3 2 4 3
3 2
2
3
4
1 1
4 3
2
1
3
2
3
0.1122 0.1121 0.1106
0.1121 0.1100 0.1107
0.1123 0.1142 0.1105
- 0.0002
= = -0.2
0.1108
x x
d = x - x
d
= 100
x
d
n
|d |+|d |+ +|d | 1
1 2 n
d = = | x - x|
i
n n
i=1
d
= 100
x
d i d = x - x i = 1 2 n
i i i
n n
2 2
(x - x) d
i i
i=1 i=1
S = =
n -1 n -1
S
S = 100%
r
x
0.1
100 = 2
6.5
0.0001
100 = 0.002
6.5000
0.0001
6.5000gNaCl 6.50g
6.5000
0.01
100 = 0.002 100 = 0.2 0
6.50
1 2
2 3
1 2
3 4
1 2
1 2
1 1 2 2
p V
H 2
n =
H
2
RT
m
Mg
n = nH =
Mg 2
M
Mg
m
Mg
M =
Mg
nH
2
Mg/
1/
2
2
2
2/
r
A - A
100%
A
m
CO
2
M (CO ) = 29.0
r 2
m
m - m
3 1
V = / mL =
1.00
pVM
m = / g =
RT
a
n = n 1
A B
b
b
n = n 2
B A
a
a
C V = C V
A A B B
b
a C V
B B
C = (5)
A
b V
A
b C V
A A
C = (6)
B
a V
B
+ -
HIn = H + In
(A ) (B )
+ -
{c(H ) / c } {c(In ) / c }
K =
a
c(HIn) / c
-
c(In ) / c K
a
=
+
c(HIn) / c c(H ) / c
c In / c HIn = 1 pH = pK
a
-
c(In ) c(H+) K
a
10 pH pK + 1
a
c(HIn ) 10
c
- +
c(In ) c(H )
0.1 10K pH pK -1
a a
c(HIn )
c
pH pK -1 pK +1
a a
pH = pK 1 pH
a
pK = 3.4 2.4 4.4 3.1 4.4
a
c(HCl) HCl
+
c( H ) =
c(NaOH) NaOH
-
c(OH ) =
HCl
HCl
HCl
NaOH
NaOH
NaOH/
HCl
NaOH
HCl aOH
+ -
{c(H ) / c } {c(Ac ) / c }
K (HAc) =
c(HAc) / c
+ 2
[c(H )]
c K (HAc) = (1)
+
c - c(H )
+
c(H )
= (2)
c
2 2 4
2 2 4
L A R L / A R =
L / A R
A L
G = k k = G
L A
-3
10
= k
m
c
m
=
2
c
c K =
HAc
1-
2
2 pH pK
a
It
(C / g)
m
It
63.5 (C)
m
It 63.5
N =
A -19
m 2 1.60 10
It 63.5
It 63.5
=
=
-19
- 19
m 2 1.6 10
m 2 1.6 - 10
K Cu IO
sp 3 2
2+ - 2
3
K Cu IO c Cu / c {c IO / c }
sp 3 2
2+
2 c Cu K Cu IO
sp 3 2
c(MRn) / c
K = (1)
n
{c(M) / c } {c(R) / c }
{c(x)}
K =
n
[{c(M )} - {c(x)}][{c(R )}- n{c(x)}]
a a
{c(x)}
= (2)
n
[{c(M )} -{c(x)}][{c(R )} - n{c(x)}]
b b
K
K
K 2 - 5
c( HR) / c
K (H) =
1
{c(R) / c }{c(H) / c }
K H 5 - lgK H = 11.6
1 1
c(H R) / c
2
K (H) =
2
{c(HR) / c }{c(H ) / c }
K H lgK H = 2.6
2 2
V 1 9
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 11
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
V + V
J
-1
J = v n / t
B B
2+ 3+ -
[CoCl(NH ) ] + H O [Co(NH ) H O] + Cl
