1
1989 25
1984 28
1984 51
129
1984 199 275
1984 199 275
1988 3 37.
1993 90 505 511
533 538.
1979 3 1.
1985 1 59.
Salter’s 1996 3 46 47.
G·Fowels Lecture experiments in chemistry fifth edition london G.Bell Sons Ltd. 1959 P507 508.
1961 511
1945 9 1 14.
1983 16 17
M.J.Frazer Up-to-date and precise learning objectives in chemistry New trends in chemistry teaching The
Unesco Press Paris 1975 P.45.
The American Chemical Society Chemcom Chemistry in theCommunity Kendall/Hunt Publishing
Company 1988 P.xi.
1988 254
1993 16
1945 9 3
1983 16 18
1991 271 275
1985 2 3
M.H.Gardner The Future Teaching School Chemistry The UnescoPress 1984 P.347
1992 1 7 11
1992 2 7 9
1992 2 9 11 1992 2
12 13.
170 172
1990
106
B.S.FurnissandJ.R.Parsonage IndependentLearninginTertiaryScienceEducation ThamesPolytechnic 1975
P.4.
1985 2
1994 2
1988 79 86
1988 79 86
JohnC.Whitmer ElementarySchoolScience DirectionsandOpportiunities J.Chem.Educ. Vol.51 3 169
1986 3 54 55
1988 88
1988 79 86
R.B.Ingle and A.M.Ranaweea Curriculum innovation in schoolchemistry teaching school chemistry The
Unesco Prese 1984 P.45 46
R.B.Ingle and A.M.Ranaweea Curriculum innovation in schoolchemistry teaching school chemistry The
Unesco Prese 1984 P.45 46
M.J.Frazer Uptodate and precise l earnign objectives in chemistry NewTrends in Chemistry Teaching Vol.
The Unesco Press Paris 1975 P.43
1993 323 211
1993 323 211
1990 30 31
1992
1996 52 54
1982 45
1985 160 162
1993 1 22
1983 32 34
1987 60 69
1988 16 18
170 171
1990 47 53
1996 8 8 11
1996 9 73 74
1996 84
1996 311 314
1991 212 214
1990 54 55
1996 111
1988 19 22
172 174
1992 1 58
1996 280
1996 283
237
1994 85 87
?
1992 3 106
1989 24 27
1989 37
1992 83
1996 68
é
243
1989 6 25
1996 6 24 25
1992 75
B.S 1987 22
1991 55
A.J E.J.
1989 69 162
The Chemical Society Assessment Group RESEACH IN ASSESSMENT 1975 London.
1992 295
1988 3 1
1996
1991 1 27
1994 6 1
1993 6 29 31
D.G. 1991
80
1993 5 29
1993 5 29
1991 2 20
1996 9 72
? ?
? ?
?
? ?
?
?
?
?
?
J.M. 1982 392
D.P. 1994
204
1997
336 338
1992
88
MCE 1994 4 9
?
?
1992 235
1996 130 131
1990 474 475
FeS ?SO ?SO ? H SO
2 2 3 2 4
1992 676
1988 328
1992 1 26 27
1988 5
1996 1 28
1990 1 45 46
1990 1 45 46
1993 256
1992 1 26 27
1992 1 26 27
1987 4 12 14
1991.6 25 27
1991.6 25 27
1997 43 44
1994 5 32 33
1990 89
1997 43 44
1992 4 5
1992
124 137
1997 2 180
1995 263
1996 57
1993 34 35
1991 3 22 23
1985 289
1991 3 22 23
1979
1983 37 63
1991 3 26
1992
95
1979 1 27 29
1992 10 11
1996 40 41
G.Fowels Lecture Experiments in Chemistry Fifth Edition London G.Bell Sons Ltd 1959 P.2 5.
1992
103 104
1991 3 23
1996 10 6 7
2-
SO
4
2-
HNO SO
3 4
2-
CO
3
2-
SO
4
1994
1996
1 X
X
i
X = X N
i
N
2
(X - X)
i
S =
N
X - X
i
Z =
S
Z = 0 X = X
i
Z 0 X X
i
Z 0 X X
i
1992 184—186
1990 349
X X
5 X X Z
X - ( )
Z =
( )
1991 2 16 17
x x x
N XY - X ? Y
r =
2 2 2 2
[N X - ( X) ][N Y - ( Y) ]
?
2r
hh
r
x x
1+ r
hh
2
k S
i
a = 1-
2
k - 1 ? S ?
t
?
1989 197
X
i
P =
i
W
i
X i W i
i
i
R
i
P =
i
N
P P
H(i) L(i)
P =
i
2
28 / 35+12 / 35
P = = 0.57
1
2
kP -1
CP =
k - 1
4 · 0.53 -1
CP = 0.37
4 -1
1987 101
1990 349
?
?
? ?
?
?
28 30 35 37
Si Si Cl Cl SiCl
14 14 17 17 4
?
?
?
?
1990 6 15
1995 88
1992 1 16 17
Wi
W
i
a n
j i j
W =
i
N a
j
??
Wi
j i
m
1
Wi = W D =W - Wi
ji ji j i
m
j=1
m
F = b W
i j
i k
k=1
n
F = F W
i i
i=1
F1 F2 F3
F = F1W + F2W + F3W
1 2 3
1985 6 73 74
1979 205
1993
16 17
1985
18
1996 6 63 64
1989 1 43
1995 10 26 30
1996 10 24 25
1979 9 10
1984 5
1994 8 25 30
X
1
X
2
X
3
Y
1
Y
2
Y
3
Y
4
Y
Y
5
Y
6
Y
7
Y
8
1995 8 7
1996 3 23 24
1990 330
1995 12 7 8
1995 12 7 8
X1 X2
X1 - X2
Z =
2 2
S S
1 2
+
n n
1 2
X1 X2 1 2
MCE 1994 4 8 12
1993 149 153
X - X
1 2
Z =
2 2
S S
1 2
+
n n
1 2
88.15- 88.89
= = 2.02 1.96
2 2
2.28 1.19
+
39 42
1992 3.19 24
1996 1 11 15
1993 1 29 31
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