcollocationsinthepassage.Copythemintoyournotebookafterclassashomework.
CollocationsfromHOWLIFEBEGANONTHEEARTH
acloudofenergeticdust具有能量的尘埃,combineinto…合成……,
movearoundthesun环绕太阳运转,becomeviolent变得激烈,thesolidsurface固体表面,explodeloudly猛烈爆炸,intime及时，最终,producethewatervapor产生水蒸汽,maketheearth’satmosphere构成了地球的大气层,cooldown冷却,onthesurface在表面,bedifferentfrom…与……不同,goroundthesun环绕太阳运转,disappearfrom…从……消失,stayon…存留在……,showone’squality显现某人的特性,dissolveharmfulgases分解，溶解有害气体,becomepartof…变成……的一部分,developlife发展生命,growinthewater在水里生长,fill…with…用……来填充……，充满了……,encouragethedevelopmentof…鼓励……的发展,millionsofyearslater几万年以后,liveonland在陆地上生活,liveinthesea在海里生存,growintoforests长成森林,produceyoung生出幼仔,layeggs下蛋,animalswithhandsandfeet长着手脚的动物,spreadallovertheearth遍布全世界,developnewmethods发展了新的方法,growfood种植,movearound迁徙,goby过去，推移,takecareof…在意……，照看好……,put…into…把……带入，放入……,prevent…from…防止……做……,escapefrom…into…从……逃离到……,becomehot变热,dependon….依靠，依赖，取决与……,solveaproblem解决一个问题 3.Readingandtransferringinformation
Readthepassagecarefullyandanalyeitsstructure.Writedownthemainideaforeachparagraph.
MainBody Paragraph1:Awidelyacceptedtheoryabouttheformationoftheuniverse Paragraph2:Theformationoftheearth
Paragraph3:Theimportanceofwaterforlife
Paragraph4:Thedevelopmentofplantsandanimalsontheearth Paragraph5:Thearrivalofhumansandtheirimpactontheearth 4.Readingandunderstandingdifficultsentences
Skimthetextandidentifythedifficultsentencesofeachparagraph.Youmayputyourhandupifyouhaveanyquestions.
Notestosomedifficultsentences
1.Afterthe“BigBang”theearthwasjustacloudofenergeticdust.随着“轰隆”一声巨响，地球就成为一个云团，充满着具有能量的尘埃。
BigBang(big-bangcosmology)大爆炸宇宙学。
2.Itexplodedloudlywithfireandrockwereintimetoproducecarbondioxide,nitrogenwatervapourandothergases,whichweretomaketheearth’satmosphere.它（地球）巨大的爆炸喷出了烈火与岩石，最终产生了水蒸汽、二氧化碳、氧、氮和其他多种气体，从而形成了地球的大气层。
intime:soonerorlater;eventually迟早；最后。
I’llseehimintime.总有一天我会遇见他。
intime(forsth/todosth):notlate及时；不迟。
Shewillbebackintimetopreparedinner.她来得及回来准备晚饭。
in/outoftime:in/notinthecorrecttime合/不合节怕。
Theaudienceclappedintimetothemusic.观众合着音乐的节拍拍手。
（sth）beto(do):(something)willdefinitelyhappen,oritmusthappen不可避免要发生或必须发生。
Theysaidgoodbye,littleknowingthattheywerenevertomeetagain.他们彼此说了再见，几乎不知道再也不可能见面了。
Sheistobehonoredforthisgreatwork.她（一定）会因这部著作而获得荣誉。
Mr.Clarksaidtohisdaughter,“Youaretobehomeby10o’clockatthelatest.”克拉克先生对他的女儿说：“你必须在10点之前到家。”
3.…allowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesandintotheoceansandseas.它使地球把有害气体溶解在海洋里。
allow…todo允许某人做某事。如：
Herparentswon’tallowhertostayoutlaterthan11:00intheevening.她父母不允许她晚上在外逗留超过11点。
PleaseallowmetoexplainthatIdidnothaveanyideaabouthisarrangement.请允
许我解释，我事先不知道他的安排。
但要注意：“准许做某事”应当是allowdoing不是allowtodo。如：
Theyshouldn’tallowparkinginthisstreet.It’stoonarrow.他们不应该允许在这条街上停车，街道太窄了。
Walkingonthegrassisnotallowed.不许踩踏草坪。
…encouragedthelaterdevelopmentofearlyshellfishandallsortsoffish.这为早期贝类及其他各种鱼类的发育进一步创造了条件。
encourage鼓励；促进；怂恿
Fatherencouragedhimtostudyphysicsbutheprefersmaths.父亲鼓励他学物理，但他更喜欢数学。
Heencouragedmetolearndancing.他鼓励我去学跳舞。
名词后缀-ment加在动词之后表示：
1)行为，例如：argument,betterment,development,treatment.
