震撼世界的审判
在一九二五年七月的那个酷热日子里，当我在挤得水泄不通的法庭里就位时，人
群中响起一阵嘁嘁喳喳的议论声。我的辩护人是著名刑事辩护律师克拉伦斯?达
罗。担任主控官的则是能说会道的演说家威廉?詹宁斯?布莱恩，他曾三次被民主
党提名为美国总统候选人， 而且还是导致我这次受审的基督教原教旨主义运动的
领导人。
几个星期之前， 我还只是田纳西州山区小镇戴顿的一名默默无闻的中学教员，
而现在我却成了一次举世瞩目的庭审活动的当事人。 在法庭就座为我作证的有以
哈佛大学的科特里?马瑟教授为首的十几位有名望的教授和科学家。到场的还有
一百多名新闻记者，甚至还有一些广播电台的播音员，他们也要破天荒地播放一
次庭审实况。就在我们静候着法庭开审的当儿，达罗关切地搂住我的肩膀低声安
慰道："别担心，孩子，我们会给他们点厉害瞧瞧。"
我刚到戴顿中学任自然科学教员兼足球教练不久， 件案子就突然降临到我 这
的头上。若干年来，原教旨主义者和现代主义者之间就一直在酝酿着一场冲突。 原教旨主义者坚持严格按照字面意义去理解《旧约全书》，而现代主义者则接受
查尔斯?达尔文的进化论——认为一切动物，包括猿和人，都是由同一个祖先进
化而来的。
在田纳西州，原教旨主义势力很强，州立法机构最近还通过了一项法令，禁
止公开讲授"任何否定《圣经》上宣讲的创世说的理论。"这项新法规的矛头直接
指向了达尔文的进化论。有位名叫乔治?拉普利亚的工程师因反对这项法规常和
当地人进行辩论。有一次辩论中，拉普利亚说，任何人要讲授生物学，就不能不
讲进化论。因为我就是讲授生物学的，所以他们便把我叫去作证。
"拉普利亚是对的，"我对他们说。
"那么说，你在触犯法律， "他们中的一位说。
"所有其他的教师也都在触犯法律，"我回答说。"亨特所著的《生物学基础》
中就讲到了进化论，那是我们使用的教科书。"
于是拉普利亚提出一个建议。"让我们将此事交付法庭判决，"他说，"以检
验其是否合法。"
当我于五月七日被正式起诉时，谁也不曾料到，我本人更没有料到我的这件
案子竟会越闹越大，以至成为美国历史上最著名的庭审案例之一。美国公民自由
联合会宣布：如有必要，联合会将把我的案子提交美国最高法院审理，"以确保
教师不至于因讲授真理而被送进监狱。"接着，布莱恩自告奋勇地要协助州政府
方面对我进行起诉。著名律师克拉伦斯?达罗也立即主动提出要替我辩护。具有
讽刺意味的是，在这次审判之前我并不认识达罗，但我却见过布莱恩，那是我念
大学的时候，他来校作过演讲。我很钦佩他，尽管我并不赞同他的观点。
到七月十日庭审开始的时候， 们这个拥有一千五百人口的小镇上呈现出一 我
派看马戏似的热闹气氛。大街两旁的建筑物上都挂起了彩旗。在法院的三层红砖 房子周围的街道上突然冒出了许多摇摇晃晃的摊贩货架，出售的是热狗、宗教书 籍和西瓜。福音传教士们也在街上搭起帐篷向行人传教布道。附近一带的山区居 民，其中多半是原教旨主义者，也纷纷赶到镇上来为布莱恩呐喊助威，打击那些
"外来的异教徒"。他们当中就有具体起草了那条反进化论法令的约翰?巴特勒。
巴特勒是一位四十九岁的农场主，在当选之前还从未跨出过自己的县境。
主审法官名叫约翰?劳尔斯顿，是一位面色红润的男人。他操着浓重的地方
口音高声说道："我只是个平平常常的山区法官。"布莱恩的样子老态龙钟，大腹
便便。 协助他进行起诉工作的有他的儿 1 85 子——也是个律师 ——及田纳西州
年轻有为的检察长汤姆 ?斯图尔特。我的辩护人当中则除了六十八岁的精明老练
的达罗外，还有英俊潇洒、富于魅力的四十三岁的达德雷 ?费尔德?马隆和文质彬
彬、学识丰富，尤其精通法学的阿瑟 ?伽费尔德?黑斯。在一场宗教起着关键作用
的审判案中，达罗是个不可知论者，马隆是个天主教徒，而黑斯则是个犹太教徒。
我的父亲也特意从肯塔基州赶来陪我面对这次审判。
法官请了一位当地的牧师主持开庭祷告仪式， 接着审判便开始了。陪审团的 十二名成员中，有三人除《圣经》之外再没有念过什么别的书，还有一人则根本
不识字。难怪我父亲气呼呼地骂道： "真是他妈狗屁的陪审团 !"
履行完规定的法律诉讼程序之后，达罗站起来开始发言了。 "我的朋友检察
长先生方才告诉我们说约翰 ?司科普斯知道他为什么会被带上法庭，"达罗拖长着
声音说。"我也知道他为什么会被带上法庭。那是因为愚昧和偏见还很猖獗，而
且这两者又结合在一起，形成一股强大的势力。 "
达罗在热得像烘箱似的法庭里来回踱着方步。"今天受攻击的是教师，"他接
着说道，"明天就会轮到杂志、书籍和报纸。要不了多久，社会上便会是一种人
与人为仇，教派与教派为敌的局面，直到我们的社会大踏步地退回到十六世纪那
光辉的年代，那时如果有谁胆敢给人类带来智慧、知识和文化，就会被那些愚昧
的偏执狂们点燃柴堆活活烧死。"
他的话音刚落，就听到一个妇女高声咕嘟了一句："这个该死的异教徒!"
第二天，控方开始传唤证人出庭作证。出庭作证的是我的两个学生，他们
一边羞涩地对我傻笑，一边向法庭证明说我向他们宣讲过进化论，但又补充说他
们并没有因此而受到毒害。一个叫霍华德.摩根的聪明的十四岁小男孩作证说我
对他们讲过，人也像牛、马、狗、猫一样是哺乳动物。
"他没有说猫和人完全一样吧?"达罗问。
"没有，先生，"那孩子说道。"他说人是有思维能力的。 " "这话怕不一
定对哩，"达罗哼着鼻子说。
证人作证完毕后，布莱恩起立向陪审团陈辞。问题很简单，他说， "基督徒
相信人来自天上，进化论者则认为人一定是来自地下。 "旁听的群众忍不住咯咯
地笑了起来，布莱恩也就越说越起劲，他一只手挥动着一本生物学教科书， 一边
口中发话谴责那些来到戴顿为我作证的科学家们。
"《圣经》，"他用洪亮的嗓音大喊大叫道， "是不会被那些千里迢迢赶来作
证的学者专家们赶出这个法庭的。这些专家们来到这里的目的是想证明主张人类
祖先来自丛林的进化论和上帝按照天机，依其形象创造人类并安排到这个世界上
来的看法，是并行不悖的。 "
他讲完话时，下巴翘得老高，眼里闪着光芒，听众席中立刻爆发出喝采的掌
声和"阿门"的喊声。但似乎还是缺少了一点什么东西。昔日当布莱恩如燎原的烈
火般席卷政界时表现出的那种火热的激情已消失殆尽。听众们似乎觉得他们的这
位英雄没能充分发挥出应有的辩才将那些异端分子打个落花流水。
达德雷?费尔德?马隆跳起来反驳布莱恩。 "布莱恩可不是唯一有资格为《圣
经》辩护的人，"他说。"在我们这一国度，还有些人将自己的全部生命都奉献给
了上帝和宗教。而布莱恩先生却满腔热情地将自己的大半生命献给了政治。 "布
莱恩从水杯中呷了一口水，马隆说话的音调随之变得越来越高。他呼吁学术自由
并指责布莱恩存心在科学与宗教之间挑起一场殊死决斗。
"从来没有人能同真理决斗，"他大声怒吼，"真理从来都是胜利者——我们
并不害怕这一点。真理不需要布莱恩先生。真理是永存的、不朽的，而且并不需
要依靠人的力量去维护它 !"
