Unit4Creatureslargeandsmall单词：creaturen.生物；动物viewn.观点；看法n.视野
；风景sheltern.遮蔽物；庇护所拓展：v.给......提供庇护处；躲避shelterfromtherain避
雨tentn.帐篷例：Theysetupatentneartheseashore.survivev.存活；幸
免于难；挺过例：Theplantsmaynotsurvivethefrost.拓展：survivev.比..
....活得长例：Shesurvivedherhusbandbyfouryears.派生词：survival
n.幸存；生存survivorn.幸存者emergev.出现；浮现；露出例：Themoonemergedfrom
behindtheclouds.辨析：appear强调进入视线，被看见seem强调判断emerge指“出现”，暗
含了曾有一个不为人知的阶段，也可用于Itemergesthat句型。pestn.害虫；害兽；害鸟boredadj.厌倦的；
烦闷的拓展：borev.使厌倦boringadj.令人厌倦的elasticadj.有弹性的；有弹力的拓展：flex
ible有弹性的，指能弯曲的或易折弯的elastic指变形后能复原的anelasticswimsuit有弹性的游泳衣p
ropertyn.性质；特征；占有物artificialadj.人工的；人造的bulletproofadj.防弹的知识拓
展：proof用于复合结构，指“防......的；抗......的”例：waterproofcoats防水服firepr
oofgloves防火手套vestn.背心例：Whatanastyman!nastyadj.令人厌恶的；令人不悦的
biten.咬伤；叮伤；蛰伤v.咬rarelyadv.罕有；很少；不常例：Irarelyeatinrest
aurants.=OnlyrarelydoIeatinrestaurants.poisonn.毒药treatv
.医治；治疗拓展：v.对待disordern.不适；疾病；紊乱常用搭配：indisorder混乱disorderl
yadj.杂乱的adisorderlyroom杂乱的房间getone’spoint明白某人的意思have(som
ething)incommon与......有共同之处hibernatev.冬眠；蛰伏过冬，冬眠，避寒occur
v.发生；出现搭配：Itoccurstosbthat...某人突然想到......continuouslyadv.不
断地；持续地拓展：continuousadj.不断的；持续的absencen.不存在；缺乏拓展：(1)adj.缺席，缺
勤tobeabsentfromwork/school/ameeting缺勤/逃课/缺席(2)心不在焉的，走神的
anabsentexpression/look茫然的表情/样子upsidedown底朝上pulsen.脉搏；脉率rat
en.比率；率amphibiann.两栖动物stirv.动；移动拓展：(1)激发，打动例：Shewasstirr
edbyhissadstory.(2)逐渐产生，被唤起例：Afeelingofguiltbeganto
stirinher.disturbv.打扰；干扰；妨碍denn.兽穴；兽窝词组：befrightenedof对..
....害怕例：Hewasfrightenedofthedog.拓展：frighten常与away,off,
outof,into连用，指“吓走，吓跑”changeone’sviewson/about...改变对......的观点
viewn.观点；景色；视野one’sviewonsth对某事的看法例：What’syourviewon
schoolpunishment.拓展：(1)inviewof鉴于；考虑到(2)withaviewof/to
为了，目的在于protect...from/against...保护......免受......的侵害例：Insummer
youneedsunglassestoprotectyoureyesfrom/againststrongsunl
ight.hearabout/of听说，得知例：Howdidyouhearaboutthisstory?all
over全面，遍，到处例：Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.getone’spoint
理解某人的意思例：Finally,Igothispoint.最后，我终于明白他的意思了。拓展：haveone’s
points有某些优点makeone’spoint充分理解自己提出的事offthepoint偏题upto
a(certain)point在某种程度上slowdown减缓例：Thecarssloweddownasthe
ypassedCustoms.havesthincommon与......有共同之处compareto与......相
比拓展：compareAtoB把A比作BcompareAwith/toB把A与B作比较incontra
stto形成对照拓展：bycontrast形成对照（跟句子）upsidedown颠倒，倒转(1)用作副词例：T
heboatfloatedupsidedownonthelake.(2)用作形容词是，通常作表语例：The
paintinglookslikeit’supsidedowntome.Turnsth.Upsidedo
wn(1)把......翻得乱七八糟；使凌乱不堪(2)给(某人的生活)造成大的变化或混乱句子：Thescenebegin
swithWinstonandhiswifeBettystandingintheirkitchen.With.
