1
AP
?
Music Theory
Sample Syllabus 2
Course Overview
This rigorous course expands upon the skills learned in the Music Theory
Fundamentals course. Musical composition, sequencing, and use of MIDI digital
formats are some of the many applications employed to further student under-
standing of music theory.
Objectives of the Course
This course is designed to develop musical skills that will lead to a thorough
understanding of music composition and music theory. Students are prepared to
take the AP? Music Theory Exam when they have completed the course. Students
planning to major in music in college may be able to enroll in an advanced music
theory course, depending on individual colleges’ AP policies.
General Course Content
1. Review of music fundamentals, including: scales, key signatures, circle-of-
fifths, intervals, triads, and inversions
2. Daily ear training, including rhythmic, melodic, and harmonic dictation
3. Weekly Sight-Singing using numbers for pitches
4. The study of modes
5. The study of figured bass
6. The study of two-part counterpoint
7. The study of four-part harmony
8. The study of seventh chords
9. The study of secondary-dominant functions
10. The study of musical form
11. The study of common compositional techniques
The objectives below have been adapted from the Expanded Course Specifications
posted on the AP Music Theory Home Page on AP Central?.
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Expanded Course Objectives
1. Identify and notate pitch in four clefs: treble, bass, alto, and tenor.
2. Notate, hear, and identify simple and compound meters.
3. Notate and identify all major and minor key signatures.
4. Notate, hear, and identify the following scales: chromatic, major, and the
three minor forms.
5. Name and recognize scale degree terms, for example: tonic, supertonic,
mediant, subdominant, dominant, submediant, subtonic, leading tone.
6. Notate, hear, and transpose the following modes: Dorian, Phrygian,
Lydian, and Mixolydian.
7. Notate, hear, and identify whole-tone and pentatonic scales.
8. Notate, hear, and identify all major, minor, diminished, and augmented
intervals inclusive of an octave.
9. Transpose a melodic line to or from concert pitch for any common band
or orchestral instrument.
10. Notate, hear, and identify triads, including inversions.
11. Notate, hear, and identify authentic, plagal, half, and deceptive cadences
in major and minor keys.
12. Detect pitch and rhythm errors in written music from given aural
excerpts.
13. Notate a melody from dictation, 6 to 12 bars, in a major key, mostly
diatonic pitches, simple or compound time, three to four repetitions.
14. Notate melody from dictation, 6 to 12 bars, in a minor key, chromatic
alteration from harmonic/melodic scales, simple or compound time, three
to four repetitions.
15. Sight-sing a melody, 4 to 8 bars long, major or minor key, duple or
triple meter, simple or compound time, using solfege, numbers, or any
comfortable vocal syllable(s).
16. Notate and analyze simple 2-bar counterpoint in sixteenth- and/or
eighteenth-century styles.
17. Realize a figured bass according to the rules of eighteenth-century chorale
style, major or minor key, using any or all of the following devices:
diatonic triads, seventh chords, inversions, nonharmonic tones, and
secondary-dominant and dominant seventh chords. [C3]
C3—The course
progresses to include
more sophisticated and
creative tasks: realization
of a figured bass.
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18. Analyze a four-part chorale style piece using Roman and Arabic numerals
to represent chords and their inversions.
19. Notate, hear, and identify the following nonharmonic tones: passing tone
(accented and unaccented), neighboring tone, anticipation, suspension,
retardation, appoggiatura, escape tone, changing tone (cambiata), pedal
tone.
20. Notate the soprano and bass pitches and the Roman and Arabic numeral
analysis of a harmonic dictation, eighteenth-century chorale style, seventh
chords, secondary dominants, 4 to 8 bars in length, major or minor key,
three to four repetitions.
21. Compose a melody or expand a motive with or without text, 6 to 12 bars
long, given specific directions about key, mode, phrasing, rhythm, and
harmonic language. Harmonize a 4- to 12-bar melody by writing a bass
line, chords and/or chord symbols, given specific directions about key,
mode, phrasing, rhythmic and harmonic language. [C9, C13]
22. Define and identify common tempo and expression markings.
23. Identify aurally and/or visually the following: modulation, transposition,
melodic and harmonic rhythm, sequence, imitation, ostinato,
augmentation, diminution, inversion, retrograde, and fragmentation.
