DOI: 10.12357/cjea.20230131
赵善丽, 张楠楠, 陈轩敬, 石孝均, 陈新平, 柏兆海, 马林. 流域尺度种养系统养分管理研究的意义与重点 ?以长江流域
为例[J]. 中国生态农业学报 (中英文), 2023, 31(8): 1230?1239
ZHAO S L, ZHANG N N, CHEN X J, SHI X J, CHEN X P, BAI Z H, MA L. Research priority and main points of integrated nutri-
ent management in the crop-livestock system at the basin scale: a case study of Yangtze River Basin[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agri-
culture, 2023, 31(8): 1230?1239
流域尺度种养系统养分管理研究的意义与重点
?以长江流域为例
赵善丽1,2, 张楠楠1,4, 陈轩敬3, 石孝均3, 陈新平3, 柏兆海1, 马 林1,3
(1. 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所农业资源研究中心/河北省土壤生态学重点实验室/中国科学院农业水资源重点实验室
石家庄 050022; 2. 中国科学院大学 北京 100049; 3. 西南大学长江经济带农业绿色发展研究中心 重庆 400715;
4. 新西兰皇家农业科学院 汉密尔顿 3214 新西兰)
摘 要: “农牧分离”加剧了种养系统的养分资源浪费和环境污染风险, 而种养一体化是促进养分循环和减少养分损
失的重要途径。开展流域尺度种养系统养分管理研究可以将田块尺度的农牧业生产技术上升到流域尺度, 提高种
养系统养分利用效率; 在生产优化的基础上, 还可以以流域环境阈值为卡口, 进一步实现养分环境减排; 在流域实行
养分管理研究是种养系统大面积协同实现养分高效和环境减排的关键, 也可为农业绿色发展提供支撑。本文以长
江流域为例, 综述了流域尺度种养一体化养分管理研究对农业绿色发展的重要意义、种养一体化养分管理的技术
和模式以及基于种养系统资源环境代价的空间优化, 并提出未来流域尺度种养一体化养分管理和研究的重点。研
究表明: 长江流域已有一系列种养一体化养分管理技术, “自下而上”地大面积推广应用, 可以实现增产增效, 减少养
分环境排放。但部分地区种养系统养分承载力与环境排放量过高, 仅通过技术改进仍无法将养分损失控制在环境
阈值以内, 还需“自上而下”地对流域种养产业进行优化布局。未来, 流域尺度种养系统养分管理研究应包括:
1)流域尺度种养系统养分流动与环境排放特征及其影响因素; 2)流域尺度养分环境排放脆弱区划分; 3)基于脆弱区
的流域种养系统养分分区调控策略与评价研究。
关键词: 流域尺度; 长江流域; 种养系统; 种养一体化; 资源环境代价; 绿色发展
中图分类号: S1; S8开放科学码(资源服务)标识码(OSID):
Research priority and main points of integrated nutrient management in
the crop-livestock system at the basin scale: a case study of Yangtze River Basin
ZHAO Shanli1,2, ZHANG Nannan1,4, CHEN Xuanjing3, SHI Xiaojun3, CHEN Xinping3, BAI Zhaohai1, MA Lin1,3
(1. Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences / Hebei Key
国家自然科学区域创新发展联合基金(U20A2047)、国家重点研发计划-政府间国际科技创新合作项目(2021YFE0101900)、国家重点研发计
划项目(2021YFD1700904)、国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(42001254)、河北省自然科学基金优秀青年科学基金项目(D2021503015)、
河北省重点研发计划项目(21327507D)和石家庄市管拔尖人才项目资助
通信作者: 马林, 主要研究方向为养分资源管理。E-mail: malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn
赵善丽, 主要研究方向为农牧系统养分资源管理。E-mail: zhaoshanli1998@163.com
收稿日期: 2023-03-12 接受日期: 2023-05-08
This study was supported by the National Joint Fund for Regional Innovation and Development of Natural Science of China (U20A2047), the Nation-
al Key R&D Program of China (2021YFE0101900, 2021YFD1700904), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42001254), the Outstand-
ing Young Scientists Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (D2021503015), the Key R&D Program of Hebei Province
(21327507D), and Shijiazhuang Top Talent Project.
Corresponding author, E-mail: malin1979@sjziam.ac.cn
Received Mar. 12, 2023; accepted May 8, 2023
中国生态农业学报 (中英文) ?2023年8月 ?第?31?卷 ?第?8?期
Chinese?Journal?of?Eco-Agriculture,?Aug.?2023,?31(8):?1230?1239
http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn
Laboratory of Soil Ecology / Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050022, China;
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; 3. Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Develop-
ment in Yangtze River Basin, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; 4. AgResearch Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton 3214,
New Zealand)
Abstract: Separation of crop and livestock production increases the risk of environmental pollution and the wastage of nutrient re-
sources derived from crop-livestock systems. Integration of crop and livestock production is an important pathway for promoting nu-
trient cycling and reducing nutrient losses. Research on nutrient management at the basin scale can upscale agricultural production
technologies from the farm scale to the basin scale and improve nutrient-use efficiency. Based on production optimization, the envir-
onmental threshold of the basin can be used as a bayonet to further reduce environmental nutrient losses. In addition, it is important to
achieve higher nutrient efficiency and greater environmental emission reduction of crop-livestock production systems in a large area
via nutrient management at the basin scale, which may also support the green development of agriculture. Taking the Yangtze River
Basin as an example, this study reviewed the significance of nutrient management based on the integration of crop and livestock pro-
duction at the basin scale with green development, nutrient management technologies based on the integration of crop and livestock
production, and spatial optimization based on the environmental cost of the crop-livestock production system. In addition, the present
study focuses on the nutrient management of crop-livestock production systems at the basin scale. Based on the present review, we
found that there are a series of nutrient management technologies for crop-livestock systems in the Yangtze River Basin, and the pro-
motion and application of these technologies via a bottom-up approach could further reduce nutrient losses and improve agricultural
production efficiency. However, the nutrient losses of the crop-livestock system in some areas are too high and cannot be controlled
within the environmental threshold only through technical improvement; it is also necessary to conduct spatial planning for crop-live-
stock systems via a top-down approach. Future studies on nutrient management of crop-livestock systems at the basin scale should in-
clude (1) characteristics and driving factors of nutrient flow and environmental emissions at the basin scale, (2) classification of vul-
nerable areas of nutrient losses at the basin scale, and (3) evaluation and optimization of crop-livestock systems based on vulnerable
areas.