3 5 2 3 5 2
( ) ( )
-3
T 10 s
1
2
2-
S O
2 8
2- - 2- -
S O + 3I 2SO + I (1)
2 8 4 3
2-
c(S O )
2 8 a 2- b -
J = = kc (S O )c (I )
2 8
t
2- 2-
c S O t S O
2 8 2 8
2- - - 2-
S O I I S O
2 8 3 2 3
2- - 2- -
2S O I S O 3I 2
2 3 3 4 6
- 2-
2 1 1 I S O
3 2 3
2- 2- -
S O I S O I
4 6 2 3 3
2-
S O
2 8
2-
S O
2 3
2- 2-
c S O = c S O / 2
2 8 2 3
2- 2-
S O c S O
2 3 2 8
2-
c S O J
2 3
2-
S O I
2 8
2-
lg J = alg c S O / c blg c I / c lg k
2 8
2- 2-
c I c S O lg J lg c S O / c
2 8 2 8
2- -
a c S O c(I ) lg{J}
2 8
-
lg[c(I ) / c ] b a b
J
k =
a 2- b -
c (S O )c (I )
2 8
E
a
lg{k} = lg A -
2.303RT
1
k lg k
T
4 2 2 8
2 2 3
3
4 2 4
4 2 2 8
2 2 3
2- 2- -1
S O c S O / mol L
2 8 2 8
2-
c(S O )
2 8 -1 -1
J = / mol L S
t
+
c(H ) c(HA)
= K
a -
c(A )
c
+
c(H ) c( )
= K
a
c( )
c
c( )
pH = pK + lg
a
c( )
c( )
pH = pK + lg
a
c( )
c( )
= 1 pH = pK
a
c( )
pH pK 1 1
a
2+ 2-
Mg + HPO + NH MgNH PO
4 3 4 4
-
c(HA) / c c(OH ) / c
-
K ( A ) =
-
c( A ) / c
-
K A K HA = K
w
K
w
-
K ( A ) = = K
h
K ( HA)
2
(c( )h)
K =
h
c (1- h)
2
K = c h / c
h
K K
h W
h = =
c( ) / c K (HA)c( ) / c
-
c(OH ) = c( )h
+
K K K (HA)
c(H )
w w
= =
c c( )h / c c( ) / c
1 1 1
pH = pK + pK ( HA) + lgc( ) / c
w
2 2
K K
w w
K = h =
h
K ( BOH ) K (BOH)c() / c
1 1 1
pH = pK - pK BOH - lgc / c
w
2 2 2
{c( BOH ) / c }{c( HA) / c } K
w
K = =
h
+ -
{c(B ) / c }{c(A ) / c } K ( HA)K (BOH)
-
{c(B+) / c }{c(OH ) / c }
K ( BOH ) = (3- 3)
c( BOH ) / c
{c( A-) / c }{c(H+) / c }
K (HA) =
c(HA) / C
{c( BOH ) / c }{c( HA) / c } K
w
=
+ -
{c(B ) / c }{c( A ) / c } K ( HA)K (BOH)
2
{c( HA) / c } K
w
= (3-11)
- 2
{c(A )c } K ( HA)K (BOH)
+ 2 - 2
K
{c(H ) / c } {c( A ) / c }
w
=
2 - 2
{K (HA)} {c( A ) / c } K ( HA)K (BOH)
+
c(H ) K K ( HA)
w
=
c K ( BOH )
K
{c( )h / c }{c( )h / c }
w
=
c( ) - c( )h c( ) - c( )h
K ( HA)K (BOH)
{ }{ }
c c
h K
w
=
1- h
K (HA)K ( BOH )
KCl 25 j Hg Cl / Hg = 0.2438V
2 2
2+
E j / zn
zn
2+
E = j -j
Hg cl /Hg Zn /Zn
2 2
2+
j = j - E = 0.2438 - E
Zn/ Zn Hg Cl / Hg
2 2
j
2+
Zn / Zn
c(Ox)
= 1
c(Re d )
m
+
Ox + mH + ne = Re d + H O
2
2
- + 2+