24. Recognize standard musical algorithms, i.e., standard melodic, rhythmic,
and harmonic idioms that occur in music.
Expectations of Students
1. Students will participate in all classroom discussions and activities.
2. Students will complete all assigned exercises and readings.
3. Students will keep and maintain a Music Theory notebook, which will
include class notes, handouts, assignments, and listening logs.
4. Students will study the released AP Exams and take practice tests to
prepare for the exam.
5. Students will listen to approximately two hours of music each week
outside of class and maintain a music listening log, which will consist of
written analysis/evaluations of each listening selection. [C5, C11, C13] These
written logs should include observations and evaluations regarding the
following items:
a. melodic characteristics (conjunct/disjunct)
b. harmonic characteristics (harmonic idioms present)
c. rhythm (straight/syncopated)
d. texture (homophonic, monophonic, polyphonic, heterophonic)
e. timbre (instrumentation, tone color)
C11—Musical skills
are developed through
the following types
of musical exercises:
listening (discrete
intervals, scales, etc.;
dictations; excerpts
from literature).
C5—The course
progresses to include
more sophisticated
and creative tasks:
analysis of repertoire,
including analysis of
motivic treatment and
harmonic analysis.
C9—The course
also teaches: phrase
structure.
C13—Musical skills
are developed through
the following types
of musical exercises:
written exercises.
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f. dynamics (dynamic contrasts)
g. tempo (tempo changes)
h. meter (duple/triple, simple/compound, regular/irregular)
i. mode (major, minor, modal, atonal)
j. form (binary, ternary, sonata, rondo, etc.) [C10]
k. articulation (legato, staccato, etc.)
6. Students will attend one concert each nine weeks and submit a paper
about the concert, using an appropriate musical vocabulary. This paper
should contain general information about the concert, the student’s
evaluation of it, and specific analysis of three individual selections from
the concert. [C5, C13] This analysis should include the following:
a. melodic characteristics (conjunct/disjunct)
b. harmonic characteristics (harmonic idioms present)
c. rhythm (straight/syncopated)
d. texture (homophonic, monophonic, polyphonic, heterophonic)
e. timbre (instrumentation, tone color)
f. dynamics (dynamic contrasts)
g. tempo (tempo changes)
h. meter (duple/triple, simple/compound, regular/irregular)
i. mode (major, minor, modal, atonal)
j. form (binary, ternary, sonata, rondo, etc.)
k. articulation (legato, staccato, etc.)
7. Students will submit two major compositions each nine weeks, based on
assigned form and content. Other minor compositions will be required
to demonstrate understanding and synthesis of concepts presented. [C14]
These compositions include:
a. A song in binary form
b. A song in ternary form
c. A song in sonata form
d. A song based on a major mode
e. A song based on a minor mode
f. A song using two-part counterpoint
g. A song using three-part counterpoint
h. A four-part fugue with subject, countersubject and free improvisation
i. A song that modulates from one tonal center to another through the
use of a pivot chord [C8]
j. A song based on the whole-tone scale [C6}
k. A song based on the chromatic scale
l. A song based on a tone row or serialism
m. A song based on a church mode
An orchestration or arrangement with correct notation, range, and transpositions
is the final composition project for the year.
C5—The course
progresses to include
more sophisticated
and creative tasks:
analysis of repertoire,
including analysis of
motivic treatment and
harmonic analysis.
C6—The course
includes the following
scales: major, minor,
modal, pentatonic,
and whole tone.
C8—The course covers
the following concepts
or procedures based
in common-practice
tonality: Modulation to
closely related keys.
C10—The course also
teaches: small forms
(e.g., rounded binary,
simple ternary, theme
and variation, strophic).
C13—Musical skills
are developed through
the following types
of musical exercises:
written exercises.
C14—Musical skills
are developed through
the following types
of musical exercises:
creative exercises.