Keywords: Basin scale; Yangtze River Basin; Crop-livestock system; Integration of crop and livestock; Cost of resources and envir-
onments; Green development
近几十年来, 我国集约化种养系统快速发展支
撑了粮食安全与国民营养健康, 但是过量的化肥投
入和畜禽粪尿的不合理管理, 也造成了严重的环境
问题[1-2]。研究表明: 全球氮排放已超过行星边界, 氮
素环境排放与农牧业生产密切相关[3]。我国农业和
畜牧业生产活动导致的氮损失也较高, 造成了地表
水硝酸盐含量超标, 例如牡丹江、海河、长江口的
硝酸盐浓度均超过90 mg?L?1[4]。由于我国农业面源
污染最为普遍, 且面源污染具有养分不定时定点损
失的特征, 所以现有的污水处理技术, 如气浮物理法、
化学吸附法、生物膜法等很难在农业实施[5]。农田
和养殖场尺度的养分管理措施可以提高种养系统生
产效率, 减少田块尺度养分损失, 而这些措施如何在
流域尺度大面积应用成为推进面源污染阻控和实现
农业绿色发展的关键[6]。
长江流域是我国农业主产区, 种植业和养殖业
发展迅速。但是, 该地区种植业养分高投入高产出
的生产方式, 也加剧了可溶性无机物的水体排放[7],
过量氮磷养分进入水体造成了富营养化频发[8-10]。其
中来源于集约化畜牧业畜禽粪便的溶解无机氮占长
江水体溶解无机氮的34%~74%, 并具有明显的季节
性波动[11]。续衍雪等[12]指出畜禽养殖业的总磷排放
占农业源总排放量的68%。由此可见, 长江流域种
养系统所带来的养分环境损失问题, 已成为阻碍长
江流域种养系统绿色发展的重要限制因素。因此,
本文拟以长江流域为例: 1)梳理流域尺度种养一体
化养分管理研究的重要性; 2)分析流域尺度种养一
体化养分管理的研究进展; 3)系统探讨流域尺度种
养一体化养分管理研究的重点。
1 流域尺度种养一体化养分管理研究对农业
绿色发展的意义
1.1 种养一体化养分管理对种养系统绿色发展的重
要性
种养一体化可以促进养分在种养系统的循环,
同时减少化肥养分的投入和养分损失带来的环境污
染[13]。随着养殖业集约化水平不断提高, 传统种养一
体化的养殖模式逐步被无地集约化养殖系统所取代,
种养分离的现象日益突出。1980年, 中国无地集约
化畜禽养殖的生产方式约占畜牧业的2.5%, 而2010
年其占比已高达56%[14]。1986 ?2017年, 同时拥有
农 田 种 植 和 牲 畜 养 殖 的 农 户 占 比 从71%下 降 到
第 8 期 赵善丽等 : 流域尺度种养系统养分管理研究的意义与重点 1231
http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn
12%[15]。种养分离的养殖方式加剧了畜禽粪便等资
源的浪费, 同时畜禽废弃物资源的不合理利用引发
了一系列环境污染问题。
促进种养一体化对于化肥减量施用具有重要意
义。对我国县域畜禽粪尿承载力和化肥投入的空间
分析发现, 粪肥资源并没有作为有机肥被充分利用
到作物生产中, 作物生产仍然依赖大量的化肥投入[16]。
1990?2010年, 中国27个省的单位耕地氮素投入量
增加了5%~92%, 其中大部分来自化肥施用, 过量化
肥施用导致作物生产体系氮利用效率偏低[17]。目前
中国化肥的投入强度较大, 有机肥的利用率较低, 而
通过种养一体化的生产方式, 将畜禽废弃物作为有
机肥料替代无机化肥施用, 可以有效减少化肥投入
和粪肥资源浪费, 同时提高种养系统的氮素利用效
率。Zhang等[18]针对中国种养系统问题设置了种养
一体化情景, 研究表明根据作物需求规划牲畜生产,
2030年中国粪尿氮产生量基本维持在全国耕地承载
能力范围之内。但是, 全面实现种养一体化, 还需落
实在县域和农场尺度, 通过对畜禽养殖场的迁移和
关闭规划, 降低部分高承载力地区的粪便氮负荷和
环境风险[19]。
促进种养一体化可有效避免畜禽废弃物资源不
合理利用导致的一系列环境问题。Bai等[14]和Strokal
等[20]的研究结果均表明, 过去30多年, 我国作物与
畜禽生产出现严重的脱钩现象, 是导致畜牧业氨挥
发和温室气体总排放量增加的重要原因, 进而加剧
大气雾霾和全球变暖的风险。此外, 畜禽粪污向水
体的直接排放(约占总损失的30%~70%), 增加了河
流中溶解氮磷污染物总量, 加剧水体污染, 进而威胁
人类健康。Ma等[21]研究也发现大量氮投入种养系
统后会导致部分氮以NH3、N2O和N2等气体形式损
失到大气环境中, 以硝酸盐的形式损失到水体中, 且
损失量较高[16]。
1.2 流域尺度种养一体化养分管理研究对农业绿色
发展的重要性
流域是指由水网所包围的集水区, 是由自然水
系所形成的天然区域, 同时也是具有自然-人类复合
属性的综合系统。流域上游污染可能通过河流水系
转移到中下游; 同时流域的面源污染还具有一定的
滞后性, 即通过10~30年的污染物累积影响水质[22]。
此外, 不同形态污染物之间也会发生一定程度的转
化。因此, 流域尺度的研究具有整体性、系统性和
预测性, 这也是种养一体化养分管理研究所要关注
的重点。
种养系统引起的养分损失是导致水体环境问题
的重要来源, 因此流域尺度种养系统的养分管理研
究对于环境和绿色发展极其重要。Gurung等[23]采用
污染物负荷(pollutant loading, PLOAD)模型对Mul-
berry和Catoma两个流域污染物的评估发现, 总氮和
总磷均超过了美国环境保护署的河流氮磷阈值。对
五大湖的流域研究结果显示: 农田硝酸盐损失到地
表水导致流域地表水的富营养化[24], 1901至2011年
间, St. Lawrence流域净氮磷输入量分别增加4.5倍
和3.8倍[25]。1978 ?2017年间, 中国农业所面临的生
态环境风险逐年加剧[26], 这主要与流域种养系统养分
盈余与环境排放增加有关[27]。1990 ?2012年, 长江
上游人为氮输入量一直呈上升趋势, 且最主要来源
为化肥氮施用和畜禽粪尿氮输入[28]。2012年, 海河
流域农业总磷排放的78%来自畜禽养殖业[29]。目前,
流域尺度养分管理研究主要包括3个方面: 养分流
动、空间布局优化以及基于遥感和地理信息系统等
的模型研究[30]。流域尺度养分管理及其优化调控不
仅能够从源头和过程对养分循环进行定量分析, 还
可以针对污染进行阻控和优化。以流域为对象的研
究, 不仅能够弥补大尺度研究精度低和缺少对自然
因素驱动力分析的缺点, 也消除了农田和县域等小
尺度研究均一化程度高和难以大面积实现种养系统
总体优化的问题。
2 流域尺度种养系统养分管理的研究进展?