2)结果，例如：arrangement,statement,settlement.
3)工具，例如：instrument,pavement.
.Theyproducedyounggenerallybylayingeggs.它们一般是通过孵蛋而繁衍后代的。
bydoing用于说明做某事的手段，方式。如：
Idon’tthinkshecanhelphimbyjustgivinghimmoney.我认为她光靠给钱是帮不了他的。
Heusedtomakehislivingbypainting.他以前是靠画画为生。
.Theyareputtingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,whichpreventsheatfromescapingfromtheearthintospace.他们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中，这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。
prevent…fromdoing阻止某人做某事。如：
Hishearttroubledidnotpreventhim(from)goingtoclassthenextday.他的心脏病痛没能阻止他第二天去上课。
Nothingcanpreventtheirplans(from)beingcarriedout.什么也不能阻止他们的计划得以实施。
.Sowhetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.因此在未来的数百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。
(sth)dependon(sthelse):somethingmightonlyhappenorbetrueifthecircumstancesarerightforit取决于；决定于。如：
“Willyougofishingthisafternoon?”“Well,italldependsontheweather.”“你今天下午去钓鱼吗？”“得看天气。”
formillionsofyearstocome中不定式tocome作定语，与前面的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，例如：
Sheisthelastpersontodosuchathing.她是最不像做这种事的人。
Readingandtranslating
Asyouhavereadthetexttimes,youcansurelyputitintoChinese.
IV.Closingdown
Closingdownbydoingexercises
Toendthelessonyouaretodothecomprehendingexercises2and3onpages27.
Closingdownbyhavingadiscussion—HowDidtheUniverseBegin?Thereareonlythreepossibleanswerstothisquestion.
1．Itwascreatedbysomethinglargerthanitselfsincethefirstlawofthermodynamics(热力学)saysthatenergycannotbecreated,onlychanged.
Theuniversehadtobecreatedbysomethingoutsideitself,becauseofthesamelaw.Wealsoknowthatmancouldnothavecreatedit.
2．Itwasbegunbychance(oraccident);or
3．Theanswerisnotsure.
Shownthisway,thequestionis:
AdditionalMaterials Completethesummaryofthestorywithonewordineachblank.
HOWLIFEBEGANONTHEEARTH
Afterthe“BigBang”camea1ofenergeticdust,theearth.Dustcombinedintoaball,moving2thesun.Theearthbecameviolent.Thenit3loudly.Intime,thewatervaporwasproduced,makingtheearth’satmosphere4down.Waterthenappearedonthe5.Theearthwastobedifferentfromotherplanetsgoingroundthe6.Waterdisappearedfromotherplanets.Butitstayedon7.
Smallplantsbegandeveloping8thewater.
Yearslatergreenplantscameinto9.Theairthenwas10withoxygen.
Millionsofyearslater,small11animalswerefoundtobelivingonthe12,inthesea.Theyspreadallovertheearth,moving13theearth,puttingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmospherewhich14heatfromescapingfromearthintospace.
Intheendtheearthmaybecometoohottolive15.
（Keys:1.cloud2.around3.exploded4.cool5.surface6.sun7.earth8.in9.being10.filled11.clever12.land13.around14.prevents15.upon） Comprehensionquestions
Whatformstheearth’satmosphere?
A.Carbondioxide,oxygen.B.Carbondioxide,oxygen,poisonousgas.