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Textbook
Turek, Ralph. 1996. The Elements of Music: Concepts and Applications, Vol. I, 2nd
ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Includes workbook.
Turek, Ralph. 1995. The Elements of Music: Concepts and Applications, Vol. II, 2nd
ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Includes workbook.
The textbook includes a wide range of music literature from standard Western
tonal repertoires and emphasizes tonal relationships, harmonization from Roman
numerals, etc. Through utilization of the textbook as the course progresses
through the year, students will engage in activities that address these curricular
requirements. [C4, C15]
Course Planner
Note: Chapter references are to the Turek textbook.
First Nine Weeks
Week 1
Review of basic pitch notation: the staff and its evolution, clefs, ledger lines, grand
staff, octave designation, half steps and whole steps, intervals, chromatic altera-
tions, enharmonic equivalents, accidentals [C1]
Chapter 1
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level One—major key, diatonic pitches, conjunct
melodies using scale degrees 1-6 [C11, C12]
Harmonic Dictation: bass voice
Week 2
Review of meter and rhythm: the proportional system, beat and tempo, accent,
meter and measure, meter signatures, simple meters, compound meters, asymmet-
ric meter, conflict of rhythm and meter, borrowed divisions, syncopation, cross
rhythms, hemiola, dots, ties, rests, dynamic and articulation markings [C1]
Chapter 2
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level One—major key, diatonic pitches, conjunct
melodies using scale degrees 1-6 [C12]
Harmonic Dictation: bass voice
Week 3
Review of major scales/circle-of-fifths/key signatures: the chromatic scale, the
whole-tone scale, the major scale, pentatonic scale, transposition, tonality, key
signatures, the placements of sharps and flats, the outer circle-of-fifths [C6]
Chapter 3, part 1a
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Two—major key, diatonic pitches, conjunct
melodies using scale degrees 1-6, add movement from scale degree 7-1
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices
C1—The course enables
students to master
the rudiments and
terminology of music:
notational skills, intervals,
scales, keys, chords,
meter, and rhythm.
C11—Musical skills
are developed through
the following types
of musical exercises:
listening (discrete
intervals, scales, etc.;
dictations; excerpts
from literature).
C4—The course
progresses to include
more sophisticated
and creative tasks:
realization of a Roman
numeral progression.
C6—The course
includes the following
scales: major, minor,
modal, pentatonic,
and whole tone.
C12—Musical skills
are developed through
the following types of
musical exercises: sight-
singing.
C15—The course
includes, but is not
limited to, study of a
wide variety of vocal and
instrumental music from
the standard Western
tonal repertoires.
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Week 4
Review of minor scales/circle-of-fifths/key signatures: the inner circle-of-fifths,
relative major and minor scales, the natural minor scale, the harmonic minor
scale, the melodic minor scale, the parallel minor keys
Chapter 3 part 1b
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Two—major key, diatonic pitches, conjunct
melodies using scale degrees 1-6, add movement from scale degree 7-1
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices
Week 5
Review of intervals: numeric values of intervals, quality of intervals (major, minor,
diminished, augmented), the intervals of the major scale, alteration of interval
quality, enharmonic intervals, inversions of intervals, simple versus compound
intervals, diatonic vs. chromatic intervals
Chapter 3, part 2
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Three—major key, diatonic pitches,
melodies with skips using scale degrees 1, 3, and 5
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices
Week 6
Review of triads/seventh chords: building and identifying triads (major triads,
minor triads, diminished triads, augmented triads), building and identifying
seventh chords (major seventh chords, minor seventh chords, diminished seventh
chords, augmented seventh chords) [C7]
Chapter 4, part 1
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level 3—major key, diatonic pitches, melodies
with skips using scale degrees 1, 3, and 5
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices
Week 7
Chord inversions: identifying and building triadic inversions (root position, first
inversion, second inversion), identifying and building inversions of the seventh
chord (root position, first inversion, second inversion, third inversion)
Chapter 4, part 2
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Four—major key, diatonic pitches, melodies
with scale degree 1, 3, 5 skips, add cadential skips from scale degree 5-1
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices
Week 8
Chord symbols and figured bass: using traditional eighteenth-century nomenclature
to identify and analyze chords; realization of Roman numeral progressions [C4]
Chapter 4, part 3
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Four—major key, diatonic pitches, melodies
with scale degree 1, 3, 5 skips, add cadential skips from scale degree 5-1
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices
C4—The course
progresses to include
more sophisticated
and creative tasks:
realization of a Roman
numeral progression.
