P-W之keywordsThoughthebeliefinthemeritofdirtwaslon
g-lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighborever
sincethe18thcentury.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawayd
irtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepr
acticalmeansofpreventingdisease.Yet,itseemsthatstandards
ofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarⅡ.Adve
rtisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea;clothesneedtobewhiterth
anwhite,clothseversofter,surfacestoshine.Hasthehatefor
dirt,however,gonetoofar?
“U型三步法”在概要写作中
的尝试1概要写作评分原则解读2“U型三步法”的设计思路3“U型三步法”的设计课例本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分
。评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要去来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。词数少于40的和多
于80的，从总分中减去2分。评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑...拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对
交际的影响程度予以考虑。如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。1④评分时，应主要从以下四个方
面考虑：对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
上下文的连贯性；对各要点表达的独立性情况。档次描述第五档(21-25)—
理解准确，涵盖全部要点。—能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。—有效地使用了语句间的连接
成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑。—完全使用自己的语言。整体阅读提炼归纳解读文本大Passag
e理解准确，涵盖全部要点。小Passage—能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。—有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的
概要结构紧凑。—完全使用自己的语言。PW要点守恒扩词成句压缩文本提炼关键词W
S增色添彩连句成篇SP2直接提取法间接整合法直接间接混合法transitionalwordske
ywords
第一步PW之直接提取法[例1]（节选自2013年北京卷·阅读理解C篇）
Thephenomenonoftrackingcelebritieshasbeenaroundforages.
Inthe4thcenturyB.C.,paintersfollowedAlexandertheGreatin
tobattle,hopingtopicturehisvictoriesforhisadmirers.When
CharlesDickensvisitedAmericainthe19thcentury,hissold-ou
treadingsattractedthousandsoffans,leadinghimtocomplaina
bouthislackofprivacy.Tabloidsofthe1920sand1930sranart
iclesaboutfilm-starsinmuchthesamewaythatmoderntabloids
andwebsitesdo.
第一步PW之间接整合法[例2]（节选自20
14年四川卷·阅读理解E篇）Generally,peoplebelievethatthehormoneo
xytocinisletoutinourbodyinvarioussocialsituationsando
urbodycreatesalargeamountofitduringpositivesocialinter
actionssuchasfallinginloveorgivingbirth.Butinapreviou
sexperimentProfessorRyanfoundthatthehormoneisalsoletou
tinourbodyduringnegativesocialinteractionssuchasenvy.
第一步PW之直接间接混
合法[例3]（节选自Module6Unit2Poems）Therearevariousreasons
whypeoplewritepoetry.Somepoemstellastoryordescribesom
ethinginawaythatwillgiveastrongimpression.Otherstryto
conveycertainemotions.Poetsusemanydifferentformsofpoetr
ytoexpressthemselves.同义替换第二步WS之同义替换[例1]（节选自201
3年北京卷·阅读理解C篇）
Thetrackingproblemfacedbycelebriti
eshasalonghistory.Peoplehavebeencrazyabout/obsessedwit
hchasingcelebritiesforalongtime.Thecrazeforfollowingce
lebritiesstartedlongago.track
ingcelebritiesforages.Inthe4thcenturyB.
C.,
inthe19thcentury,
the1920sand1930s
第二步W
S之同义替换[例2]（节选自2014年四川卷·阅读理解E篇）Thehormoneoxytocinisrel
easedinnegativeaswellaspositivesocialcontacts.
Generally,thehormoneoxytocin
letoutpositive
Butnegativesocialinteractio
ns
[例3]（节选自Module6Unit2Poems）reason
swritepoetry.Somede
scribeOthersconveycertainemotions
.第二步WS之同义替换Peoplecomposepoemsfordifferentpurpose
s,somedescriptivewhileothersemotional.Poemsstemfrompeopl
e''sintentionsofsharingstoriesorfeelings.Poetryspringsfr
ompeople''sdesirestodepictthings,ortoportrayemotions.句
内连接（要点内部）（1）词连接（2）句型连接（3）语法结构连接同义替换同义替换第二步WS之句内
连接（要点内部）[例4]（节选自2013年北京卷·阅读理解C篇）
Althoughbeingfamousmightsoundlikeadream
cometrue,today’sstars,feelinglikezooanimals,facepressur
esthatfewofuscanimagine.Theyareatthecenterofmuchof
theworld’sattention.Paparazzicampoutsidetheirhomes,camera
sready.Tabloidspublishthrillingstoriesabouttheirpersonal
lives.Justimaginenotbeingabletodoanythingwithoutbeingp
hotographedorinterruptedforasignature.Accordingtopsycholo
gistChristinaVillarreal，celebrities－famouspeople－worryconstan
tlyabouttheirpublicappearance.Eventually，theystarttolose
trackofwhotheyreallyare，seeingthemselvesthewaytheirfans
imaginethem，notasthepeopletheywerebeforeeveryoneknewth
eirnames.“Overtime,”Villarrealsays,“theyfeelseparatedand
alone.”第二步WS之句内连接:词连接thecenterofattention
celebritiesworrypublicappearacnelosetr
ack
Celebrities
arethefocusofmuchattention.Theyareveryconcernedaboutth
eirpublicimageandstarttolosetheirownidentity.Sincecele
britiesarethefocusofmuchattentionandareoverlyconcerned
abouttheirpublicimage,theystarttolosetheirownidentity.