以长江流域为例
长江流域是我国经济快速发展和人口密集的流
域之一, 同时也是重要的农业主生产区。2019年, 长
江流域畜禽和作物产品产量占全国比例分别为42%
和32%[31]。高强度的农业活动加之无配套的减排技
术, 导致长江流域农牧业养分损失较为严重。且近
些年来, 随着长江流域控制农业面源污染政策的相
继出台, 使长江流域的绿色发展成为国家战略需求。
因此, 以长江流域为例, 探讨如何在流域尺度上开展
种养一体化养分管理研究, 对推动农业绿色发展具
有重要的意义。
2.1 长江流域种养系统发展及其资源环境代价
1980?2012年 间, 长 江 流 域 氮 肥 施 用 强 度 从
1.4 t(N)?hm?2?a?1增加到4 t(N)?hm?2?a?1, 增幅高达186%,
氮肥是长江流域人为氮输入量的主要来源(41%~
56%)[32]。近年来, 长江流域养分输入量略有减少, 这
与化肥零增长、化肥减施、有机肥替代、规模化养
殖场环境保护等政策等有关。2007 ?2017年间畜禽
1232 中国生态农业学 报 (中英文 )?2023 第 31 卷
http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn
粪便氮素还田率从50%左右上升至70%以上[33]。从
空间上来看, 长江中下游是农业非点源养分负荷热
点地区, 具有较高的污染风险[26], 其总磷排放量高于
上游地区, 四川省最大, 占长江流域总量的11%[34]。
2.2 长江流域种养系统养分管理技术
2.2.1 主要作物养分管理技术
本部分技术列单的减排参数,在检索时主要考虑
了适用在长江流域大面积种植或养殖的优势产业技
术, 如水稻、蔬菜、油菜、生猪等。表1汇总了适
用于长江流域主要粮食作物的相关养分管理技术,
包括: 科学施肥、优化耕作、合理施用添加剂、优
化灌溉等。通过以上技术, 可以在实现作物增产的
同时, 降低养分的环境排放。如: 测土配方施肥技术
可减少肥料施用量6%~88%, 而作物增产2%~50%[35-41]。
添加脲酶抑制剂与单施化肥相比, 可减少41%~47%
的氮损失[48]。秸秆还田可以通过改良土壤结构, 提高
作物产量[56], 同时减少土壤N2O排放和硝酸盐淋洗。
粮食作物轮作可以改善农田生产条件和土壤理化特
性[57], 间作措施可以通过充分利用光能和不同土层养
分、水分, 从而提高产量并减少氮肥投入量和养分
损失[43,46]。对于经济作物来说, 高成本和劳动密集型
的措施常被应用, 如: 生物炭添加可以减少土壤中
7%~90%的硝酸盐淋洗[49]。茶园是长江中下游大面
积种植的经济作物, 一般可通过施用茶树专用肥、
土壤改良剂和水肥一体化的方法减少化肥投入同时
提高产量[41]。通过多种单项技术的综合应用形成了
整套技术模式, 例如, 江苏省兴化市水稻(Oryza sativa)
全产业链绿色发展模式, 水稻单产增加26%, 减少氮
肥投入31%; 四川丹棱县的柑橘(Citrus reticulata)全
产业链的技术集成模式, 使柑橘增产3%~15%, 并减
少温室气体排放12%~35%, 同时提高了当地农民的
经济收益[58]。
表 1 长江流域主要粮食作物养分管理技术列单
Table 1 List of nutrient management technologies of main food crops in the Yangtze River Basin
技术
Technology
增加产量
Increase of
yield
(%)
减少化肥用量
Reduction of
fertilizer
(%)
减少氨挥发
Reduction of
ammonia
volatilization
(%)
减少 N2O排放
Reduction of
N2O emission
(%)
减少 NO3?损失
Reduction of
NO3? loss
(%)
具体措施
Specific measure
参考文献
Reference
科学施肥
Scientific fertilization 2~50 6~88 18~81 27 24
施用绿肥 、 缓释肥 、 控释肥及优化施肥等
Application of green fertilizer, slow-release
fertilizer, controlled-release fertilizer, and
optimal fertilization, etc
[35-41]
优化耕作
Optimized tillage 29~50 10 ~36 12~26 40~64 40~59
轮作 、 间作 、 高密度种植等
Crop rotation, intercropping, high density
planting, etc
[37, 42-46]
添加剂
Additive 5 ~11 43 +11~26 17 ~54 7~90
添加秸秆 、 生物炭 、 脲酶抑制剂 、 硝化抑
制剂等
Addition of straw, biochar, urease inhibitor,
nitrification inhibitor, etc
[35, 46-51]
优化灌溉
Optimized
irrigation
2~15 78 6~15 80 46 ~90
滴灌 、 间歇灌溉 、 增加灌水量等
Drip irrigation, intermittent irrigation,
increase of irrigation water, etc
[46, 52-55]
+表示增加环境排放。+ means increased environmental pollution.