C7—The course covers
the following concepts
or procedures based
in common-practice
tonality: functional
triadic harmony in
traditional four-voice
texture, including non-
harmonic tones, seventh
chords, and secondary
dominants.
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Week 9
Diatonic triad functions in major and minor keys: diatonic primary and secondary
chords in a major key, diatonic and chromatically altered primary and secondary
chords in a minor key (based on form of scale) [C7]
Chapter 5, part 1
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Four—major key, diatonic pitches, melodies
with scale degree 1, 3, 5 skips, add cadential skips from scale degree 5-1
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices
Second Nine Weeks
Week 1
Functional tonal principles: tonality, chordal hierarchy, progression vs. regression,
harmonic motion, harmonic rhythm, variants in a minor key, idiomatic chord
substitutions (vii/V, IV/ii) [C7]
Chapter 5, part 2
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Five—major key, diatonic pitches, melodies
with skips, add skips to scale degree 6
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices and authentic cadence
Week 2
Cadences: authentic and perfect authentic cadence, plagal cadence, half cadence,
deceptive cadence
Chapter 6, part 1
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Five—major key, diatonic pitches, melodies
with skips, add skips to scale degree 6 [C11]
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, add authentic, plagal cadences
Week 3
Embellishing/nonharmonic tones: passing tone, neighboring tone, changing tone,
anticipation, suspension, retardation, simultaneous embellishing tones, pedal
point; use of nonharmonic tones in harmonic analysis [C8]
Chapter 6, part 2
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Five—major key, diatonic pitches, melodies
with skips, add skips to scale degree 6
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, add half and deceptive cadences
Week 4
Melodic principles in four-part writing/voicing chords: characteristics of the
individual line’s range, tessitura, spacing, movement, doubling and resolution of
tendency tones [C9]
Chapter 7, part 1 and part 2
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Six—major key, diatonic pitches, melodies
with skips, add skips to scale degree 4
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices and primary triads (major and minor)
C11—Musical skills
are developed through
the following types
of musical exercises:
listening (discrete
intervals, scales, etc.;
dictations; excerpts
from literature).
C7—The course covers
the following concepts
or procedures based
in common-practice
tonality: functional
triadic harmony in
traditional four-voice
texture, including non-
harmonic tones, seventh
chords, and secondary
dominants.
C8—The course covers
the following concepts
or procedures based
in common-practice
tonality: Modulation to
closely related keys.
C9—The course
also teaches: phrase
structure.
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Week 5
Principles in chord connection: contrary motion, oblique motion, similar motion,
parallel motion
Chapter 7, part 3
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Six—major key, diatonic pitches, melodies
with skips, add skips to scale degree 4
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices and primary triads (major and minor)
Week 6
Connecting root position triads: triads in a fifths relationship, triads in a thirds
relationship, triads in a seconds relationship, realization of figured bass
Chapter 7, part 4
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Six—major key, diatonic pitches, melodies
with skips, add skips to scale degree 4
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, primary and secondary triads (major and
minor)
Week 7
Voicing triads in first inversion: frequency, spacing, doubling of first inversion
chords, connecting root position and first inversion triads, successive first inver-
sion triad.
Chapter 8, part 1 and part 2
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Seven—major key, diatonic pitches,
melodies with skips to any scale degree.
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, primary and secondary triads (major and
minor) [C11]
Week 8
Part writing using nonchord tones: voicing suspensions and retardations, stylistic
use of nonchord tones
Chapter 8, part 3
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Seven—major key, diatonic pitches,
melodies with skips to any scale degree
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, primary and secondary triads (major and
minor)
Week 9
Review for Exam
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Seven—major key, diatonic pitches,
melodies with skips to any scale degree
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, primary and secondary triads (major and
minor)
Semester One Exam
C11—Musical skills
are developed through
the following types
of musical exercises:
listening (discrete
intervals, scales, etc.;
dictations; excerpts
from literature).