andthus;asaresult/consequence;consequently...第二步WS
之句内连接:句型连接Celebritiesarethefocusofmuchattention.Theya
reveryconcernedabouttheirpublicimageandstarttolosethei
rownidentity.Asthefocusofmuchattention,notonlyarecele
britiesoverlyconcernedabouttheirpublicimage,buttheyalso
starttolosethemselves.Asthefocusofmuchattention,celebr
itiesaresoconcernedabouttheirpublicimagethattheyevenst
arttolosethemselvesontheroadtofame.第二步WS之句内连接
:语法结构连接Celebritiesarethefocusofmuchattention.Theyareve
ryconcernedabouttheirpublicimageandstarttolosetheirown
identity.Celebrities,thefocusofmuchattention,areparticul
arlyattentivetotheirpublicimage,someevenlosingtheirtrue
selves.Chasedaroundnearlyallthetime,celebrities,whostr
ivetoliveuptothepublicexpectations,evengetlostonther
oadtofame.句与句连接（要点与要点之间）（1）增加连接词（2）采用连接句（3）应用篇章结构第三步
SP连接之增加连接词逻辑关系连接词表转折yet;but;while;however;neverthel
ess;whereas;although;though;despitethefactthat;inspiteo
f;onthecontrary;ontheotherhand;evenso;incontrast;inst
ead;unlike;differentfrom;unfortunately...表因果therefore;so;
asaresult/consequence;consequently;hence;thus;accordingly;
inthisway;becauseof;dueto;thanksto;owingto...表递进wha
t''smore;what''sworse;worsestill;besides;inaddition;moreov
er;also;furthermore;notonly...butalso;too...to表总结insho
rt;inbrief;briefly;tosumup;onthewhole;inconclusion;in
aword...其他副词hopefully;sadly;(un)fortunately;surprisingly
...[例5]（节选自2014年新课标I卷·阅读理解
A篇）Atypicalliontamerinpeople’smindisanentertainer
holdingawhipandachair.Thewhipgetalloftheattention,b
utit’smostlyforshow.Inreality,it’sthechairthatdoesthe
importantwork.Whenaliontamerholdsachairinfrontofthe
lion’sface,theliontriestofocusonallfourlegsofthechai
ratthesametime.Withitsfocusdivided,thelionbecomesconf
usedandisunsureaboutwhattodonext.Whenfacedwithsomany
options,thelionchoosestofreezeandwaitinsteadofattackin
gthemanholdingthechair.Howoftendoyoufindyoursel
finthesamepositionasthelion?Howoftendoyouhavesomethi
ngyouwanttoachiever(e.g.loseweight,startabusiness,trav
elmore)–onlytoendupconfusedbyalloftheoptionsinfront
ofyouandnevermakeprogress?Thisupsetsmetonoendb
ecausewhilealltheexpertsarebusydebatingaboutwhichoption
isbest,thepeoplewhowanttoimprovetheirlivesareleftcon
fusedbyalloftheconflictinginformation.Theendresultisth
atwefeellikewecan’tfocusorthatwe’refocusedonthewrong
things,andsowetakelessaction,makelessprogress,andstay
thesamewhenwecouldbeimproving.第三步SP连接之采用连接句Inf
aceofthefourlegsofawavingchair,alionstaysstill,unabl
etodecidewhichonetoconcentrateon,________________________
________.Whenconfrontedwithnumerouschoices,peopletendto
shrinkback,makingnoadvances.第三步SP连接之采用连接句
whichisoftenthecasewithhumans[例6]（选自20
15年广东卷·阅读理解C篇）DanielAnderson,afamouspsychologist,bel
ievesit’simportanttodistinguishtelevision’sinfluencesonch
ildrenfromthoseofthefamily.WetendtoblameTV,hesays,fo
rproblemsitdoesn’treallycause,overlookingourownrolesin
shapingchildren’sminds.Onetraditionalbeliefabouttel
evisionisthatitreducesachild’sabilitytothinkandtounde
rstandtheworld.WhilewatchingTV,childrendonotmerelyabsor
bwordsandimages.Instead,theylearnbothexplicitandhidden
meaningsfromwhattheysee.Actually,childrenlearnearlythep
sychologyofcharactersinTVshows.Furthermore,asmanyteacher
sagree,childrenunderstandfarmorewhenparentswatchTVwith
them,explainingnewwordsandideas.Yet,mostparentsuseaned
ucationalprogramasachancetoparktheirkidsinfrontofthe
setanddosomethinginanotherroom.Anotherargumentag
ainsttelevisionisthatitreplacesreadingasaformofenterta
inment.ButaccordingtoAnderson,theamountoftimespentwatch
ingtelevisionisnotrelatedtoreadingability.TVdoesn’ttake
theplaceofreadingformostchildren;ittakestheplaceofsi
milarsortsofrecreation,suchaslisteningtotheradioandpla
yingsports.Thingslikeparents’educationalbackgroundhaveas
trongerinfluenceonachild’sreading.“Achild’sreadingabilit
yisbestpredictedbyhowmuchaparentreads.”Andersonsays.