马隆发言结束时，场上出现了一阵沉默，但接着法庭里便爆发出一阵暴风骤
雨般的掌声．超过了刚才为布莱恩发出的掌声。然而，尽管马隆在同布莱恩进行
的这场舌战中取得了胜利，法官还是决定不许在座的科学家们为辩方作证。
休庭期间，我们发现戴顿镇的街头巷尾到处挤满了陌生人，每个角落里都有
一些小商小贩在叫卖货物。 有家商店的招牌上写道： 达尔文： 错——就在里面。 没
(这是小达尔文的服装店。)还有一个承包商租了一个商店橱窗来展出一只猿猴。
有些人便花钱去观看这只猿猴，并思量着自己是否可能与它有什么渊源。
"这只可怜的畜牲双手捂住眼睛，蜷缩在一个角落里，"一位记者这样写道，
"生怕人猿同源是真的。"
H?L。门肯穿着短裤，一边吹着电扇，一边写出了一些含辛辣讽刺意味的电
讯文稿。由于他在文中将当地居民称作"乡巴佬"，因此人们议论着要将他驱逐出
镇。二十二个报务员每天要拍发十六万五千字的报道这场庭审的电文。
由于天气炎热， 加之又担心古老的法庭地板会因承受不住人群的重量而坍塌，
审判活动改在户外枫树荫下继续进行。前来观审的有两千多人，他们有的坐在长 条木凳上，有的蹲在草地上，有的趴在停放着的汽车的车顶上，还有的人则从窗
户里傻呆呆地伸长脖子向外张望。 接着审判的高潮到来了。由于反进化论法
律条文的限制，控方只得坚持《圣经》必须严格按字面意义解释的立场。这时，
达罗突然打出他的王牌，点名要布莱恩充当辩方证人。法官也满脸惊讶。"我们
要他当证人是因为他是《圣经》研究专家，"达罗说道。"作为经学权威，他的声
誉是举世公认的。"
布莱恩满心狐疑，不知那诡计多端的达罗葫芦里在卖什么药，但他又不能不
接受这一挑战。多年来他一直在讲解《圣经》，并且还曾围绕《圣经》著书立说。 甚至在反进化论法令通过之前，他就在田纳西州发动过反达尔文主义的运动。这 时，只见他刚毅果敢地握着一把芭蕉扇，像是拿它当成一把退敌的利剑似的，大
步流星地向证人席走去。
在达罗的平静语调套问下，他承认自己对《圣经》的字字句句深信不疑，旁
观的人群对他的激昂的回答不时和以热烈的 "阿门，，的喊声。
达罗翻开《创世纪》念道："夜尽晨来乃第一天也。''''接下来他问布莱恩是否
相信太阳是第四天创造出来的，布莱恩回答说他相信。
"没有太阳之前又怎么会有早晨和晚上呢?"达罗问道。
布莱恩闷声不响地擦拭着自己的秃顶。人群中传出阵阵暗笑声，连一些虔诚
的基督徒也在发笑。达罗一面捻弄着他的眼镜，一面继续发问。他问布莱恩是否
相信有关夏娃的故事字字句句都是真实的，布莱恩作了肯定的回答。
"那末你也相信上帝为了惩罚引诱夏娃的那条蛇便让所有蛇类从那以后永远
匍匐爬行的故事是真的了?"
"我相信那是真的。"
"好哇，那么你是否知道那以前蛇类是如何行走的呢?"
观审的人群哄地笑了起来。布莱恩气得脸色发青，盛怒之下他调门提高了，
手里拿着的扇子一个劲儿抖动着。
"法官大人，"他说。"我即刻就要回答达罗先生的所有问题。我要让世界知
道这个不信上帝的人正在利用田纳西州的法庭诽谤上帝??"
"我反对这种说法，"达罗大声叫道。"我只是在考验你的那些愚蠢的想法，世界
上没有哪个有知识的基督徒会相信你的那些想法。"
法官敲响小木槌止住了喧哗声，随即宣布休庭，次日再审。
布莱恩孤零零地站在那儿。当观众们纷纷从他身边挤过去同达罗握手时，我
的心替这位昔日的英雄难过起来。
第二天中午，陪审团受命对此案进行裁决。陪审员们离席退到草坪的一角， 只低声议论了九分钟，结果是判决被告有罪。我被罚款一百美元，并支付诉讼费
用。
达德雷?费尔德?马隆称这次庭审结果对我来说是一次"胜利的败仗"。 几家 有
南方报纸，出于对他们那位已失去昔日光彩的英雄的忠诚，称这次审判结果为布
莱恩的胜利，并为之欢呼。可布莱恩本人却因伤心劳神过度，审判结束后才过了
两天便在戴顿去世。
学校要请我回去继续担任原先的教学职务，但我谢绝了。有几位前来为我作
证的教授已为我争取到了一份芝加哥大学的奖学金， 因而我得以继续进修自然科
学。．后来，我成为一家石油公司的地质学专家。
前不久，我在那次审判三十七年之后第一次重返戴顿。在我眼中，小镇景物
依旧，只是多了一所威廉?詹宁斯?布莱恩大学，它坐落在一个小山坡上，俯视着
下面的山谷.
还有一?些其他方面的变化。进化论已经可以在田纳西州公开讲授了，尽管
那条曾判我有罪的法令仍未废除。由克拉伦斯?达罗和达德雷?费尔德?马隆在戴
顿镇的小小法庭上掀起的那些辩论风暴犹如一股清风吹遍了美国的学校和立法
机关，随之而来的是日渐增长的思想自由和学术自由的新气象。
The Trial That Rocked the World
John Scopes
A buzz ran through the crowd as I took my place in the
packed court on that sweltering July day in 1925. The counsel
for my defence was the famous criminal lawyer Clarence
Darrow. Leading counsel for the prosecution was William
Jennings Bryan, the silver-tongued orator , three times
Democratic nominee for President of the United States, and
leader of the fundamentalist movement that had brought about
my trial.
A few weeks before I had been an unknown school-teacher
in Dayton, a little town in the mountains of Tennessee. Now I
was involved in a trial reported the world over. Seated in court,
ready to testify on my behalf, were a dozen distinguished
professors and scientists, led by Professor Kirtley Mather of
Harvard University. More than 100 reporters were on hand, and
even radio announcer s, who for the first time in history were to
broadcast a jury trial. "Don''t worry, son, we''ll show them a few
tricks," Darrow had whispered throwing a reassuring arm round
my shoulder as we were waiting for the court to open.