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Third Nine Weeks:
Week 1
Triads in the second inversion: the cadential six-four chord, the passing six-four
chord, the pedal six-four chord, the arpeggiated six-four chord
Chapter 9, part 1
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Eight—major key, chromatic pitches based
on natural minor
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, primary and secondary triads (major and
minor)
Week 2
Connecting triads in all positions
Chapter 9, part 2
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Eight—major key, chromatic pitches based
on natural minor
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, primary and secondary triads (major and
minor)
Week 3
Harmonizing a melody and part writing for SATB voices: writing with inversions,
writing with nonchord tones, writing with inner voices [C2]
Chapter 9, part 3
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Eight—major key, chromatic pitches based
on natural minor
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, primary and secondary triads (major and
minor)
Week 4
Phrase structure, motives, and melodic form
Chapters 10, 11, and 12
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Nine—major key, chromatic pitches based
on harmonic minor
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, primary and secondary triads, seventh chords
Week 5
The dominant seventh chord: part writing with the V
7
chord, part writing with
inversions of the V
7
chord, proper resolutions of tendency tones in the V
7
chord
Chapter 13, part 1
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Nine—major key, chromatic pitches based
on harmonic minor [C12]
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, primary and secondary triads, seventh chords
C2—The course
progresses to include
more sophisticated
and creative tasks:
writing a bass line
for a given melody or
harmonization of a given
melody in four parts.
C12—Musical skills
are developed through
the following types of
musical exercises: sight-
singing.
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Week 6
The leading-tone seventh chord: part writing with the vii
o7
chord, part writing
with inversions of the vii
7
chord, proper resolution of tendency tones in the vii
o7
chord
Chapter 13, part 2
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Nine—major key, chromatic pitches based
on harmonic minor
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, primary and secondary triads, seventh chords
Week 7
Harmonizing with other seventh chords: common diatonic seventh chords in
major keys, common diatonic seventh chords in a minor key (based on scale),
voice leading with non-dominant seventh chords, predominant seventh chords,
sequences using seventh chords, chain suspensions using seventh chords
Chapter 14
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Nine—major key, chromatic pitches based
on harmonic minor
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, primary and secondary triads, seventh chords
Week 8
Secondary dominant chords: the V/V, V/iii, V/ii, V/vi chords and the V
7
/ V, V
7
/iii,
V
7
/ii, V
7
/vi chords
Chapter 15, part 1
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Ten—major key, chromatic pitches based
on melodic minor
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, all triads, seventh chords, secondary domi-
nants
Week 9
Secondary leading tone chords: the vii
o
/ V, v i i
o
/iii, vii
o
/ii, vii
o
/vi chords and the
vii
o7
/ V, v i i
o7
/iii, vii
o7
/ii, vii
o7
/vi chords
Chapter 15, part 2
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Ten—major key, chromatic pitches based
on melodic minor
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, all triads, seventh chords, secondary domi-
nants
Fourth Nine Weeks
Week 1
Identifying secondary dominants in analysis of music, part writing with second-
ary dominants, voice leading with secondary dominants [C5]
Chapter 15, part 2
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Eleven—major key, chromatic pitches out
of the key (i.e., secondary dominants)
C5—The course
progresses to include
more sophisticated
and creative tasks:
analysis of repertoire,
including analysis of
motivic treatment and
harmonic analysis.
11
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, all triads, seventh chords, secondary domi-
nants
Week 2
More harmonization and analysis with use of secondary dominant chords
Chapter 15, part 3
Modulation to closely related keys [C8]
Chapter 16
Melodic Dictation/Sight-Singing: Level Eleven—major key, chromatic pitches out
of the key (i.e., secondary dominants)
Harmonic Dictation: outer voices, all triads, seventh chords, secondary domi-
nants
Week 3
Small forms
Vol. 2, Chapters 1, 2, 3, & 7
Small forms: simple binary, rounded binary, ternary form, and theme and varia-
tions [C10]
Weeks 4–7
Review for AP Music Theory Exam
Take practice free-response questions
Week 8
Work on final compositional projects
Week 9
Present final compositional projects
Semester Two Exam
Teaching Strategies
Vocabulary is emphasized, because learning music theory “lingo” is critical to
success on the AP Exam. From the first day of class, I stress to my students the
importance of developing and utilizing their music vocabulary. Likewise, it is
crucial that they understand standard music theory protocol, both in analysis and
in composition.