Watervapour,carbondioxide,oxygen,nitrogen.
Watervapour,carbondioxide,oxygen,nitrogenandothergases.
Canyoutellwhatisthe“specialqualities”oftheearthaccordingtothepassage?
A.Theearthgoesaroundthesun.B.Theearthwassolidshapewhichwaslast.
C.Thereareanimalsandhumanbeingsliveonit.D.Waterremainsonthesurfaceoftheearth.
Whatkindoffactorimprovetheprogressoflife?
A.Waterformsontheearth’ssurface.B.Greenplantsbegantoappearonland.
Theairisfullofcarbondioxide.D.Animalsbegantoappearsuchasinsects,amphibians,est.
Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?
A.Ittellsushowdoeslifebegintoappearontheearth.
B.Ittellsuswhydoesgreenplantsgrowbeforeanimals.
Ittellsuswaterplaysanimportantroleinthedevelopmentoflife.
D.Ittellsuscarbondioxideisthereasonwhylivingbeingswilldieinthefuture,
Theauthorinfersusthatifwewanttothelifecontinueontheearth,whatshouldwedo?
A.Weshouldproducemorecarbondioxidetocauseglobalwarming.
B.Weshouldsolvetheproblemofglobalwarmingassoonaspossible.
C.Weshouldbearlesspeopleandthinkaboutanewwaytogrowmorecrops.
D.Weshouldbeworthyofwater.
(Key:DDBAB)
Period3Learningaboutlanguage
StepIRevision
Checkretellingofthepassage
Translatethefollowingsentences.
你迟早会成功的.
我的车与你的不一样.
站在门旁边的那个人是谁?
他总是第一个来,最后一个走.
既然你已经长大了,你自己决定吧.
Suggestedanswers:
Youwillsucceedintime.
Mycarisdifferentfromyours.
Whoisthepersonstandingbythedoor?
Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttogo.
Nowthatyouhavegrownupyoucandecideityourself.
StepⅡWordstudy
Thispartisaconsolidationofthewordslearntinthisunit.Askthestudentstodotheexercisesindividually.
Page28.Firstletstudentsfinishpart1,2
Checktheanswerswiththewholeclass.
Givestudents3minutestofinishpart3.
Letthestudentsreadpart4forawhileandfinishit.
Checktheanswers.
StepⅢPreparation
Showsomesentencesontheblackboard.
Atreehasfallenacrosstheroad.
Youareastudent.
Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem.
Smokingisbadforyou.
“Howdoyoudo?”isagreeting.
Whatshesaidisnotyetknown.
Thatweshallbelateiscertain.
It’scertainthatweshallbelate.
T:Whatpartdoestheunderlinedpartserveasineachsentence?Orfinditssubjectineachsentence.
StepⅣGrammar
Givethestudentssometimetofindthesentencesinthepassage.Thecollectanswersfromtheclass.
Showtypicalexamplesofhowtomakeasubjectclause.GuidetheSstofindoutwhatchangeswehavetomakewhenwemakeasentenceorcombinetwosentencesusingsubjectclause.TeachershowstheexampleandSswritedownthesentences.
Turntopage64,finishtheeightsentencesinexercise2.
Haveadiscussioninpairs.ThetopicisMydream.Onetalksabouttheproblemsinhisstudyorlife,anothergivessomeadvice.Remindthestudentstousethefollowingstructures
Myproblemis…
Mytroubleis…
Thequestionis…
Myadviceis…
WhatIthinkaboutitis…
Thefactis…
Mysuggestionis…
高考链接】
主语从句
一、由what（whatever，whoever）等代词引导的主语从句。
Whattheyareafterismoney.他们追求的是金钱。
Whateverwassaidheremustbekeptsecret.这里说的话都应当保密。
二、由连词that引导的主语从句。其中that一般不可省略，但若用it作形式主语，that从句后置时，则可省略。为避免头重脚轻，我们倾向用it开头，后接be，seem等。如果句子是疑问形式，就只能用带it的结构。
Thatmoneydoesn''tgrowontreesshouldbeobvious.