2.2.2 畜牧业生产养分管理技术
表2梳理了适用于长江流域畜禽养殖全链条的
养分循环与减排技术。在饲喂阶段, 减少日粮蛋白
摄入量, 可以有效降低畜禽氮排泄(6%~35%)[68,78]。此
外, 不同形式的饲料添加剂可使动物增重1%~5%, 同
时减少14%~35%的氮排泄[78-79], 例如: 植物生物制剂
和益生元的添加可以减少禽类抗生素的使用, 同时
提高家禽体重(2%~5%), 并在一定程度上降低动物
死亡率[80]。在圈舍阶段, 应用快速清粪技术、酸化技
术、生物过滤器等可以有效减少氨气和臭气等污染
气体的排放[61-66]。快速清粪和酸化技术对氨气的减
排效果变异较大, 分别是10%~70%[67]和30%~96%[63,68]。
生物过滤器技术的氨减排效果在79%以上[62]。在畜
禽粪便储藏阶段, 添加覆盖物是减少氨气和甲烷等
排放的有效技术措施[68, 81], 减氨效果最高可达96%。
不同覆盖材料之间存在较大差异, 硬性覆盖物可以
减少粪便储藏环节80%的氨排放, 柔性覆盖的减氨
效率为60%[68]。此外, 储藏环节通过加入氯化铁、硫
酸等物质可减少73%~96%的氨排放和94%~98%的
甲烷排放[68]。堆肥是粪便处理的重要方式之一, 不同
堆 肥 添 加 剂 和 辅 助 堆 肥 处 理 可 减 少 堆 肥 过 程 中
8%~92%的氨排放[74-77], 通过电场辅助堆肥方式可以
减少72%的氨排放[74]。
2.2.3 种养一体化养分循环技术
种养一体化技术是指种养系统关键枢纽部位促
进养分循环的措施, 包括: 日粮结构调控和有机肥循
第 8 期 赵善丽等 : 流域尺度种养系统养分管理研究的意义与重点 1233
http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn
环施用等(见表3)。通过种养系统废弃物生产新型
饲料是实现种养一体化的重要途径, 利用畜禽粪便
或餐厨垃圾等饲喂的黑水虻幼虫替代动物饲料, 可
减少饲料粮的消费, 并增加畜禽体重9%左右[82]。利
用畜牧业废水等生产微藻也可作为替代饲料粮, 但
是动物增重效果不显著。另外, 有机肥替代化肥, 不
仅可以减少化肥生产环节的环境代价, 还可以进一
步 改 善 土 壤 结 构, 提 升 地 力, 从 而 达 到 作 物 增 产
(6%~8%)和氨减排的效果(35%)[35,85-86]。有机和无机
氮肥配施可显著降低蔬菜生产过程中28%~35%的
温室气体排放[85]。此外, 有机肥施用技术的改善还可
以进一步减少其使用过程中的环境效应, 如: 粪尿条
施 和 注 射 施 用 技 术 可 分 别 减 少 氨 排 放0~75%和
70%~90%[87]。
表 3 长江流域种养一体化养分循环相关技术列单
Table 3 List of related technologies of integrated nutrient cycling of crop-livestock system in the Yangtze River Basin
技术
Technology
产量增加
Increase of production
(%)
减少氨挥发
Reduction of ammonia
volatilization (%)
具体措施
Specific measure
参考文献
Reference
新型饲料
New type of feed ?1~9 21~50
黑兵蝇幼虫 、 微藻 、 微生物蛋白等替代饲料
Black soldier fly larvae, microalgae, microbial protein and
other alternative feed
[82-84]
有机肥替代
Organic fertilizer replacement 6~8 35
猪粪 、 鸡粪 、 牛粪等有机肥替代
Pig manure, chicken manure, cow manure and other
organic manure replacement
[35, 85-86]
粪尿施用优化技术
Optimization of manure and urine
application
0 0~91
粪尿条施 、 注射施用 、 粪尿快速下渗技术 、
粪尿覆盖施用
Fecal urine strip application, injection application, fecal
urine rapid infiltration technology, fecal urine cover
application
[65, 87-90]
2.3 基于养分环境阈值的流域尺度种养系统养分空
间规划研究
本文梳理了种植业和养殖业系统“自上而下”的
养分空间优化研究。全球探索性地已开展了基于节
水、固碳减排、生物多样性保护等资源环境代价和
增产协同实现的种养系统空间优化研究。以节水和
产量最大化为目标, 将全球14种主要粮食作物进行
再分配, 可减少14%的绿水消耗和12%的蓝水消耗,
同时增加10%的能量产量和19%的蛋白质产量[91]。
Johnson等[92]基于全球栅格尺度碳库优化作物系统
空间分配, 结果表明: 可以在不影响作物产量的同时
减少60亿吨CO2排放。针对欧盟27国的生猪养殖
进行了空间优化研究, 当以人均氮外部成本最小化
为目标时, 欧盟的生猪迁移将会转移约70 Gg N的氨
排放, 但会增加接收区40%以上的氨排放; 当以减少
临界氮沉降和实现区域养分循环为目标时, 会使接
收 地 区 的 猪 总 数 增 加5倍, 原 地 区 的 猪 总 数 减 少
35%[93]。该研究结果表明: 对生猪养殖数量的转移会
导致氨排放的转移, 对畜禽养殖数量进行空间规划
时, 其所产生的环境污染也会随之发生转移, 因此须
考虑接收区种养系统的环境承载力。
国内也开展了基于作物和畜禽养殖空间再分配
的研究。对中国黑河流域的作物种植格局的空间优
化研究, 利用半分布式水文模型(SWAT)与简化的环
表 2 长江流域畜牧业养分管理与环境减排相关技术列单
Table 2 List of related technologies of nutrient management and environmental emission reduction in animal husbandry in the
Yangtze River Basin
技术
Technology
减少氨挥发
Reduction of ammonia
volatilization (%)
减少 NO3?损失
Reduction of
NO3? loss (%)
具体措施
Specific measure
参考文献
Reference
饲喂阶段减排技术
Emission reduction technology during
feeding stage
20~30 >50
低蛋白饲喂 、 分阶段饲喂 、 使用饲料添加剂
Low protein feeding, phase feeding, use of feed
additives
[59-60]
圈舍阶段减排技术
Emission reduction technology during
housing stage
10~79 18
快速清粪 、 粪尿分离 、 酸化
Rapid removal of excretion, separation of feces and
urine, acidification
[61-67]
储藏阶段减排技术
Emission reduction technology during
storage stage
10~96 50
固液分离 、 酸化 、 覆盖 、 粪便干燥
Solid-liquid separation, acidification,
mulching, feces drying
[68-73]
处理阶段减排技术
Emission reduction technology during
treatment stage
8~92 0
堆肥添加剂 、 电厂辅助堆肥 、 尾气处理 、
黑水虻堆肥处理
Compost additive, power plant auxiliary compost, tail
gas treatment, black fly compost treatment
[74-77]
1234 中国生态农业学 报 (中英文 )?2023 第 31 卷
http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn
境政策综合气候(EPIC)作物模型相结合, 对黑河流
域玉米、春小麦、春大麦、油菜花、苜蓿和陆地棉
等6种作物进行了空间优化[94], 结果表明: 当以经济
水分生产力(毛利率与净灌溉量的比率)最大化为优
化目标时, 大麦、油菜和棉花的经济水分生产力均
提高10%以上, 同时黑河流域的生态系统服务价值
增加14%。2014年以来, 我国先后颁布了生猪养殖
的布局调整政策, 长江中下游地区由于水网密集, 为
了控制水体污染, 建议“南猪北移”, 研究表明: 该政策
虽然可以减少南方高水网密度地区的水体污染, 但
是会对新转移区域(如黑龙江和内蒙古地区)天然草
地生态多样性产生负面影响, 同时农业源污染也会
从南方水体污染向北方大气污染转变[95]。因此, 畜牧
业空间优化不仅考虑转出地区的环境污染是否超标,
也需要考虑转入地区的生态环境承载力和污染情况。
Bai等[96]对中国猪、牛、羊、家禽等畜禽进行了空
间优化研究同时考虑县域的自给率和承载力, 结果
表明: 在种养结合和低氨挥发暴露率情景下可以减
少80%~90%的氮肥施用和氨暴露率。
3 流域尺度种养一体化养分管理研究的重点
长江流域已“自下而上”地开展了种养系统养分
优化管理技术研究, 包括: 优化施肥、优化耕作管理
和添加剂施用等作物系统减排技术、“饲喂-圈舍-储
藏-施用”全链条不同环节的畜牧业减排技术、以及
种养一体化减排技术(如新型饲料、有机肥替代、
有机肥施用技术)等。未来还需将技术层面研究通
过补贴等政策措施应用于长江流域, 才能完全实现
农牧业“自下而上”减排技术的应用效果。“自上而下”地
对流域的种养系统养分进行空间优化则需结合空间
规划及其相关监督政策实现。基于长江流域种养一
体化绿色发展的需要, 未来研究重点应基于农田与
区域养分平衡和流域环境阈值的基本理论, 围绕种
养一体化的原则, 将“自下而上”的技术探索与“自上
而下”的政策指引相结合。一方面, 根据已有的单一
技术和综合技术模式(高产高效技术与模式和污染
阻控技术与模式)和基于多指标阈值的流域风险分
区, 采用分步技术优化的方式, 以达到最小化流域种
养系统资源环境代价。另一方面, 基于农田和区域
养分平衡以及流域的环境阈值, 对流域种养系统进
行进一步的空间优化, 进而将流域种养系统资源环
境代价限制在各地阈值之内。
参考文献 References
JU X T, XING G X, CHEN X P, et al. Reducing environmental[1]
risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese
agricultural systems[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America, 2009, 106(9):
3041?3046
GUO J H, LIU X J, ZHANG Y, et al. Significant acidification in
major Chinese croplands[J]. Science, 2010, 327(5968):
1008?1010
[2]