The case had erupted round my head not long after I arrived
in Dayton as science master and football coach at the
secondary school. For a number of years a clash had been
building up between the fundamentalists and the modernists.
The fundamentalists adhered to a literal interpretation of the
Old Testament. The modernists, on the other hand, accepted
the theory advanced by Charles Darwin -- that all animal life,
including monkeys and men, had evolved from a common
ancestor.
Fundamentalism was strong in Tennessee, and the state
legislature had recently passed a law prohibiting the teaching of
"any theory that denies the story of creation as taught in the
Bible." The new law was aimed squarely at Darwin''s theory of
evolution. An engineer, George Rappelyea, used to argue with
the local people against the law. During one such argument,
Rappelyea said that nobody could teach biology without
teaching evolution. Since I had been teaching biology, I was
sent for.
"Rappelyea is right," I told them.
"Then you have been violating the law," one of them Said.
"So has every other teacher," I replied. "Evolution is
explained in Hunter''s Civic Biology, and that''s our textbook."
Rappelyea then made a suggestion. "Let''s take this thing to
court," he said, "and test the legalityof it."
When I was indicted on May 7, no one, least of all I,
anticipated that my case would snowball into one of the most
famous trials in U. S. history. The American Civil Liberties Union
announced that it would take my case to the U. S Supreme Court
if necessary to establish that a teacher may tell the truth
without being sent to jail." Then Bryan volunteered to assist the
state in prosecuting me. Immediately the renownedlawyer
Clarence Darrow offered his services to defend me. Ironically, I
had not known Darrow before my trial but I had met Bryan when
he had given a talk at my university. I admired him, although I
did not agree with his views.
By the time the trial began on July 10, our town of 1,500
people had taken on a circusatmosphere. The buildings along
the main street were festoonedwith banners. The streets
around the three-storey red brick law court sproutedwith
rickety stands selling hot dogs, religious books and
watermelons. Evangelists set up tents to exhortthe passersby.
People from the surrounding hills, mostly fundamentalists,
arrived to cheer Bryan against the " infidel outsiders" Among
them was John Butler, who had drawn up the anti-evolution law.
Butler was a 49-year-old farmer who before his election had
never been out of his native county.
The presiding judge was John Raulston, a florid-faced man
who announced: "I''m just a reg''lar mountaineer jedge." Bryan,
ageing and paunchy , was assisted in his prosecution by his son,
also a lawyer, and Tennessee''s brilliant young attorney-general,
Tom Stewart. Besides the shrewd 68-year-old Darrow, my
counsel included the handsome and magnetic Dudley Field
Malone, 43, and Arthur Garfield Hays, quiet, scholarly and
steeped in the law. In a trial in which religion played a key role,
Darrow was an agnostic, Malone a Catholic and Hays a Jew. My
father had come from Kentucky to be with me for the trial.
The judge called for a local minister to open the session with
prayer, and the trial got under way. Of the 12 jurors, three had
never read any book except the Bible. One couldn''t read. As my
father growled, "That''s one hell of a jury!"
After the preliminary sparring over legalities, Darrow got up
to make his opening statement. "My friend the attorney-general
says that John Scopes knows what he is here for," Darrow
drawled. "I know what he is here for, too. He is here because
ignorance and bigotryare , and it is a mighty strong
combination."
Darrow walked slowly round the baking court. "Today it is
the teachers, "he continued, "and tomorrow the magazines, the
books, the newspapers. After a while, it is the setting of man
against man and creed against creed until we are marching
backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when
bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any
intelligence and enlightenment and Culture to the human mind.
"
"That damned infidel," a woman whispered loudly as he
finished his address.
The following day the prosecution began calling wit-nesses
against me. Two of my pupils testified, grinning shyly at me, that
I had taught them evolution, but added that they had not been
contaminated by the experience. Howard Morgan, a bright lad of
14, testified that I had taught that man was a mammal like cows,
horses, dogs and cats.
"He didn''t say a cat was the same as a man?" Darrow asked.
"No, sir," the youngster said. "He said man had reasoning
power."
"There is some doubt about that," Darrow snorted.
After the evidence was completed, Bryan rose to address
the jury. The issue was simple, he declared "The Christian
believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes
that he must have come from below." The spectators chuckled
and Bryan warmed to his work. In one hand he brandished a
biology text as he denounced the scientists who had come to
Dayton to testify for the defence.
"The Bible," he thundered in his sonorous organ tones, " is
not going to be driven out of this court by experts who come
hundreds of miles to testify that they can reconcile evolution,
with its ancestors in the jungle, with man made by God in His
image and put here for His purpose as par t of a divine plan."
As he finished, jaw out-thrust, eyes flashing, the audience
burst into applauseand shouts of "Amen". Yet something was
lacking. Gone was the fierce fervour of the days when Bryan had
swept the political arena like a prairie fire. The crowd seemed
to feel that their champion had not scorched the infidels with
the hot breath of his oratory as he should have. Dudley Field
Malone popped up to reply. "Mr. Bryan is not the only one who
has the right to speak for the Bible, he observed. "There are
other people in this country who have given up their whole lives
to God and religion. Mr. Bryan, with passionate spirit and
enthusiasm, has given post of his life to politics." Bryan sipped
from a jug of water as Malone''s voice grew in volume. He
appealed for intellectual freedom, and accused Bryan of calling
for a duel to the death between science and religion.
"There is never a duel with the truth," he roared. "The truth
always wins -- and we are not afraid of it. The truth does not
need Mr. Bryan. The truth is eternal, immortal and needs no
human agency to support it! "
When Malone finished there was a momentary hush. Then
the court broke into a storm of applause that surpassed that for
Bryan. But although Malone had won the oratorical duel with
Bryan, the judge ruled against permitting the scientists to
testify for the defence.
When the court adjourned, we found Dayton''s streets
swarming with strangers. Hawkerscried their wares on every
corner. One shop announced: DARWIN IS RIGHT - INSIDE. (This
was J. R. Darwin''s everything to Wear Store.) One entrepreneur
rented a shop window to display an ape. Spectators paid to gaze
at it and ponderwhether they might be related.
"The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his
eyes, " a reporter noted, "afraid it might be true. "
H. L. Mencken wrote sulphurous dispatches sitting in his
Pants with a tan blowing on him, and there was talk of running
him out of town for referring to the local citizenry as yokels .
Twenty-two telegraphists were sending out 165 000 words a
day on the trial.
Because of the heat and a fear that the old court''s floor
might collapse, under the weight of the throng, the trial was
resumed outside under the maples. More than 2 000 spectators
sat on wooden benches or squattedon the grass, perched on the
tops of parked cars or gawked from windows.
Then came the climax of the trial. Because of the wording of
the anti-evolution law, the prosecution was forced to take the
position that the Bible must be interpreted literally. Now Darrow
sprang his trump card by calling Bryan as a witness for the
defence. The judge looked startled. "We are calling him as an
expert on the Bible," Darrow said. "His reputation as an
authority on Scripture is recognized throughout the world."
Bryan was suspicious of the wily Darrow, yet he could not
refuse the challenge. For year s he had lectured and written on
the Bible. He had campaigned against Darwinism in Tennessee
even before passage of the anti-evolution law. Resolutely he
strode to the stand, carrying a palm fan like a sword to repel his
enemies.
Under Darrow''s quiet questioning he acknowledged
believing the Bible literally, and the crowd punctuated his
defiant replies with fervent "Amens".