Traditionalwisdomalsohasitthatheavytelevision-watch
inglowersIQscoresandaffectsschoolperformance.Buthere,to
o,Andersonnotesthatnostudieshaveprovedit.Infact,resear
chsuggeststhatit’stheotherwayaround.“Ifyou’resmartyoun
g,you’llwatchlessTVwhenyou’reolder,”Andersonsays.Yet,p
eopleoflowerIQtendtobelifelongtelevisionviewers.
Foryearsresearchershaveattemptedtoshowthattelevisionis
dangeroustochildren.However,byshowingthattelevisionpromot
esnoneofthedangerouseffectsasconventionallybelieved,Ande
rsonsuggeststhattelevisioncannotbecondemnedwithoutconside
ringotherinfluences.第三步SP连接之采用篇章结构Onetraditionalbeli
ef...Anotherargument...Traditionalwisdomalsohas...
DanielAnderson,afamouspsychologist,contradictssomelon
g-heldviewsabouttheimpactTVshaveonkids,arguingthatpare
ntsshouldberesponsibleinstead._____,ifaccompaniedbyparen
ts,kidsknowmorewhilewatchingTV._______,watchingTVdoesn’
tweakenchildren’sreadingabilitywhichindeedmirrorstheread
inghabitsofparents.______,noproofshowswatchingTVreduces
kid’sIQ.第三步SP连接之采用篇章结构SecondFirstThird3[例7]（选自
全国统一考试英语科考试说明P24）Gettingridofdirt,intheopinionofm
ostpeople,isagoodthing.However,thereisnothingfixedabou
tattitudestodirt.Intheearly16thcentury,peopleth
oughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,as
medicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercould
openuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthough
ttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthe
bathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglandin1546.
ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelived
withdirtinafriendlyway.HenryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamou
slydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath,theki
ngorderedthat,toavoidtheattackofdisease,thenoblemansho
uldnotgoout.Thoughthebeliefinthemeritofdirtwas
long-lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighbor
eversincethe18thcentury.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningaw
aydirtisgoodtohealth.Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingar
epracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.Yet,itseemsthatstand
ardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarⅡ.
Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea;clothesneedtobewhite
rthanwhite,clothseversofter,surfacestoshine.Hasthehate
fordirt,however,gonetoofar?Attitudestodirtstill
differhugelynowadays.Manyfirst-timeparentsnervouslytryto
warntheirchildrenofftouchingdirt,whichmightberesponsibl
eforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary,MaryRuebush,anAm
ericanimmunologist（免疫学家）,encourageschildrentoplayinthedir
ttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.Andthelatterpositionis
gainingsomeground.P-W之transitionalwordsGetting
ridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.Howe
ver,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.Int
heearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasa
meanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashi
ngoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin
.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538
,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.Sod
idthekingofEnglandin1546.Thusbeganalongtimewhenther
ichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway.Hen
ryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatan
oblemanhadtakenabath,thekingorderedthat,toavoidtheatt
ackofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.Thoughth
ebeliefinthemeritofdirtwaslong-lived,dirthasnolonger
beenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18thcentury.Sci
entificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.Clean
watersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventing
disease.Yet,itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedb
eyondsciencesinceWorldWarⅡ.Advertisementsrepeatedlysellt
heidea;clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite,clothseversofter
,surfacestoshine.Hasthehatefordirt,however,gonetoofar
?Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfi
rst-timeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildrenofftouchin
gdirt,whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.On
thecontrary,MaryRuebush,anAmericanimmunologist(免疫学家),enco
urageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.Andthelatterpositionisgainingsomeground.P-W之keywordsGettingridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglandin1546.ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway.HenryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath,thekingorderedthat,toavoidtheattackofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.P-W之keywords |
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