UWIZEYE A, DE BOER I J M, OPIO C I, et al. Nitrogen
emissions along global livestock supply chains[J]. Nature Food,
2020, 1(7): 437?446
[3]
ZHANG X, ZHANG Y, SHI P, et al. The deep challenge of
nitrate pollution in river water of China[J]. Science of the Total
Environment, 2021, 770: 144674
[4]
刘亮, 沈珺, 张静, 等. 基于污水处理成本核算谈长江经济
带城镇污水处理费调整[J]. 城镇供水, 2021(6): 62?65, 91
LIU L, SHEN J, ZHANG J, et al. Adjustment of urban sewage
treatment fee in Yangtze River Economic Belt based on sewage
treatment cost accounting[J]. City and Town Water Supply,
2021(6): 62?65, 91
[5]
于法稳. 新时代农业绿色发展动因、核心及对策研究[J]. 中
国农村经济, 2018(5): 19?34
YU F W. An analysis of the reasons, core and countermeasures
of agricultural green development in the new era[J]. Chinese
Rural Economy, 2018(5): 19?34
[6]
CHEN X J, STROKAL M, KROEZE C, et al. Modeling the
contribution of crops to nitrogen pollution in the Yangtze
River[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2020, 54(19):
11929?11939
[7]
GUO C Y, BAI Z H, SHI X J, et al. Challenges and strategies
for agricultural green development in the Yangtze River
Basin[J]. Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences, 2021,
18(1): 37?54
[8]
赖敏, 王伟力, 郭灵辉. 长江中下游城市群农业面源污染氮
排放评价及调控[J]. 中国农业资源与区划, 2016, 37(8): 1?11
LAI M, WANG W L, GUO L H. Assessment and control of
nitrogen emission from agricultural non-point source in the
urban agglomeration in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River
Belt[J]. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional
Planning, 2016, 37(8): 1?11
[9]
DONG L, LIN L, TANG X Q, et al. Distribution characteristics
and spatial differences of phosphorus in the main stream of the
urban river stretches of the middle and lower reaches of the
Yangtze River[J]. Water, 2020, 12(3): 910
[10]
CHEN X J, STROKAL M, KROEZE C, et al. Seasonality in
river export of nitrogen: a modelling approach for the Yangtze
River[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 671:
1282?1292
[11]
续衍雪, 吴熙, 路瑞, 等. 长江经济带总磷污染状况与对策
建议[J]. 中国环境管理, 2018, 10(1): 70?74
XU Y X, WU X, LU R, et al. Total phosphorus pollution,
[12]
第 8 期 赵善丽等 : 流域尺度种养系统养分管理研究的意义与重点 1235
http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn
countermeasures and suggestions of the Yangtze River
economic belt[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental
Management, 2018, 10(1): 70?74
张传真. 基于耕地分布的畜禽养殖管理研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大
学, 2019
ZHANG C Z. Livestock management on the basis of cropland
distribution[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2019
[13]
BAI Z H, MA W Q, MA L, et al. China’s livestock transition:
driving forces, impacts, and consequences[J]. Science
Advances, 2018, 4(7): eaar8534
[14]
JIN S Q, ZHANG B, WU B, et al. Decoupling livestock and
crop production at the household level in China[J]. Nature
Sustainability, 2021, 4(1): 48?55
[15]
JIN X P, BAI Z H, OENEMA O, et al. Spatial planning needed
to drastically reduce nitrogen and phosphorus surpluses in
China’s agriculture[J]. Environmental Science & Technology,
2020, 54(19): 11894?11904
[16]
GAO B, WANG L, CAI Z C, et al. Spatio-temporal dynamics of
nitrogen use efficiencies in the Chinese food system,
1990—2017[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2020,
717: 134861
[17]
ZHANG C Z, LIU S, WU S X, et al. Rebuilding the linkage
between livestock and cropland to mitigate agricultural pollution
in China[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 2019, 144:
65?73
[18]
YAN B J, SHI W J, YAN J J, et al. Spatial distribution of
livestock and poultry farm based on livestock manure nitrogen
load on farmland and suitability evaluation[J]. Computers and
Electronics in Agriculture, 2017, 139: 180?186
[19]
STROKAL M, MA L, BAI Z H, et al. Alarming nutrient
pollution of Chinese Rivers as a result of agricultural
transitions[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2016, 11(2):
024014
[20]
MA L, MA W Q, VELTHOF G L, et al. Modeling nutrient
flows in the food chain of China[J]. Journal of Environmental
Quality, 2010, 39(4): 1279?1289
[21]
胡敏鹏. 流域非点源氮污染的滞后效应定量研究[D]. 杭州: 浙
江大学, 2019
HU M P. Quantitative study on lag effect of watershed non-
point source nitrogen pollution[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang
University, 2019
[22]
GURUNG D P, GITHINJI L J M, ANKUMAH R O. Assessing
the nitrogen and phosphorus loading in the Alabama (USA)
River Basin using PLOAD model[J]. Air, Soil and Water
Research, 2013, 6: ASWR.S10548
[23]
RIXON S, LEVISON J, BINNS A, et al. Spatiotemporal
variations of nitrogen and phosphorus in a clay plain
hydrological system in the Great Lakes Basin[J]. The Science of
the Total Environment, 2020, 714: 136328
[24]
GOYETTE J O, BENNETT E M, HOWARTH R W, et al.[25]
Changes in anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the
St. Lawrence sub-basin over 110 years and impacts on riverine
export[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2016, 30(7):
1000?1014
ZOU L L, WANG Y S, LIU Y S. Spatial-temporal evolution of
agricultural ecological risks in China in recent 40 years[J].