Darrow read from Genesis: "And the evening and the
morning were the first day." Then he asked Bryan if he believed
that the sun was created on the fourth day. Bryan said that he
did.
"How could there have been a morning and evening with-out
any sun?" Darrow enquired.
Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. There were sniggers
from the crowd, even among the faithful. Darrow twirled his
spectacles as he pursued the questioning. He asked if Bryan
believed literally in the story of Eve. Bryan answered in the
affirmative.
"And you believe that God punished the serpent by
condemning snakes for ever after to crawl upon their bellies?"
"I believe that."
"Well, have you any idea how the snake went before that
time?"
The crowd laughed, and Bryan turned livid. His voice rose
and the fan in his hand shook in anger.
"Your honor," he said. "I will answer all Mr. Darrow''s
questions at once. I want the world to know that this man who
does not believe in God is using a Tennessee court to cast slurs
on Him..."
"I object to that statement," Darrow shouted. " I am
examining you on your tool ideas that no intelligent Christian on
earth believes."
The judge used his gavel to quell the hubbuband adjourned
court until next day.
Bryan stood forlornly alone. My heart went out to the old
warrior as spectator s pushed by him to shake Darrow''s hand.
The jury were asked to consider their verdict at noon the
following day. The jurymen retired to a corner of the lawn and
whispered for just nine minutes. The verdict was guilty. I was
fined 100 dollars and costs.
Dudley Field Malone called my conviction a "victorious
defeat." A few southern papers, loyal to their faded champion,
hailed it as a victory for Bryan. But Bryan, sad and exhausted,
died in Dayton two days after the trial.
I was offered my teaching job back but I declined. Some of the
professors who had come to testify on my be-half arranged a
scholarship for me at the University of Chicago so that I could
pursue the study of science. Later I became a geologist for an
oil company.
Not long ago I went back to Dayton for the first time since
my trial 37 years ago. The little town looked much the same to
me. But now there is a William Jennings Bryan University on a
hill-top over looking the valley.
There were other changes, too. Evolution is taught in
Tennessee, though the law under which I was convicted is still
on the books. The oratorial storm that Clarence Darrow and
Dudley Field Malone blew up in the little court in Dayton swept
like a fresh wind through the schools and legislative offices of
the United States, bringing in its wake a new climate of
intellectual and academic freedom that has grown with the
passing years.
词汇(Vocabulary)
sweltering ( adj.) :that swelters or suffers from the heat； very hot；
sultry 热得发昏的；酷热
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
counsel ( n.) :a lawyer or group of lawyers giving advice about
legal matters and representing clients in court 辩护律师；法律顾问；
辩护人
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
silver-tongued ( adj.) :eloquent ；persuasive 雄辩的；口才流利的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
orator ( n.) :a skilled ，eloquent public speaker 雄辩家
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
jury ( n.) :a group of people sworn to hear the evidence and
inquire into the facts in a law case ，and to give decision in
accordance with their findings 陪审团
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
erupt ( v．) :burst forth or out，as from some restraint 进发；爆发；
喷出
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
clash ( n.) :a sharp disagreement；conflict 抵触；冲突；意见不一致；
对立
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fundamentalism ( n.) :religious beliefs based on a literal
interpretation of everything in the Bible and regarded as
fundamental to Christian faith and morals 原教旨主义(相信《圣经》
所记载的传统的基督教信仰，反对较为近代的教义 )
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
legislature ( n.) :a body of persons given the responsibility and
power to make laws for a country or state(esp. the lawmaking
body of a state，corresponding to the U．S．Congress)立法机构(尤
指美国的州议会)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
prohibit ( v．) :refuse to permit；forbid by law or by an order 禁止；
不准
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
legality ( n.) :quality ，condition ，or instance of being legal or
lawful；conformity with the law 合法性
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
indict ( v．) :accuse；charge with the commission of a cime; esp.
make formal accusation against on the basis of positive legal
evidence usually said of the action of a grand jury 控告， 控诉；指
控，告发，对??起诉
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
prosecute (v．) :institute legal proceedings against，or conduct
criminal proceedings in court against 对??起诉
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
festoon ( v．) :adorn or hang with festoons 饰以(或悬挂)花彩，结彩
于
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sprout (v．) :grow or develop rapidly 迅速生长，迅速发展
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
rickety ( adj.) :1iable to fall or break down because weak；shaky
易倒的；易垮的；不结实的；不稳固的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
evangelist ( n.) :anyone who evangelizes(esp. a traveling
preacher or a revivalist)福音传教士(尤指巡回说教者或信仰复兴者)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
exhort ( v．) :urge earnestly by advice，warning，etc．规劝，劝告，
劝戒
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
infidel ( n.) :a person who holds no religious belief无宗教信仰者，
不信宗教者
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
florid ( adj. ) : flushed with red or pink(said of the complexion)(脸
色)红润的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
paunchy ( adj. ) :[derog. or humor](esp. of a man)having a fat
stomach[贬或幽](尤指男性)大腹便便的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
attorney ( n.) :．any person legally empowered to act as agent for.
or in behalf of ，another(esp. a lawyer)(被当事人授权的法律事务中的)
代理人
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
shrewd ( adj.) :keen—witted，clever，astute or sharp in practical
affairs 机敏的；精明的；伶俐的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
magnetic ( adj.) :vpowerfully attractive(said of a person，
personality，etc．)有吸引力的；有魅力的(指人或个性等)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
steep ( v．) :immense，saturate，absorb，or imbue(esp. used as
steeped 锄：thoroughly filled or familiar with) 沉浸；埋头于(尤用作
steeped in 充满着；沉湎于；精通)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
agnostic ( n.) :a person who believes that the human mind
cannot know whether there is a God or an ultimate cause，or
anything beyond material phenomena；atheist 不可知论者
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
growl (v．) :complain in an angry or surly manner 牢骚满腹地说
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
spar ( v. ) :wrangle or dispute 争论；争吵
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
drawl ( v．) :speak slowly，prolonging the vowels 慢慢吞吞地说
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bigotry ( n.) :the behavior，attitude，or beliefs of a bigot：
intolerance；prejudice 偏执的行为(或态度、信念等)；偏执；顽固；偏见
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
rampant ( adj. ) :spreading unchecked；widespread 蔓延的；猖獗
的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
faggot ( n.) :a bundle of sticks，twigs，or branches(esp. for use
as fuel)柴捆；柴把
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
contaminate ( v．) :make impure，infected，corrupt，etc．使感染，
传染，毒害
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
mammal ( n.) :any of a large class of warm—blooded. usually
hairy vertebrates whose off springs are fed with milk secreted
by female mammary glands 哺乳动物
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
snort ( v．) :wave，shake. or exhibit in a menacing, challenging，
or exultant way(威胁地、挑战似地、狂喜地)挥舞
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
denounce ( v．) :condemn strongly as evil 谴责，指责，痛斥
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sonorous ( adj. ) :having a powerful，impressive sound(声音)响亮
的；洪亮的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
reconcile ( adj. ) :settle(a quarrel， ． compose(a difference， etc )or
etc．)调解；调和；使一致；使相符
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
divine ( adj. ) :given or inspired by God；holy；sacred 神授的，天
赐的；神圣的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fervour ( n.) :great warmth of emotion；ardor；zeal；passion 热
烈；热情，热心，热诚
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