..standing是with引导的“介词+分词”结构，在句中作状语。拓展：with后面跟非谓语动词，要依据实际情况，可用现在分词
、过去分词、或动词不定式。例：Withallworkdoen,hewentouttohaveadrink
withhisfriends....butIsupposeyou’regoingtotellmeanyway.
Suppose认为；猜想；假定拓展：Isuppose的否定表达：Isupposenot.如果Isuppose带从句的话
，否定放在从句中。例：Isupposeyouarenotgoingthere,aren’tyou?Surviv
ingwinterinthem,thespidersemergehealthyandhungrywhensp
ringcomes.Survivingwinterinthem是现在分词结构作时间状语，相当于aftertheysur
vivewinterinthem.如果分词的动作或行为发生在主句动作之前，则用分词的完成式。句中的形容词短语healthy
andhungry作状语，表蜘蛛出现时的状态。Soeveryoneishappyexcepttheinsects.E
xcept意为“除......以外”except后面常加以下形式：(1)后跟名词(2)后跟介词词组(3)后跟从句It
’sthesilkthespidersmaketheirwebswith.定语从句thespidersmake
theirwebswith中的with不可省略。Scientistsaretryingtodevelopamat
erialhavingsimilarproperties.havingsimilarproperties是现在分词结构作
定语，修饰material.having指“具有”similar为形容词，指“相似的”搭配：besimilarto与..
....相似Theyplantouseitinspacecraft,artificialorganslikeh
earts,andtomakereallybulletproofvests.spacecraft宇宙飞船（单复数同形）
拓展：单复数形式相同，拼写不变的常用名词：means方法，手段species种类Chinese中国人Japanes
e日本人sheep羊，绵羊deer鹿series连续，系列like是介词，指“诸如...，像......等等”，相当于
suchas.Doctorsthinkitmightbeusedtotreatbraindisordersi
nhumans.辨析：(1)beusedtodosth.被用来做某事(2)usedtodosth.常常，经常
(3)beusedtosth./doingsth.已适应，已习惯Hibernationisastateoften
comparedtosleep.oftencomparedtosleep是过去分词的结构作定语，修饰state.L
ookingliketheyaredead,theyhangupsidedown.现在分词短语looking
liketheyaredead在句中作伴随状语Whilehibernating,bearsstayintheir
dens,whicharefilledwithleavestomaketheirstaymorecomfor
tableandwarmer.whilehibernating是“when/while+现在分词的一般式”。分词的逻辑主
语为句中的主语bears，且谓语动作发生在分词所表示的动作过程中。该情况可换作when或while引导的时间状语从句，即while
theyarehibernating。whicharefilledwithleavestomaketheir
staymorecomfortableandwarmer.是which引导的非限制性定语从句，补充说明dens的内容。..