金钱不能从树上长出来是显而易见的。
Itisobvious（that）moneydoesn''tgrowontrees.显而易见，金钱是不能从树上长出来的。
注意：
1）选用what还是用that引导主语从句要根据关联词在从句中是否担任成分而定。且what（以及whatever，whoever等）引导的主语从句一般不用it作形式主语。
Whathesaidistrue.他说的是真的。（what在其引导的主语从句中作宾语。）
ThatChinaisagreatsocialistcountryiswellknown.（=It’swellknownthat…）众所周知，中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。（that在其引导的主语从句中不作任何成分，也无词义，只起连接作用。）
2）it引导的强调句与it作形式主语的复合句不可混淆。it引导的强调句是用来对句中某一成分加以强调，其结构为：“Itis（或was）+强调部分+that（或who）…”强调句去掉Itis（或was）…that（或who）…框架后，剩余部分为一个完整的句子。
ItwasIthat(who)metMaryinthestreetyesterday.是我昨天在街上遇见了玛丽。(强调主语)
3）常见的用it作形式主语的复合句结构：
Itis+形容词（necessary，strange，important，wonderful，possible，likely，等）+that从句，从句中常用虚拟语气。
It’snecessarythathewritesomethinginEnglish.他用英语写点东西是必要的。
It’sstrangethatshedidnotgotoschoolyesterday.奇怪的是她昨天没去上学。
Itis+名词（afact，apity，nowonder，goodnews，等）+that从句
It''sapitythatsheshouldhavesaidso.真遗憾她竟然会这么说。
Itis+过去分词（said，reported，decided，unknown等）+that从句
ItssaidthatourEnglishteacherwillgoabroadnextweek.据说我们英语老师下周要去出国。
It+不及物动词（seems，appears，happens，matters等）+that从句
Itseemsthatsheisingreatneedofhelp.看来她急帮忙。
4）主语为从句时，一般要用单数谓语动词形式；但如果引导的从句作主语、代表复数概念（常可从表语上看出）时，谓语动词则常用复数形式：
Whatweneediswater.我们需要的是水。
Whatweneedareusefulbooks.我们需要的是有用的书。
三、由连接代词或连接副词（或if,whether）引导的主语从句。
Whentheywillcomehasn''tbeenmadepublic.他们什么时候回来还没有宣布。
WhetherI’llattendthemeetinghasn’tbeendecided.=Ithasn’tbeendecidedwhether(if)I’llattendthemeeting.我是否参加会议还未决定。
Period4Listeningandspeaking
StepI.Lead-in
Let2-3studentsretellthepassagelearntinthefirsttwoperiods.Revisesomeimportantwordsandstatements.
RemindthestudentsofOctober15th2003whenYangLiweiwentupintospace.(showingpicturesorVideosinpossible)
Listthefollowingquestionsbeforelistening:
Whateducationandexperiencedoyouneedtobecomeanastronaut?
Doyouthinkthereareanyspecialrequirements?
Whatkindofapersonmakesagoodastronaut?
Whatproblemsdoyouthinkhe/shewouldhaveinspace?
(Studentsreportbacktotheclassinfours)
StepII.Listening(P62)
Listentoparts1and2.Writedownthemainidea.
Thenlistentopart1finishexercise3andpart2tofinishexercise4.
Questions YangLiwei’sanswers Whenwasthemostexcitingmoment?
Whatsurprisedhim?
Whatdidhedo? Whenhisspaceshipliftedoffthegroundheknewhewasreallyonhiswayintospace.
Thebeautyofspace
Hewatchedallhisinstrumentsandstayedcalm. InformationonYangLiwei,theastronaut Education Hegothisdegree. Training Hetrainedfortenyearstoflyairplanesandthentoflyaspaceship. Physicalqualities Smallerthan170cm;lessthan70kg. Personalqualities Calm,hard-working Listenagain(ifnecessary)andfillintheblanksinexercise5.
StepIII.Talking
Thistaskasksthestudentstoworkinpairsandgiveafriendanumberof
“dos”and“don’ts”aboutgoingintospace.