arena ( n.) :any sphere of struggle or conflict 竞争场所；活动场所
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
prairie ( n.) :a large area of level or slightly rolling grassland 大草
原
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
scorch (v．) :char，discolor，or damage the surface of sth. by
superficial burning；burn；make a caustic attack on；assail
scathingly；excoriate 烧焦；烤焦；挖苦；严厉指责(或批评)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
pop ( v．) :[colloq．]arise；happen or arrive unexpectedly[口]突然
发生，突然出现，突然来到
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
duel ( n.) :any contest or encounter suggesting such a fight ，
usually between two persons( 常指两人间的)争斗，冲突，斗争
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
hush ( n.) :absence of noise；quiet；silence 寂静，平静，安静；默不
作声，沉默
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
adjourn ( v. ) :close a session or meeting for the day or for a time
休会，闭会；延期
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
swarm (v．) :be filled ord；crowde teem(with)充满，被挤满(常与 with
连用)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
hawker ( n.) :a person who hawks goods in the street；peddle；
huckster(沿街叫卖的)小贩
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
entrepreneur ( n.) :[Fr．]a person who organizes and manages a
business undertaking．assuming the risk for the sake of the
profit[法语]企业家
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ape ( n.) :any of a family(Pongidae)of large，tailless monkeys
that can stand and walk in an almost erect position 猿
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ponder ( v．) :weigh mentally；think deeply about；consider
carefully 默想；深思；考虑
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
cower ( v．) :shrink and tremble，as from someone''s anger，
threats，or blow(因别人发怒、威胁或打击而)畏缩；发抖，哆嗦
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
sulphurous ( adj.) :violently emotional；heated；fiery 异常激动的；
激烈的；暴怒的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
dispatch ( n.) :a news story sent to a newspaper，radio station，
etc．，as by a special reporter or news agency(特派记者或新闻社发
给报社、电台的)(新闻)电讯，电文，通讯
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
yokel ( n.) :[a contemptuous term]a person living in a rural area；
rustic；country bumpkin[贬]乡巴佬，土包子
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
perch ( v．) :alight or rest on or as on a perch 栖息；停歇；坐在高处
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
gawk ( v．) :stare like a gawk，in a stupid way(像呆子般)呆呆地盯
着，呆视
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
wily ( adj.) :full of wiles；crafty；sly 狡猾的；狡诈的；诡计多端的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
repel ( v．) :drive or force back；hold or ward off 击退；抵挡住
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
fervent ( adj.) :having or showing great warmth of feeling；
intensely devoted or earnest；ardent；passionate 热烈的，满怀热
情的，热心的，深表热诚的；强烈的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Genesis ( n.) :the first book of the Bible，giving an account of the
creation of the universe 《创世纪》(《圣经?旧约》的首卷)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
snigger ( n.) :a sly，derisive，partly stifled laugh 窃笑；暗笑
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
twirl (v．) :rotate rapidly；spin(使)快速旋转，(使)迅速转动
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
serpent ( n.) :a snake，esp. a large or poisonous one 蛇(尤指大蛇
或毒蛇)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
livid ( adj.) :grayish—blue；pale；lead—colored 青灰色的；铅色的
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
slur ( n.) :any remark or action that harms or is meant to harm
someone''s reputation；aspersion，reproach，stigma，etc．诽谤；
污辱；诋毁，中伤，破坏??的名誉
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
gavel ( n.) :a small mallet rapped on the table by a presiding
officer in calling for attention or silence or by an auctioneer( 会
议主席、法官或拍卖商用以敲击桌子的)小木槌，议事槌
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
quell ( v． ) :crush；subdue；put an end to 镇压；平息
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
hubbub ( n.) :a confused sound of many voices；noise；uproar；
tumult 吵闹声，喧哗，喧嚣；鼎沸；骚动
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
forlorn (adj.) :abandoned or deserted 被抛弃的；被遗弃的；孤独的，
寂寞的／forlornly adv．
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
verdict ( n.) :the formal and unanimous finding of a jury on the
matter submitted to them in a trial 裁定；判决
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
conviction ( n.) :a convicting 0r being convicted 证明有罪；被)判罪； (
定罪
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
短语 (Expressions)
adhere to : continue to obey or maintain(esp，a rule，standard
or belief)坚持，忠于
例： She adheres to her principles throughout her teaching
career. 她在整个教学生涯中始终坚持自己的原则。
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
take on : begin to have 呈现
例： Her voice took on a troubled tone．她的声音里有些不安。
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
under way: begin，start(开始)进行，在前进中。
例： We have several plans under way．我们已将几项计划付诸
实施。
Detailed Study of the Text
1. buzz: a noise of a low hum, low confused whisper
2. sweltering: very hot, causing unpleasantness, torrid, sultry
3. counsel: a group of one or more lawyers (barristers) acting for
someone in a court of law
The judge asked counsel for the defence to explain his point.
Counsel are agreed.
cf:
council: a group of people appointed or elected to make laws,
rules, or decisions
The General Secretary of the UN Security Council
the Premier of the State Council
councillor: a member of a council
counsellor (AmE counselor):
a. (AmE) lawyer
b. adviser
a beauty counsellor; a marriage guidance counsellor
4. prosecution: the act of bringing a criminal charge against sb.
in a court of law
5. silver-tongued: (lit.) able to give fine persuading speeches,
eloquent
6. orator: a good public speaker, a person who delivers an
oration (formal and solemn public speeches)
7. nominee: a person who has been nominated, who has been
named officially for election to a position, office, honour, etc. a
Nobel Prize nominee / a presidential nominee
8. bring about: cause
Scientists have brought about great changes in our lives.
9. involve: to cause sb. to become connected or concerned
Don''t involve other people in your mistakes.
We are all involved, whether we like it or not.
10. testify: to make s solemn statement, esp. under oath in a
court of law, of what is true
The witnesses testify / give evidence in the law court.
One witness testified that he''s seen the prisoner run out of the
bank after it had been robbed.
The stolen goods in his home testified to his guilt.
11. on hand: available, present,
cf: within reach: the distance one can reach;
at hand: near in time or place
Always have your dictionary on hand / within reach / at hand
when you study.
Please be on hand at 12 sharp.
I have a great deal of important work on hand.
All his old friends will be on hand / present to see Jack receive
the medal of honour.
I want you to be at hand / near during my interview with the boss
of the company.
The post office is close at hand.
12. reassure: comfort and make free from fear, stop worrying
often by saying sth. kind or friendly
The doctor reassured the sick man about his health.
She won''t believe it in spite of all our reassurance.
cf: assure: try to cause to believe or trust in sth.; promise
The captain assured the passengers that there was no danger.
13. erupt: (of a volcano) to explode and pour out fire
Here, emerge, happen quickly, come down upon unexpectedly
and violently; I was suddenly engulfed by the whole affair.
14. adhere to: to favour strongly and remain with, be faithful to
an idea, opinion, and belief, etc.; stick firmly to; to hold or
support
The wallpaper won''t adhere to the ceiling.
They adhere to the contract.
He resolutely adhered to what he had said at the meeting.
adhere to the four cardinal / fundamental principles
ADHERE usually implies deliberate or voluntary acceptance, as
of the creed of a church, the platform of a political party, or the
doctrines of a philosopher.
He liked a certain order in his life, when he had made a plan, he
liked to adhere to it.
Persist: to continue firmly in spite of opposition or warning. This
word implies a virtue. It more often suggests a disagreeable or
annoying quality, for it stresses stubbornness more than
courage or patience and frequently implies opposition to advice,
disapproval, or one''s own conscience.
persist in working when ill
persist in doing / adhere to doing
If you persist in misbehaving, you''ll be punished.