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2022, 29(3):
3686?3701
[26]
DENG C N, LIU L S, PENG D Z, et al. Net anthropogenic
nitrogen and phosphorus inputs in the Yangtze River economic
belt: spatiotemporal dynamics, attribution analysis, and diversity
management[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2021, 597: 126221
[27]
WANG A, TANG L H, YANG D W, et al. Spatio-temporal
variation of net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs in the Upper
Yangtze River Basin from 1990 to 2012[J]. Science China Earth
Sciences, 2016, 59(11): 2189?2201
[28]
ZHAO Z Q, QIN W, BAI Z H, et al. Agricultural nitrogen and
phosphorus emissions to water and their mitigation options in
the Haihe Basin, China[J]. Agricultural Water Management,
2019, 212: 262?272
[29]
GAO Y, JIA J J, LU Y, et al. Progress in watershed geography
in the Yangtze River Basin and the affiliated ecological security
perspective in the past 20 years, China[J]. Journal of
Geographical Sciences, 2020, 30(6): 867?880
[30]
长江经济带发展统计监测协调领导小组办公室. 长江经济带
发展统计年鉴—2020[M]. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 2020
Office of Leading Group for Statistics, Monitoring and
Coordination of Yangtze River Economic Belt Development.
Statistical Yearbook of Yangtze River Economic
Belt—2020[M]. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2020
[31]
CHEN F, HOU L J, LIU M, et al. Net anthropogenic nitrogen
inputs (NANI) into the Yangtze River Basin and the relationship
with riverine nitrogen export[J]. Journal of Geophysical
Research: Biogeosciences, 2016, 121(2): 451?465
[32]
ZHU Z P, ZHANG X M, DONG H M, et al. Integrated livestock
sector nitrogen pollution abatement measures could generate net
benefits for human and ecosystem health in China[J]. Nature
Food, 2022, 3(2): 161?168
[33]
LIU D D, BAI L, LI X Y, et al. Spatial characteristics and
driving forces of anthropogenic phosphorus emissions in the
Yangtze River Economic Belt, China[J]. Resources,
Conservation and Recycling, 2022, 176: 105937
[34]
DING W C, XU X P, HE P, et al. Improving yield and nitrogen
use efficiency through alternative fertilization options for rice in
China: a meta-analysis[J]. Field Crops Research, 2018, 227:
11?18
[35]
YAO Z, ZHANG W S, WANG X B, et al. Agronomic,
environmental, and ecosystem economic benefits of controlled-
release nitrogen fertilizers for maize production in Southwest
China[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 312: 127611
[36]
1236 中国生态农业学 报 (中英文 )?2023 第 31 卷
http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn
李小坤, 任涛, 鲁剑巍. 长江流域水稻-油菜轮作体系氮肥
增 产 增 效 综 合 调 控[J]. 华 中 农 业 大 学 学 报, 2021, 40(3):
13?20
LI X K, REN T, LU J W. Integrated regulation of nitrogen
fertilizer for increasing yield and efficiency of rice-oilseed rape
rotation system in the Yangtze River Basin[J]. Journal of
Huazhong Agricultural University, 2021, 40(3): 13?20
[37]
GUO J X, HU X Y, GAO L M, et al. The rice production
practices of high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency in
Jiangsu, China[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 1?10
[38]
郭九信, 孔亚丽, 谢凯柳, 等. 养分管理对直播稻产量和氮
肥利用率的影响[J]. 作物学报, 2016, 42(7): 1016?1025
GUO J X, KONG Y L, XIE K L, et al. Effects of nutrient
management on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of direct
seeding rice[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2016, 42(7):
1016?1025
[39]
YANG M, LONG Q A, LI W L, et al. Mapping the
environmental cost of a typical Citrus-producing County in
China: hotspot and optimization[J]. Sustainability, 2020, 12(5):
1827
[40]
马立锋, 杨向德, 方丽, 等. “沼液肥+茶树专用肥”高效施
肥技术模式[J]. 中国茶叶, 2020, 42(5): 48?49
MA L F, YANG X D, FANG L, et al. A high-efficiency
fertilization technology model ‘biogas liquid fertilizer+special
fertilizer for tea tree’[J]. China Tea, 2020, 42(5): 48?49
[41]
CHAI Q, NEMECEK T, LIANG C, et al. Integrated farming
with intercropping increases food production while reducing
environmental footprint[J]. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2021,
118(38): e2106382118
[42]
LI C J, HOFFLAND E, KUYPER T W, et al. Syndromes of
production in intercropping impact yield gains[J]. Nature Plants,
2020, 6(6): 653?660
[43]
AGNEESSENS L, DE WAELE J, DE NEVE S. Review of
alternative management options of vegetable crop residues to
reduce nitrate leaching in intensive vegetable rotations[J].