Remindthestudentsofhavingdiscussedsomeproblemsbeforereading“ AVISITTOTHEMOON”.
Brainstormalistbasedonwhattheyrememberinpairs.
Comparetheideaswithanotherpairandmakeareporttotheclass.
Makesuggestionseithertoavoidortosolvetheproblemslistedingroupsoffour.
GivesomeSampledialogues:
StepIV.Speakingtask
Thepurposeofthistaskistousetheinformationgainedfromthelisteningtextandreadingpassageinanewsituation.
Beforethetask,workoutsomequestionstoask.Forexample:
Whatwasthemostunexpectedthingyoufoundoutabout“blackholes”?
Ifyoucannotseea“blackhole”,howdoyouknowyouhavegotclosetoit?
Whatwasthemostfrighteningthingthathappenedtoyouonthisjourney?
Preparetheanswerstothequestionsinpairs.
Suggestedanswerstothequestionsabove:
Mostunexpectedthing:the“blackhole”threwoutmaterialaswellasswallowingobjects.
Knowingwhenwereachedit:Youonlyknowyouareclosetoablackholebyseeingthingsgoingaroundwhatappearstobeanemptyspace.Theblackholecannotbeseen.
Mostfrighteningexperience:whenthegravityofthe“blackhole”waspullingusslowlyintoits“mouth”,andthenthespaceshipmovedaroundthehole;IwasterrifiedbecauseIthoughtwewouldbeswallowedbythe“hole”.
Practisetheinterviewinfrontoftheclassinpairs.
StepV.Homework
Period5:Integratingskills
StepI.Revision:
Retellthereadingpassage.
StepII.Listeninganddiscussing(P30):
Lookatthepicturesandtheexercisesandguesswhatthelisteningisabout.
Listentoparts1and2forthefisttimetochoosethebestsummaryofthelisteningtext.
Thetextisabouthowtheideaofgravityhasdevelopedoveralongperiodoftheuniverse.
Listenagaintofinishthechartinexercise3:
IsaacNewton AlbertEinstein StephenHawking Idea Largebodieshaveaforcewhichpullsthingstowardsthem Inspacelargeobjectsmakespaceandtimebend;thelargertheobject,thefurtherspaceandtimebends Blackholeshaveaverylargemassandpullthingstowardsthemtowardstheiredge. Develop-ment Thebiggertheobjectthestrongerthegravity Timegoesslowerinverystronggravity. Ifyougoovertheedge,youcannotgetout;butifyoudonot,youmaybeabletoescape.
StepIII.Reading(P30):
Thisreadingusesinformationfromthelisteningtextabove.ItisasciencefictionstorywhichimagineswhatitmightbelikeifanastronautvisitedtheMoon.
ReadthepassagecarefullyandthendescribethethreewaysinwhichgravitychangedforLiYanpingandhowhisweightchanged.
Suggestedsentences:
Thepullofgravitybecameverystrongashelefttheearth’satmosphere.Hisweightisnormal.
Itdisappearedwhenhewasinspace.Heisweightless.
Itwasverylightwhenhewasonthemoon.Heweighslessthanontheearth.
StepIV.ReadingTask(P66):
Remindthestudentsoftheknowledgeof“blackholes”.
Readthepassagetodiscoverthenewideasabout“blackholes”.
Oldideasabout“blackholes” Wasthiswhatwefound? Newideasabout“blackholes” Blackholescannotbeseen Yes Youcanonly“see”itbywatchingthemovementsoftheobjectscaughtbyitsgravity. Gravitypullsobjectstowardsthem. Yes Objectsgoroundoutsidetheedgeofthe“blackhole”. Yes Allobjectsmustgointothe“blackhole”whentheyarecaughtbyitsgravity No Theycanbethrownfarfromthe“blackhole”byitsenergy. StepV.Writingtask(P67):
Thepurposeofthiswritingtaskisforthestudentstousetheinformationtheyhavegatheredonastronomyandtheirquestiontoeachothertowriteaninterestingandlivelynewspaperarticle.
Analyzethesamplewritingonpage67withthestudents.
Leaveawritingtaskashomework.
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