Persist: vi, to continue to exist
The bad weather will persist all over the country.
The smell persisted even after we cleaned the room.
insist: a. to declare firmly (when opposed), b. to order
He insisted on writing at once.
He insisted that she (should) be present.
adhesive: substance such as a glue.
15. prohibit: to forbid, to ban, used long in reference to laws,
regulations that it tends to connote restraints imposed for the
good of all or for the sake of orderly procedure.
to prohibit the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors /
pornographic literature or video tapes / prostitution / visiting
prostitutes / smoking in public places, etc.
cf:
FORBID is more direct and familiar, while PROHIBIT is more
formal or official; they do not widely differ in their essential
implications, for they both imply the exercise of authority or the
existence of conditions which prevent with similar
imperativeness. However, FORBID carries so strong a
connotation of expected obedience that it is preferred when the
order is that of one in authority (as a parent, a master, an
employer or a physician).
to forbid a child to leave the house.
His health forbade the use of tobacco.
16. violate: to disregard or act against sth. solemnly promised,
accepted as right
The actress violated the terms of her contract.
This is considered as a violation of the Constitution.
If you violate someone''s privacy or peace, you disturb it.
17. legality: the condition of being lawful; lawfulness
The legality of this action will be decided by the court.
18. indict: to indict sb. for a crime means to charge them with it
officially
Five men were caught at the scene and indicted.
cf:
ACCUSE, CHARGE
These three words denote in common to declare a person guilty
of a fault or offence.
While ACCUSE is typically immediate and personal, CHARGE
frequently connotes seriousness in the offence and formality in
the declaration.
One may ACCUSE a bystander of trying to pick one''s pocket.
That is an ACCUSATION which may become a formal CHARGE
before a magistrate. One may also ACCUSE a man OF cheating
which one personally resents.
One CHARGE a man WITH cheating which is an example of
breaking the rules of a game.
INDICT adds to CHARGE in legal context the implication of a
formal consideration of the evidence by a grand jury and the
implication of a decision that the accused person should be
called to trial. One INDICTS a man FOR theft.
TO PROSECUTE sb. FOR theft is for a lawyer to represent in
court the person who is bringing a criminal charge against sb.
19. anticipate: (sometimes considered nonstandard) to expect,
to see what will happen and act as necessary, often to stop sb.
else doing sth.
We are not anticipating that there will be much trouble.
We anticipate that the enemy would try to cross the river and so
seized the bridge.
20. FAMOUS, FAME, RENOWNED, CELEBRATED, are comparable
when meaning known far and wide among men.
FAMOUS and FAMED apply chiefly to men, events and things
that are much talked of or are widely or popularly known
throughout a country or continent or a cultural tradition. They
also imply favourable reputation.
RENOWNED implies more glory or honour and more widespread
acclamation than either FAMOUS OR FAMED. It is often
employed as a stronger or more emphatic term than FAMOUS
with little actual difference in meaning except for a suggestion
of greater longevity of fame.
CELEBRATED stresses reception of popular or public notice or
attention and frequent mention, esp. in print.
21. festoon: If you festoon sth. with decorations, lights or other
things, you spread or hang these things over it in large numbers
in order to decorate it.
The garden was festooned with coloured lights.
22. sprout: to grow or come out, appear and spread rapidly.
n. new growth of a plant, shoot
bean sprouts / bamboo shoots
23. rickety: weak in joints and likely to break
rickety old man / stairs / cart
24. evangelist: one who preaches the gospel (good news)
25. exhort: urge earnestly or advise strongly sb. to do sth.
to exhort sb. to do good / to work harder, etc.
26. cheer: support and encourage, shout in praise, approval or
support
Every time a Chinese runner won a race the crowd cheered.
The crowd cheered their favourite horse.
27. infidel: (old & derog.) (used esp. in former times by
Christians and Muslims of each other) someone ho does not
follow one''s own religion, unbeliever
28. draw up: to form and usu. write
to draw up a plan / a contract
29. florid: (of a person''s face) having a red skin
30. paunchy: (derog. and humour) (esp. of a man) having a fat
stomach, pot belly
31. attorney-general: chief law officer and legal expert of the
government of a state or the US
32. shrewd: clever in judgement, esp. of what is to one''s own
advantage, and an exceptional ability to see below the surface.
It always connotes hard-headedness.
a shrewd lawyer who knows all the tricks
He is a shrewd and sometimes ruthless adversary.
33. steep: soak, to let sth. stay in a liquid for softening, bringing
out a taste etc.
Steep the coffee (vt.)
Leave the coffee to steep for 5 minutes (vi.)
soak up (vi. + adv.) draw in by or as if by suction or absorption
The soil soaked up a huge volume of water very rapidly.
Mark Twain soaked up the colourful language.
steeped in: thoroughly filled or familiar with.
a place steeped in mystery, a mind steeped in law
steep: adj. rising or falling quickly or at a sharp angle.
a steep rise in price; a steep drop in living conditions
an old house with steep stairs; the steepest part of a hill
34. agnostic: person who believes that one can only have
knowledge of material things and that nothing is or can be
known about God or life after death
cf: atheist: person who doubts the existence of God
infidel: see above
35. call
call for sth: require, demand or need sth
The situation calls for prompt action.
I''ve been promoted. This calls for a celebration!
a call for sth: request or demand for sth
The President made a call for national unity.
There were calls for the Prime Minister''s resignation from the
Opposition parties.
need or occasion for sth
There isn''t much call for such things these days.
There was no call for such rudeness.
There is no call for being hasty.
(in card-games) player''s bid or turn to bid
It''s your call, partner.
a call of nature: (euph) need to urinate or defecate
a port of call: place where a ship stops during a voyage, place
where a person goes or stops, esp during a journey The visiting
politician''s first port of call was the new factory.
call-box = telephone-box (telephone)
call-girl: prostitute who makes appointments by telephone
35. growl /au/: (of animal) to make a deep rough sound in the
throat to show anger or give warning, (of person) to say sth. in a
low rough and rather angry voice.
The dog growled at me.
He growled out a demand to her to stop.
36. preliminary: coming before and introducing or preparing for
sth. more important, introductory, preparatory
37. spar: to box without hitting hard, as in practice (between
SPARRING PARTNERS) or in testing an opponent''s defence.
argue or dispute (with sb), usu in a friendly way
The children are sparring with each other.
sparring-partner: person with whom a boxer spars as part of
training.
person with whom one enjoys frequent, usu friendly, arguments
They''ve been sparring-partners ever since they were at school
together.
38. drawl: to speak or say slowly with vowels greatly lengthened
drawl out one''s words
39. ignorance: lack of knowledge
Poverty, disease and ignorance remain major world problems.
If he did wrong, it was from/ through ignorance.
We are in complete ignorance of his plans.
She is very young, and ignorant of what life really is.
They ignored traffic regulations.
40. bigot: one who obstinately or intolerantly devoted to his own
opinions and prejudices, esp. religious beliefs.
One of the marks of a bigot is that he thinks he does a service to
God when he persecutes his fellowmen.
bigotry: the state of having very strong, unreasonable attitudes
and opinions
41. rampant: widespread and impossible to control, excessive,
used esp. of undesirable conditions, such as crime or disease.
Spinal meningitis was rampant in that spring.