.,hibernatingbearsdonotappearasthoughtheyaredead,buts
eemsasthoughtheyareverysleepy.asthough指“仿佛......；好像......一
样”语法：分词分词包括现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动和进行；过去分词表被动和完成。分词的用法做表语例：Thefilmis
touching.(主动)I’minterestedintheinterestingstory.Theglas
sisbroken.(被动)作定语Thesleepingboyismyson.Arollingstoneg
athersnomoss.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeismyniece.T
heexcitedpeoplerushedintothebuilding.Alostopportunityn
everreturns.Thebuildingbuiltlastyearisourlibrary.注意：sur
prise,excite,disappoint,interest,move,inspire,puzzle等；这些动词的
-ing形式“感到......”，常修饰人。falling/fallenleaves;adeveloping/develop
edcountry,boiling/boiledwater,rising/risensun这些词组中，现在分词表示正在进
行，过去分词表示完成。单个分词作定语，位置在前，分词短语在后。作状语分词作状语，其逻辑主语必须与主句主语一致。主动，用现在分词；被
动，用过去分词。现在分词表示的动作在主句动作之前发生，用完成式havingdone的形式；同时或紧紧相连用一般式doing。过去
分词通常只用done的形式。当分词短语语义不清，往往把连词when,while,if,though等保留，但表原因的连词除外
。Walkingalongthestreet.Iranacrossmyoldfriend.(时间)Having
finishedmyhomework,Iwentoutforawalk.(原因)Bittenbyasnake
,hewastakentohospital.(原因)ComparedwithAmerica,westillha
vealongwaytogo.(条件)Thoughdefeated,hedidn’tloseheart.(让步
)Helayonthegrass,lookingintothesky.(伴随)Hecamerunningto
tellmethegoodnews.(方式)作补语注意：Feel,hear,listento,have,not
ice,watch等接do,doing,done作宾语补足语的区别。以see为例：seesbdo看到动作全过程sees
bdoing看动作正在进行seesb/sthdoing看......被......从句与分词短语的互换定语从句关系代词在定语
从句中作主语，从句中谓语动词有be，可以把关系代词和be省略掉。如：例句(1)(2)关系代词在定语从句中作主语，从句中谓语动词虽
没有be，但表示的是“经常性、习惯性”的动作，这时也可把关系代词去掉，把从句中的动词变成现在分词。如例句(3)(4)Thema
nwhocameyesterdayisMrWang.此句不可把从句变成分词形式。因为“来”是“一时性”动作，不是“经常
性，习惯性”的动作。havingdone形式从不作定语Doyouknowthewomanwhoisholding
anumbrella?=Doyouknowthewomanholdinganumbrella?Thecar
thatwasdamagedbyanelephantisbeingrepaired.=Thecardama
gedbyanelephantisbeingrepaired.Ican’tfindtheroadthat
leadstothetemple.=Ican’tfindtheroadleadingtothetempl
e.Therearemanypeoplewholiveinthatvillage.=Thereareman
ypeoplelivinginthatvillage.状语从句主从复合句，如果主从句的主语一致，从句可以用分词形式替换。
表示主动，用现在分词；表被动，用过去分词。如果强调从句的动作先于主句之前，用分词的完成时，如时间状语从句中的例句(2)分词的否定式
为：在分词前直接加not，如：原因状语从句中的例句(1)当分词短语语义不清，往往把连词when,while,if,thoug
h等保留，但表原因的连词除外。如果主从句主语不一致，用分词转换时：去掉连词，把从句的主语保留，主动，把动词变成现在分词，被动，过去
分词。时间状语从句Whenhesawthepoliceman,heranaway.=Seeingthepol
iceman,heranaway.AfterIhadfinishedmywork,Iwenthome.=
Havingfinishedmyhomework,Iwenthome.原因状语从句BecauseIdidn’tk
nowwhattodonext,Iturnedtomyteacherforhelp.=Notknowi
ngwhattodonext,Iturnedtomyteacherforhelp.Becausehewa
sinjuredbadly,hecouldn’tattendthemeeting.=Injuredbadly,
hecouldn’tattendthemeeting.条件状语从句Ifyouturntotheleft,yo
uwillfindthezoo.=Turningtotheleft,youwillfindthezoo
.Ifwaterisheated,watercanbeturnedintovapout.=Ifheated,watercanbeturnedintovapout.让步状语从句Thoughheknowsmytelephonenumber,henevertelephonesme.=Thoughknowingmytelephonenumber,henevertelephonesme.Thoughhewaswoundedseriously,hewentonfighting.=Thoughwoundedseriously,hewentonfighting.注意：and简单句如果符合下列条件，可简化成分词作伴随状语。(1)前后主语一致(2)前后两个动作同时进行(3)后一句是前一句的状态Helayinbedandthoughaboutsomething.=Helayinbed,thinkingaboutsomething.www.xuesitang.cnwww.xuesitang.cn4 |
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