Agronomy, 2014, 4(4): 529?555
[44]
CAI S Y, PITTELKOW C M, ZHAO X, et al. Winter legume-
rice rotations can reduce nitrogen pollution and carbon footprint
while maintaining net ecosystem economic benefits[J]. Journal
of Cleaner Production, 2018, 195: 289?300
[45]
SHA Z P, LIU H J, WANG J X, et al. Improved soil-crop
system management aids in NH3 emission mitigation in
China[J]. Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex:1987), 2021,
289: 117844
[46]
XIA L L, LAM S K, WOLF B, et al. Trade-offs between soil
carbon sequestration and reactive nitrogen losses under straw
return in global agroecosystems[J]. Global Change Biology,
2018, 24(12): 5919?5932
[47]
LI T Y, ZHANG W F, YIN J, et al. Enhanced-efficiency[48]
fertilizers are not a panacea for resolving the nitrogen
problem[J]. Global Change Biology, 2018, 24(2): e511?e521
CUI M, ZENG L H, QIN W, et al. Measures for reducing nitrate
leaching in orchards: a review[J]. Environmental Pollution,
2020, 263: 114553
[49]
SANZ-COBENA A, SáNCHEZ-MARTíN L, GARCíA-
TORRES L, et al. Gaseous emissions of N2O and NO and NO3?
leaching from urea applied with urease and nitrification
inhibitors to a maize (Zea mays) crop[J]. Agriculture,
Ecosystems & Environment, 2012, 149: 64?73
[50]
YUAN L, CHEN X, JIA J C, et al. Stover mulching and
inhibitor application maintain crop yield and decrease fertilizer
N input and losses in no-till cropping systems in Northeast
China[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2021, 312:
107360
[51]
CAI D Y, YAN H J, LI L H. Effects of water application
uniformity using a center pivot on winter wheat yield, water and
nitrogen use efficiency in the North China Plain[J]. Journal of
Integrative Agriculture, 2020, 19(9): 2326?2339
[52]
FAN Z B, LIN S, ZHANG X M, et al. Conventional flooding
irrigation causes an overuse of nitrogen fertilizer and low
nitrogen use efficiency in intensively used solar greenhouse
vegetable production[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2014,
144: 11?19
[53]
ZHAO Y M, LV H F, QASIM W, et al. Drip fertigation with
straw incorporation significantly reduces N2O emission and N
leaching while maintaining high vegetable yields in solar
greenhouse production[J]. Environmental Pollution (Barking,
Essex:1987), 2021, 273: 116521
[54]
PHOGAT V, SKEWES M A, COX J W, et al. Seasonal
simulation of water, salinity and nitrate dynamics under drip
irrigated mandarin (Citrus reticulata) and assessing
management options for drainage and nitrate leaching[J].
Journal of Hydrology, 2014, 513: 504?516
[55]
陈昭旭, 高聚林, 于晓芳, 等. 不同耕作及秸秆还田方式对
土壤物理特性及产量的影响[J]. 内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科
学版), 2022, 43(6): 21?27
CHEN Z X, GAO J L, YU X F, et al. Effects of different tillage
and straw returning methods on soil physical properties and
yield[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University
(Natural Science Edition), 2022, 43(6): 21?27
[56]
李雪梅, 李桂林. 浅谈农作物的间作、轮作和套作[J]. 生物
学教学, 2009, 34(4): 68?69
LI X M, LI G L. On intercropping, rotation and intercropping of
crops[J]. Biology Teaching, 2009, 34(4): 68?69
[57]
陈新平, 陈轩敬, 张福锁, 等. 长江经济带农业绿色发展: 挑
战与行动[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2021
CHEN X P, CHEN X J, ZHANG F S, et al. Green Agricultural
Development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt: Challenges
and Actions[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2021
[58]
第 8 期 赵善丽等 : 流域尺度种养系统养分管理研究的意义与重点 1237
http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn
曹玉博, 邢晓旭, 柏兆海, 等. 农牧系统氨挥发减排技术研
究进展[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(3): 566?580
CAO Y B, XING X X, BAI Z H, et al. Review on ammonia
emission mitigation techniques of crop-livestock production
system[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(3): 566?580
[59]
LEE C, FEYEREISEN G W, HRISTOV A N, et al. Effects of
dietary protein concentration on ammonia volatilization, nitrate
leaching, and plant nitrogen uptake from dairy manure applied
to lysimeters[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2014, 43(1):
398?408
[60]
PARK S H, LEE B R, JUNG K H, et al. Acidification of pig
slurry effects on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions, nitrate
leaching, and perennial ryegrass regrowth as estimated by 15N-
urea flux[J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,
2018, 31(3): 457?466
[61]
SHAH S B, WORKMAN D J, YATES J, et al. Coupled biofilter-
heat exchanger prototype for a broiler house[J]. Applied
Engineering in Agriculture, 2011, 27(6): 1039?1048
[62]
刘娟, 柏兆海, 曹玉博, 等. 家畜圈舍粪尿表层酸化对氨气
排放的影响[J]. 中国生态农业学报(中英文), 2019, 27(5):
677?685
LIU J, BAI Z H, CAO Y B, et al. Impact of surface acidification
of manure on ammonia emission in animal housing[J]. Chinese
Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2019, 27(5): 677?685
[63]
MELSE R W, OGINK N W M. Air scrubbing techniques for
ammonia and odor reduction at livestock operations: review of
on-farm research in the Netherlands[J]. Transactions of the
ASAE, 2005, 48(6): 2303?2313
[64]
NDEGWA P M, HRISTOV A N, AROGO J, et al. A review of
ammonia emission mitigation techniques for concentrated
animal feeding operations[J]. Biosystems Engineering, 2008,
100(4): 453?469
[65]
KROODSMA W, HUIS IN ''T VELD J W H, SCHOLTENS R.
Ammonia emission and its reduction from cubicle houses by
flushing[J]. Livestock Production Science, 1993, 35(3/4):
293?302
[66]
OGINK N W M, KROODSMA W. Reduction of ammonia
emission from a cow cubicle house by flushing with water or a
formalin solution[J]. Journal of Agricultural Engineering
Research, 1996, 63(3): 197?204
[67]
BUCKLEY C, KROL D, LANIGAN G J, et al. An Analysis of
the Cost of the Abatement of Ammonia Emissions in Irish
Agriculture to 2030[R]. Teagasc, 2020
[68]
BICUDO J R, SCHMIDT D R, JACOBSON L D. Using Covers
to Minimize Odor and Gas Emissions from Manure Storages[R].