Theft, robbery, trafficking in narcotics, rural women and
children are rampant in some places.
Rich soil makes some plants too rampant.
Mosquitoes are rampant in the dormitory.
42. fagot: a bundle of sticks of firewood
43. enlighten: cause to understand, free from ignorance or false
beliefs, give more knowledge.
Can you enlighten me on this subject?
The tour of our country enlightened the foreign visitors on
China''s open policy.
work for the enlightenment of mankind
the Enlightenment / the age of Enlightenment in the 18th
century
44. contaminate: to make impure, bad by mixing with dirty or
poisonous matter
Don''t eat the food, it may have been contaminated by the flies.
The river is contaminated with waste from the factory.
Our students are being contaminated by foreign ideas.
45. snort: to make a rough noise by blowing air down the nose
to express impatience or anger by this sound
We ran when the bull began to snort.
"Never!" he snorted.
cf:
snore: breathe heavily and noisily through the nose and mouth
while asleep
46. evidence: (in law) words which prove a statement, support a
belief, or make a matter more clear
There wasn''t enough evidence to prove him guilty.
Have you any evidence to support this statement?
not a bit / piece / scrap / shred of evidence
indication or trace
The room bore evidence (ie showed signs) of a struggle.
in evidence: clearly or easily seen
He''s the sort of man who likes to be very much in evidence at
important meetings, ie who likes to be seen and noticed.
evident: obvious (to the eye or mind); clear
It must be evident to all of you that he has made a mistake.
Evidently he has decided to leave.
47. brandish: to wave menacingly sth. esp. a weapon about, It
stresses threat.
I shall brandish my sword before them.
48. denounce: to criticise severely and publicly, announce
threateningly
The newspapers denounced the new taxes.
A mass meeting denounced him as a traitor.
49. sonorous: having a pleasantly full loud sound
the sonorous tones of the priest
sonority
the sonority of the bass voices
sonorously adv.
50. reconcile: make peace between, make friendly again
I cannot reconcile the two points of view.
I asked how he would reconcile apartheid with Christianity.
The two girls quarrelled but are now reconciled.
51. jungle: tropical forest too thick to walk through easily.
52. image: likeliness, form, copy, an object made to represent a
god or person to be worshipped
You see your image in the mirror.
I can close my eyes and see images of things and persons.
The coin bears an image of the emperor.
The government has a very bad image because it continues with
plans that nobody likes.
53. divine: of, related to, or being god or a god
God: the Almighty, Providence, the Creator, the Divinity, the
Deity, the Holy One, the Lord, Jehovah
54. thrust: to push forcefully and suddenly, to make a sudden
forward stroke with a sword, knife, etc.
He thrust the fork into the meat.
The pirate thrust the sword into the captain''s back.
55. applause: loud praise for a performance or performer, esp.
by striking the hands together (clapping)
applaud: v.
Everyone stood up to applaud.
The audience applauded the singer for 5 minutes.
The crowd bursts into applause and shouts "Hurray!"
His every sentence was followed by an applause.
56. fervour: the quality of being FERVENT, passion, zeal,
enthusiasm, intense heat, intense emotion compelling action.
speak with great fervour
fervent: showing strong and warm feelings, hot, glowing,
passionate
a fervent love / hatred. a fervent lover / admirer
57. arena: an area of land or a large room where sports,
entertainment and public events take place.
The city built a new sports arena.
After World II Japan entered the arena of international trade.
He entered the political arena after graduation from college.
58. prairie: (in North America) a wild treeless grassy plain.
59. scorch: to burn (part of ) a surface so as to change its colour,
taste, or feeling but not completely destroy it, to dry up and take
away the life out with a strong heat
The hot iron scorched the tablecloth.
a scorched-earth policy
The hot weather scorched the grass.
scorching hot / heat
60. observe: to make a remark, to say, to comment, It suggests
a reasoned judgement based on m ore or less careful study of
the evidence.
He observe that the house seemed to be too small.
"I hope she''ll turn over a new leaf now," observed Mrs. A.
61. passion: strong, deep, often uncontrollable feeling, esp. of
sexual love, hatred, or anger
The poet expressed his burning passion for the woman he loved.
Can we talk about this with a little less passion?
passionate: filled with passion, eager, very strong
The groom gave the bride a passionate kiss.
The two groups had a passionate debate.
62. sip: to drink in small quantities
cf:
suck: to draw (as liquid) into the mouth through a suction force
produced by movements of the lips and tongue, to suck milk
from his mother''s breast
sap: to drain the fluid part of a plant, esp. the watery solution
that circulates through a plant''s vascular system
63. jug: a large deep, usu. earthenware or glass container with a
narrow mouth, a handle and a lip for pouring,
a milk jug
cf:
jar: tall container, usu. round with a wide mouth, with or
with-out handles of glass, stone or earthenware
pot: an usu. round metal or earthen container used chiefly for
domestic purposes, as in cooking or for holding liquids or
growing plants.
tea pot, chamber pot
64. appeal: to make a strong request for help, support, mercy;
beg
He appealed to his attacker for mercy.
He appealed to me for help.
please, attract, interest
This idea / She appeals to me.
Some people say Peking Opera is too old-fashioned to appeal to
people any longer.
The idea appealed to me.
65. intellect, intellectual, intelligence, intelligent etc.
intellect: the ability to understand or deal with ideas and
information, the ability to reason rather than to feel or act.
intellectual:
adj. concerning the intellect, able to use the intellect well,
showing unusual reasoning powers
n. a person who works and lives by using his mind.
a man of intellect: a man with knowledge, learned person,
an intellectual
It is man''s intellect that distinguishes him from the breasts.
Chess is a highly intellectual game.
Teaching is a more intellectual occupation than sweeping.
He is an intellectual person.
intelligence:
a. good ability to learn and understand quickly, esp. compared
with others.
b. information gathered by the government or the army about
their country''s enemies and their activities.
an intelligence test;
intelligence quotient (IQ)
Use your intelligence.
CIA
intelligent: having or showing powers of reasoning or
understanding.
Dr. Smith is a man of great intelligence but Prof. Brown earns
the respect of his colleagues for his high intellect.
An INTELLECTUAL or INTELLECTUAL person, is one who has
developed his brain and intellect, is highly educated, and is
interested in subjects that exercise the mind.
One can be very intelligent / have great intelligence, without
knowing much.
A small child with a clever quick mind is INTELLIGENT but he
can hardly be an intellectual.
66. duel: unlawful fight between two persons who have
quarrelled, usu. with swords or pistols, at a meeting arranged
and conducted according to rules, in the presence of two other
persons called seconds.
67. roar: to give a deep loud continuing sound.
tigers roaring in their cages
He just roared (ie laughed loudly) when he heard that joke!
The crowd roared its approval.
n. long loud deep sound
a roar of applause / anger, etc
roars of laughter
roaring: noisy; rough or stormy
roaring thunder
68. mortal: a human being as compared with a god, a spirit, etc.
All human beings are mere mortals.