MnO +8H + 5e = Mn + 4H O
4 2
Nernst j
2+
Zn /zn
+ -
K BA = c B / c c A / c
sp
3 2
3 2 2
2 2 3 3
4 4 2 4 3 2 3 2
3 2 4 3
K (BaSO )
sp 4
2+
c(Ba ) / c =
2-
c(SO ) / c
4
K (BaSO ) K ( BaCO )
sp 4 sp 3
2- 2-
c(SO ) / c c(CO ) / c
4 3
2-
K (BaCO )
c(CO ) / c
sp 3
3
2-
c(SO ) / c K ( BaSO )
4 sp 4
2- -9
c(CO ) / c 5.1 10
3
= 46.4
-10
2-
c(SO ) / c 1.1 10
4
2- 2-
BaSO BaCO CO SO
4 3 3 4
2-
46.4 BaSO SO
4 4
2- 2- 2-
CO SO c CO / c
3 4 3
2-
SO = 46.4
4
+ 2
{c( Ag ) / c } {c( NH ) / c }
3
K =
+
c[ Ag (NH ) ] / c
3 2
K
+
{c( AgNH ) / c } {c( NH ) / c }
3 3
K =
1
+
c([ Ag( NH ) ] ) / c
3 2
+ +
[ Ag( NH )] = Ag + NH
3 3
+
{c( Ag ) / c } {c(NH ) / c }
3
K =
2 +
c([ Ag( NH )] ) / c
3
K = K K
1 2
K
+
c([ Ag (NH ) ] ) / c
3 2
K =
+ 2
{c( Ag ) / c }{c(NH ) / c }
3
(m-n+) m+ -
ML = M + nL
n
Mg Ca Ba
0.1mol L Na CO
2 3
0.1mol L K CrO
2 4
0.1mol L Na SO
2 4
-
1 FeSO NO
4 3
- 2+ + 3+
NO 3Fe 4H NO 3Fe 2H O
3 2
NO FeSO [Fe NO ]SO
4 4
2- 2- 2-
6 S SO S O
3 2 3
2-
2 SO
3
2-
SO
3
2-
3 S O
2 3
3- - 4-
8 PO PO P O
4 3 2 7
3-
1 PO
4
3-
PO
4
3- + 2- +
PO + 3NH 12MoO 24H NH PO 12MoO 6H O 6H O
4 4 4 4 3 4 3 2 2
( )
- 4-
PO P O
3 2 7
3- - 4-
2 PO PO P O
4 3 2 7
2- - -
1 S O MnO NO I
2 8 4 2 2
2- -
2 S O I
2 3
3- + 2- 2-
5 PO NH ,SO S O H S
4 4 4 2 3 2
3+ 2-
3 H O Cr Cr O
2 2 2 7
2 3 j j j j
- - 3+ 2+ 2- 2-
Br / Br I /I Fe /Fe S O /S O
2 2 2
6 3
4
+ 2+ 3+ 2+ 2+
Ag Hg Fe Co Ni
2
2+ + 3+ 2+ 2+
Hg Ag Fe Ni Co
2
2- 2- 3- -
2 CO SO PO I
3 4 4
2- -
MnO e MnO
4 4
hv
BCl ? BCl + Cl
3 2
2+
CO(NH ) NO
3 5 2
2+ 2-
Ba + SO = BaSO
4 4
2-
BaSO SO
4 4
2+ - 2-
2Mg + 2OH + CO = Mg (OH) CO
3 2 2
3
2+ 2-
Ca + CO = CaCO
3 3
2+ 2-
Ba + CO = BaCO
3 3
2-
1 SO
4
M(Na CO )
3
2
(Na CO ) = c(HCl)V(HCl) 100
2 3
G
2- - -
3MnO + 2H O MnO + 2MnO + 4OH
4 2 2 4
2- - 2-
3MnO + 2CO 2MnO + MnO + 2CO
4 2 4 2 3
- 2- + 2+
2MnO +5C O +16H 2Mn +10CO +8H O
4 2 4 2 2
- 2+ + 2+ 3+ 2
MnO + 5Fe + 8H Mn +5Fe + 4H O
4
= n''(n''+2) 1
eff
= 2.84 xMT 2
eff
x m m
s
=
x m m
s s
m
m
s
( )
x = x 3
s
m m
s
9500
-6
x = 10 T 3 x
s
T +1
573K
Sn + 2Cl ?SnCl
2 4
|
|