2004. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/aen_reports/10
[69]
HUSTED S, JENSEN L S, J?RGENSEN S S. Reducing
ammonia loss from cattle slurry by the use of acidifying
additives: the role of the buffer system[J]. Journal of the Science
of Food and Agriculture, 1991, 57(3): 335?349
[70]
NAKAUE H S, KOELLIKER J K, PIERSON M L. Studies with
clinoptilolite in poultry.Ⅱ. effect of feeding broilers and the
direct application of clinoptilolite (zeolite) on clean and reused
broiler litter on broiler performance and house environment[J].
Poultry Science, 1981, 60(6): 1221?1228
[71]
SUBAIR S, FYLES J W, O''HALLORAN I P. Ammonia
volatilization from liquid hog manure amended with paper
products in the laboratory[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality,
1999, 28(1): 202?207
[72]
WEBB J, BROOMFIELD M, JONES S, et al. Ammonia and
odour emissions from UK pig farms and nitrogen leaching from
outdoor pig production. A review[J]. Science of the Total
Environment, 2014, 470/471: 865?875
[73]
CAO Y B, WANG X, ZHANG X Y, et al. The effects of electric
field assisted composting on ammonia and nitrous oxide
emissions varied with different electrolytes[J]. Bioresource
Technology, 2022, 344: 126194
[74]
BAUTISTA J M, KIM H, AHN D H, et al. Changes in
physicochemical properties and gaseous emissions of
composting swine manure amended with alum and zeolite[J].
Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2011, 28: 189?194
[75]
CAO Y B, WANG X, BAI Z H, et al. Mitigation of ammonia,
nitrous oxide and methane emissions during solid waste
composting with different additives: a meta-analysis[J]. Journal
of Cleaner Production, 2019, 235: 626?635
[76]
ZHU F X, HONG C L, WANG W P, et al. A microbial agent
effectively reduces ammonia volatilization and ensures good
maggot yield from pig manure composted via housefly larvae
cultivation[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 270: 122373
[77]
LU L, LIAO X D, LUO X G. Nutritional strategies for reducing
nitrogen, phosphorus and trace mineral excretions of livestock
and poultry[J]. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2017, 16(12):
2815?2833
[78]
DIAZ-SANCHEZ S, D''SOUZA D, BISWAS D, et al. Botanical
alternatives to antibiotics for use in organic poultry
production[J]. Poultry Science, 2015, 94(6): 1419?1430
[79]
GADDE U, KIM W H, OH S T, et al. Alternatives to antibiotics
for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in
poultry: a review[J]. Animal Health Research Reviews, 2017,
18(1): 26?45
[80]
ZHANG N N, BAI Z H, WINIWARTER W, et al. Reducing
ammonia emissions from dairy cattle production via cost-
effective manure management techniques in China[J].
Environmental Science & Technology, 2019, 53(20):
11840?11848
[81]
ALTMANN B A, WIGGER R, CIULU M, et al. The effect of
insect or microalga alternative protein feeds on broiler meat
quality[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2020,
100(11): 4292?4302
[82]
NAHM K H. Influences of fermentable carbohydrates on[83]
1238 中国生态农业学 报 (中英文 )?2023 第 31 卷
http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn
shifting nitrogen excretion and reducing ammonia emission of
pigs[J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and
Technology, 2003, 33(2): 165?186
REZAEI J, ROUZBEHAN Y, FAZAELI H, et al. Effects of
substituting amaranth silage for corn silage on intake, growth
performance, diet digestibility, microbial protein, nitrogen
retention and ruminal fermentation in fattening lambs[J].
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2014, 192: 29?38
[84]
LIU B, WANG X Z, MA L, et al. Combined applications of
organic and synthetic nitrogen fertilizers for improving crop
yield and reducing reactive nitrogen losses from China’s
vegetable systems: a meta-analysis[J]. Environmental Pollution,
2021, 269: 116143
[85]
HUANG S, LV W S, BLOSZIES S, et al. Effects of fertilizer
management practices on yield-scaled ammonia emissions from
croplands in China: a meta-analysis[J]. Field Crops Research,
2016, 192: 118?125
[86]
WEBB J, PAIN B, BITTMAN S, et al. The impacts of manure
application methods on emissions of ammonia, nitrous oxide
and on crop response—a review[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems &
Environment, 2010, 137(1/2): 39?46
[87]
FROST J P. Effect of spreading method, application rate and
dilution on ammonia volatilization from cattle slurry[J]. Grass
and Forage Science, 1994, 49(4): 391?400
[88]
MORKEN J, SAKSHAUG S. Direct Ground Injection of
livestock waste slurry to avoid ammonia emission[J]. Nutrient
[89]
Cycling in Agroecosystems, 1998, 51(1): 59?63
SOMMER S G, OLESEN J E. Effects of dry matter content and
temperature on ammonia loss from surface-applied cattle
slurry[J]. Journal of Environmental Quality, 1991, 20(3):
679?683
[90]
DAVIS K F, RULLI M C, SEVESO A, et al. Increased food
production and reduced water use through optimized crop
distribution[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2017, 10(12): 919?924
[91]
JOHNSON J A, RUNGE C F, SENAUER B, et al. Global
agriculture and carbon trade-offs[J]. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2014,
111(34): 12342?12347
[92]
VAN GRINSVEN H J M, VAN DAM J D, LESSCHEN J P, et
al. Reducing external costs of nitrogen pollution by relocation of
pig production between regions in the European Union[J].
Regional Environmental Change, 2018, 18(8): 2403?2415
[93]
LIU Q, NIU J, WOOD J D, et al. Spatial optimization of
cropping pattern in the upper-middle reaches of the Heihe River
Basin, Northwest China[J]. Agricultural Water Management,
2022, 264: 107479
[94]
BAI Z H, JIN S Q, WU Y, et al. China’s pig relocation in
balance[J]. Nature Sustainability, 2019, 2(10): 888
[95]
BAI Z H, FAN X W, JIN X P, et al. Relocate 10 billion
livestock to reduce harmful nitrogen pollution exposure for 90%
of China’s population[J]. Nature Food, 2022, 3(2): 152?160
[96]
第 8 期 赵善丽等 : 流域尺度种养系统养分管理研究的意义与重点 1239
http://www.ecoagri.ac.cn
|
|