They''re so grand these days that they probably don''t talk to
ordinary mortals like us any more.
adj:
that must die; that cannot live for ever
All human beings are mortal.
causing death; fatal
a mortal wound, injury, etc
The collapse of the business was a mortal blow to him and his
family.
lasting until death; marked by great hatred; deadly
mortal enemies
mortal sin: (in the Roman Catholic Church) sin that causes the
loss of God''s grace and leads to damnation unless it is
confessed and forgiven 弥天大罪
69. agency:
a. When sth. happen through or by the agency of sb. or sth, it
happens with their help or influence. Thus the sentence can be
paraphrased as Truth does not need any human influence to
support it.
b. a business which provides particular services on behalf of
another business. an administrative organization
Xinhua News Agency; the Central Intelligence Agency
70. momentary: transitory, lasting for a very short moment
71. hush: silence, stillness, quiet, calm
72. rule: decide officially
The jury ruled that he was innocent of all charges.
The club ruled against accepting new members.
I cannot rule out / exclude the possibility / declare the
non-existence of / trouble.
The principal ruled out dances on school nights.
73. adjourn: to bring a meeting, trial, etc to a stop, esp. for a
particular period or until a later time
74. hawker: a person who travels from place to place selling
things, usu. with a cart.
75. entrepreneur: a person who organizes and manages a
business undertaking, assuming the risk for the sake of the
profit; the word often has the sense of enterprising, meaning
imaginative in ambitious way for private economic gain.
76. ponder: to consider, thing over, to think about sth. carefully,
a rather literary word.
Each chess player will have five minutes to ponder his next
move.
The prisoner pondered how to escape.
Give me a few days to ponder over it.
77. brute: an animal, esp. one that you feel sorry for.
The lions I am talking about are the poor half-starved brutes
reserved for tourists.
The Pope said that man is " the middle ling between angels and
brutes."
War can turn man into brutes.
stupid, animal-like or cruel person, esp. one who has a tendency
to behave violently.
He is an unfeeling brute.
cf:
cow
crafty expert agents fresh from the cowing and tying down a
dozen of countries
coward: a person unable to face danger, pain, or hardship
because he lacks courage
78. sulphur: AmE. sulfur. a light-yellow substance that burns
with a bright flame and a strong smell, used in medicine and
industry.
sulphurous: scathing, harsh
79. dispatch: a report sent by a journalist who is in a different
town or country.
I picked up the paper and read a dispatch from a correspondent
in New York.
80. collapse:
a. fall down or in, break to pieces.
The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow.
The collapse of the buildings trapped thousands of people.
b. lose physical strength, courage, mental powers,
If you work too hard, your health may collapse.
c. fail, break down.
Their marriage collapsed.
Our plan will collapse unless we get more help.
81. resume: go on after stopping for a time
Less than a month later the rebels resumed their offensive.
We''ll stop here and resume working at 2 o''clock.
Those standing may resume their seats.
resume: = curriculum vitae
82. squat: to sit on one''s heels, or on the ground with the legs
drawn up under or close to the body.
83. perch: rest, stand or sit on some elevated place, usu.
referring to birds; sit on the edge of sth. that is not intended to
be a seat.
Dr Smith perched on the corner of his desk.
The sparrow perched upon the television antenna.
84. gawk: look at sth. in a foolish way
85. spring: to bring forward suddenly, to produce as a surprise,
to make known unexpectedly to
He sprang his marriage on his parents.
The film made her spring into fame.
86. trump card: (in card games such as bridge or poker) each
card of a suit that has, for the time being, higher value than the
other three suits, means of gaining one''s end Hearts (spades,
clubs, diamonds) are trumps.
to play one''s trump card: to make used of one''s most valuable
resource
87. startle: to give a shock or surprise, to cause to move or jump，
be startle at the sight of sth.
You startled me. I didn''t hear you come in.
I was startled to hear his news / by his news.
88. wile: a trick intended to deceive, skill in outwitting, an
indirect means to gain an end, an attempt to entrap or deceive
with false allurements.
All her wiles were not enough to persuade them to sell the
property.
wily: full of wiles, cunning, crafty
The serpent by his wiles persuaded Eve to eat the apple.
the wiles of the Devil
89. campaign: a group of military operations with a set purpose,
usu. in one area; a series of planned activities to gain a special
object.
a political/ advertising campaign
90. passage: passing, act of going past, through or across
the passage of time
passing of a Bill so that it becomes law.
Passage of such a resolution depends on public support.
The Socialists did not co-operate with him in the passage of
these laws.
91. resolute: fixed in determination or propose, firm; the word
throws the emphasis upon a determination which cannot be
broken down as a quality of character and may suggest firm
adherence to one''s own purposes.
You must be resolute and do what you think best.
He was a serious, resolute student.
92. strode: walk with long steps
93. repel: to drive back by force, rebuff
to repel an attack
This material will repel heat and moisture.
94. punctuate:
a. to put stops / periods, commas, colons, quotation marks, etc.
into a piece of writing.
b. to interrupt from time to time
a speech punctuated with cheers.
95. fervent: that is, feels, or shows strong and warm feelings,
passionate, vehement
a fervent desire to win
He is a fervent believer in free speech.
They maintained a fervent loyalty to the general.
fervour: the quality of being fervent
96. Amen: may this be true, so be it
97. enquire: question
98. mop: n. a bundle of strings, cloth, etc. fastened to a long
handle for cleaning floors
v. to wipe up with a mop, to wipe away sweat with a
handkerchief
99. bald: hairless, leafless, featherless.
cf: bold
100. dome: rounded roof with a circular base. sth. shaped like a
dome
101. snigger: (AmE snicker) to laugh in a disrespectful more or
less secret way
giggle, snort
102. twirl: to turn round and round quickly, to cause to spin, to
cause to curl
The secretary twirled the pencil round in her fingers.
She twirled his hair round her fingers.
103. pursue: to follow in order to overtake, capture, kill, or
defeat
The policeman pursued the thief down the road.
He felt their eyes pursuing him.
The poet pursued fame all his life.
He set his heart on pursuing his studies abroad.
104. condemn:
a. to declare sb. to be wrong or evil usu. after weighing evidence
Everyone condemned his foolish behaviour.
Most people condemn nuclear war.
b. to pronounce guilty, sentence, convict, state the punishment
In spite of the evidence he was not condemned.
The judge condemned the criminal to ten years in jail.
c. to force into an unhappy state
When the poor woman was widowed, she realized that she was
condemned to a lonely old age.
cf:
CONDEMN carries very strong judicial connotations. It implies a
final decision or a definitive judgement. It commonly suggests a
wholly unfavourable judgement.
DENOUNCE adds to condemn the implication of public
declaration.
When meaning to criticise, the two words are similar in usage.
livid: blue-grey, as of marks on the skin after being his (bruise)
105. slur: an unfair damaging remark
Don''t slur my brother''s reputation.
The rumours cast a slur upon my good name.
The neighbours talked about each other with ugly slurs.
106. gravel: hammer
107. quell: to quiet, to cause to cease, to put down
The dictator quelled the uprising.
The police used fire hoses and tear gas to quell the rioters.
108. hubbub: a mixture of loud noises
din
109. forlorn: (typical of one who is) left alone and unhappy,
deserted and in poor condition, sad and lonely because of
isolation or desertion; it suggest sadness, woe, at separation
from someone dear.
as forlorn as King Lear at the end of his days.
110. hail: a. to salute, greet with enthusiastic approval
The crowd hailed the victor.
The people lined the streets to hail the returning heroes.
b. to summon by calling
to hail a taxi / a passing boat
111. on the books: in a list of members, records. Here, still listed
in the law.
112. wake: track left by a ship on smooth water
in the wake of: after, following
Seagull followed in the wake of the ship.
The car left clouds of dust in its wake.
Many troubles follow in the wake of war |
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