I use composition as a means by which students can demonstrate their under-
standing of a particular concept. Many students find musical composition to be
intimidating, especially since they come to class with varying skills. I have found it
helpful to give specific composition assignments with prescribed requirements and
to grade them with a scoring guideline (rubric). [C13, C14] The issue then becomes
whether or not students followed the requirements. This allows all students to
succeed as long as they meet the assigned criteria, while giving the more advanced
composers some latitude to “make it their own.”
C8—The course covers
the following concepts
or procedures based
in common-practice
tonality: Modulation to
closely related keys.
C10—The course also
teaches: small forms
(e.g., rounded binary,
simple ternary, theme
and variation, strophic).
C13—Musical skills
are developed through
the following types
of musical exercises:
written exercises.
C14—Musical skills
are developed through
the following types
of musical exercises:
creative exercises.
12
Students can benefit from helping each other, so I encourage them to work with
a partner and check each other’s work. Sometimes the study of theory can seem
monotonous and dry, so it’s important to vary activities and give assignments that
let “the creative juices flow.” When a task in theory seems like an overwhelming
chore, we face it together with humor, as a challenge to be met. In that regard, I
have developed a list of music theory “mantras,” which are framed in my room; we
refer to them on a daily basis:
1. If you learn to do it right, you won’t do it wrong!
2. Never double the leading tone!
3. If you can do it in “C,” you can do it in any key.
4. The circle-of-fifths is the secret to life!
5. Key signatures are our friends!!!
6. When in doubt write: ii
6
, I@, V
7
, I.
7. No “drive-by” six-fours allowed.
8. A hemiola is not a malady of the digestive tract.
9. I’m not teaching music theory, I’m teaching you to think!
10. Extrapolate, or ELSE!!!!
Student Evaluation
The final grade breaks down this way:
Daily assignments 20 percent
Homework 10 percent
(listening logs, concert reports)
Sight-Singing 10 percent
Dictation 10 percent
Listening 10 percent
Unit tests/quizzes 20 percent
Compositions 20 percent
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Teacher Resources
Benjamin, Thomas, Michael Horvit, and Robert Nelson. 2001. Music For Analysis,
Examples from the Common Practice Period and the Twentieth Century, 5th ed.
Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth.
Benward, Bruce, and Gary White. 1997. Music in Theory and Practice, Vol. I, 6th
ed. Madison, Wis.: Brown and Benchmark.
Clough, John, Joyce Conley, and Claire Boge. 1999. Scales, Intervals, Keys, Triads,
Rhythm and Meter: A Programmed Course in Elementary Music Theory, with an
Introduction to Partwriting, 3rd ed. New York: W. W. Norton
Harder, Paul O., and Greg A. Steinke. 1994. Harmonic Materials in Tonal Music: A
Programmed Course, Vols. 1 and 2, 7th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Kostka, Stefan, and Dorothy Payne. 2000. Tonal Harmony with an Introduction to
Twentieth-Century Music. New York: McGraw-Hill.
McIntosh, Edith. 1955. Theory and Musicianship, Lessons with Worksheets and
Supplements. New York: Fischer.
Merryman, Marjorie. 1997. The Music Theory Handbook. Fort Worth, Texas:
Harcourt Brace.
Ottman, Robert. 1998. Elementary Harmony: Theory and Practice, 5th ed. Upper
Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
Ottman, Robert. 2001. Music for Sight Singing, 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.:
Prentice Hall.
Roig-Francoli, Miguel A. 2003. Harmony in Context. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Turek, Ralph, compiler. 1992. Analytical Anthology of Music, 2nd ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
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